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53-749: The Koryak Mountains rise south of the Anadyr River , and northeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula . The Koryak Highlands are one of the largest glacial systems in the northern part of the Russian Far East. There are numerous glaciers and ice fields in some of the ranges, with a total surface of 303.5 km (117.2 sq mi). The system of the Koryak Mountains comprises a number of subranges, including: Rivers Main , Khatyrka , Velikaya and Ukelayat , as well as

106-501: A subarctic climate ( Dfc ), but higher and more northerly areas have a polar climate ( ET ). Kamchatka is much wetter and milder than eastern Siberia. It is essentially transitional from the hypercontinental climate of Siberia and northeast China to the rain-drenched subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands . There is considerable variation, however, between the rain-drenched and heavily glaciated east coast and

159-415: A growing trend in winter sports keeps tourism pulsing year-round. The volcanoes and glaciers play a role in forming Kamchatka's climate, and hot springs have kept alive dozens of species decimated during the last ice age . The Kamchatka River and the surrounding central side valley are flanked by large volcanic belts containing around 160  volcanoes , 29 of them still active. The peninsula has

212-631: A high density of volcanoes and associated volcanic phenomena, with 19 active volcanoes included in the six UNESCO World Heritage List sites in the Volcanoes of Kamchatka group, most of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the most volcanic area of the Eurasian continent, with many active cones. The Kamchatka Peninsula is also known as the "land of fire and ice". The highest volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4,750 m or 15,584 ft),

265-528: A shallow depth of 10 kilometres (33,000 ft) occurred in the Pacific Ocean, 202 kilometres (109 nmi) east-southeast of Nikolskoye , on July 18, 2017. Prior to Russian discovery, the peninsula was inhabited by various Chukotko-Kamchatkan peoples (specifically the Itelmen , Koryak , and Alyutor ). The southern tip of the peninsula was also the northernmost extent of Ainu settlement. When

318-588: Is a 1,250-kilometre-long (777 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East , with an area of about 270,000 km (100,000 sq mi). The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and western coastlines, respectively. Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 9,600-metre-deep (31,496 ft) Kuril–Kamchatka Trench . The Kamchatka Peninsula,

371-655: Is in the Anadyr Highlands (moderate mountains and valleys with a few trees) and east of Markovo it moves into the Anadyr Lowlands (very flat treeless tundra with lakes and bogs). The drop from Markovo to the sea is less than 100 feet (30 m). It rises at about 67°N latitude and 171°E longitude in the Anadyr Highlands, near the headwaters of the Maly Anyuy , flows southwest receiving

424-433: Is no permafrost due to the relatively mild winters and heavy snow cover, whilst northward, discontinuous permafrost prevails. The west coastal plain has a colder and drier climate with precipitation ranging from 880 millimetres (34.6 in) in the south to as little as 430 millimetres (17 in) in the north, where winter temperatures become considerably colder at around −20 °C (−4 °F). The interior valley of

477-729: Is the Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve with the Valley of Geysers . At the southern tip is the Southern Kamchatka Wildlife Refuge with Kurile Lake . There are several other protected areas on the peninsula. Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. This is much higher than the rest of Eastern Russia, and is due to prevailing westerly winds blowing over the Sea of Japan and picking up moisture that rises as it hits

530-582: Is the large Karaginsky Bay , which features Karaginsky Island . Northeast of this (off the displayed map) lies Korfa Bay with the town of Tilichiki . On the opposite side is the Shelikhov Gulf . The Kamchatka or Central ( Sredinny ) Range forms the spine of the peninsula. Along the southeast coast runs the Eastern Range (Vostochny) . Between these lies the central valley. The Kamchatka River rises northwest of Avacha and flows north down

583-645: The Bering Sea and drains much of the interior of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug . Its basin corresponds to the Anadyrsky District of Chukotka. The Anadyr is 1,150 kilometres (710 mi) long and has a basin of 191,000 square kilometres (74,000 sq mi). It is frozen from October to late May and has a maximum flow in June with the snowmelt . It is navigable in small boats for about 570 kilometres (350 mi) to near Markovo . West of Markovo it

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636-658: The Commander Islands , and Karaginsky Island constitute Kamchatka Krai of the Russian Federation . The majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are ethnic Russians , with about 13,000 being Koryaks (2014). More than half of the population lives in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (179,526 in 2010) and nearby Yelizovo (38,980). The Kamchatka Peninsula contains the volcanoes of Kamchatka , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Politically,

689-769: The Golden Eagle and Gyrfalcon . Kamchatka most likely contains the world's greatest diversity of salmonid fish, including all six species of anadromous Pacific salmon ( chinook , coho , chum , seema , pink , and sockeye ). Due to its uniquely suitable environment, biologists estimate that a fifth of all Pacific salmon originates in Kamchatka. Kurile Lake is recognized as the biggest spawning-ground for sockeye in Eurasia. In response to pressure from poaching and to worldwide decreases in salmon stocks, some 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi) along nine of

742-694: The Kamchatka River , represented by Klyuchi, has much lower precipitation (at around 450 to 650 millimetres (18 to 26 in)) and significantly more continental temperatures, reaching 19 °C (66 °F) on a typical summer day and during extreme cold winter spells falling as low as −41 °C (−42 °F). Sporadic permafrost prevails over the lower part of this valley, but it becomes more widespread at higher altitudes and glaciers, and continuous permafrost prevails north of 55˚° N . The summer months, when maximum temperatures range from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F), are popular with tourists, but

795-471: The Kamchatka snow sheep , reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ), and Chukotka moose ( Alces alces buturlini ), one of the largest moose in the world and the largest in Eurasia, and rodents / leporids , including mountain hare ( Lepus timidus ), marmot , and several species of lemming and squirrel . The peninsula is the breeding ground for Steller's Sea Eagle , one of the largest eagle species, along with

848-670: The Kronotsky Nature Reserve , there are estimated to be three to four bears per 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). Other fauna of note include carnivores such as tundra wolf ( Canis lupus albus ), Arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ), Anadyr fox ( Vulpes vulpes beringiana ), East Siberian lynx ( Lynx lynx wrangeli ), wolverine ( Gulo gulo ), sable ( Martes zibellina ), Eurasian otter ( Lutra lutra ), East Siberian stoat ( Mustela ermine kaneii ), and Siberian least weasel ( Mustela nivalis pygmaea ). The peninsula hosts habitat for several large ungulates including

901-510: The Penzhina , with its Oklan and Belaya tributaries, are among the main watercourses of the Koryak Mountains. This Russian Far East location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Anadyr River The Anadyr ( Russian : Ана́дырь ; Yukaghir : Онандырь; Chukot : Йъаайваам ) is a river in the far northeast of Siberia which flows into the Gulf of Anadyr of

954-704: The Russian-American Company by granting land to newcomers on the peninsula. By 1812, the indigenous population had fallen to less than 3,200 while the Russian population had risen to 2,500. In 1854, the French and British , who were battling Russian forces in the course of the Crimean War , attacked Petropavlovsk . During the Siege of Petropavlovsk , 988 men with a mere 68 guns managed to defend

1007-651: The Anadyr river basin. Every year, on the last Sunday in April, there is an ice fishing competition in the frozen estuarine waters of the Anadyr's mouth. This festival is locally known as Korfest . The area is a summering place for a number of migratory birds including brent geese , Eurasian wigeons , and the pintails of California . Kamchatka Peninsula The Kamchatka Peninsula ( Russian : полуостров Камчатка , romanized :  poluostrov Kamchatka , pronounced [pəlʊˈostrəf kɐmˈt͡ɕætkə] )

1060-604: The North Pacific, where it virtually captured or bonded 24 whalers, sinking most of them. The next fifty years were lean for Kamchatka. The naval port moved to Ust-Amur, and in 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the United States, making Petropavlovsk obsolete as a transit point for traders and explorers on their way to the American territories. In 1860, a Primorsky (Maritime) Region was established and Kamchatka

1113-400: The Pacific side, and ribbon seals reproduce on the ice of Karaginsky Bay . Sea otters are concentrated primarily on the southern end of the peninsula. Seabirds include murrelets , Northern Fulmars , Thick- and Thin-billed Murres , Kittiwakes , Tufted and Horned Puffins , Red-faced, Pelagic, and other Cormorants , and many other species. Typical of the northern seas, the marine fauna

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1166-460: The Peninsula promotes a similar diversity in animal species that feed off the flora. Although Kamchatka is mostly tundra, deciduous and coniferous trees are abundant, and forests can be found throughout the peninsula. Kamchatka has diverse and abundant wildlife. This is due to many factors, including a wide range of climates; diverse topography and geography; many free-flowing rivers; proximity to

1219-497: The Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky metropolitan area can receive as much as 430 millimetres (17 in) more than the northern part of the city. Temperatures here are very mild, with summer maxima around 16 °C (61 °F) and winter lows around −8 °C (18 °F), whilst diurnal temperature ranges seldom exceed 5 °C (9 °F) due to persistent fog on exposed parts of the coast. South of 57° ˚N , there

1272-496: The Russian explorer Ivan Moskvitin reached the Sea of Okhotsk in 1639, further exploration was impeded by the lack of skills and equipment to build seagoing ships and by the harsh land to the northeast inhabited by the warlike Koryak people. Consequently, Russians entered Kamchatka from the north. In 1651, after having assisted in the foundation of the Anadyrsk ostrog , the explorer Mikhail Stadukhin went south and followed

1325-543: The Sea of Okhotsk at Bolsheretsk , which once served as a port connecting the peninsula to Okhotsk . South of the Bistraya flows the Golygina River . Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and the settlements in the central part of the peninsula are connected by highway to Ust-Kamchatsk . The road is asphalt in its southern part, but changes to gravel about halfway north where the population is sparser. Another highway connects

1378-950: The Ust-Tanyurer Zakaznik and receives the Tanyurer from the north. At Lake Krasnoye , it turns east and flows into the Onemen Bay of the Anadyr Estuary . If the Onemen Bay is considered part of the river, it also receives the Velikaya from the south and the Kanchalan from the north. Other important tributaries are the Yablon, Yeropol and Mamolina from the right and the Chineyveyem and Ubiyenka from

1431-611: The central valley, turning east near Klyuchi to enter the Pacific south of Kamchatsky Point at Ust-Kamchatsk . In the 19th century, a trail led west from near Klychi over the mountains to the Tegil river and town, which was the main trading post on the west coast. North of Tegil is Koryak Okrug . South of the Tegil is the Icha River. Just south of the headwaters of the Kamchatka, the Bistraya River curves southwest to enter

1484-619: The coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Penzhina Bay to Okhotsk . From about 1667 there were reports of a Kamchatka River to the south. Some time before 1700 a group of Russians were stranded and died on Kamchatka. In 1695, explorer Vladimir Atlasov became commander of Anadyrsk. In 1696 he sent the Cossack Luka Morozko south. Morozko got as far as the Tigil River and returned with reports and some mysterious writings, probably Japanese. In 1697–1699, Atlasov explored nearly

1537-424: The drier and more continental interior valley. In the heavily glaciated Kronotsky Peninsula , where maritime influences are most pronounced, annual precipitation can reach as high as 2,500 millimetres (98 in), whilst the southeast coast south of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky generally receives around 1,166 millimetres (45.9 in) of rainfall equivalent per year. Considerable local variations exist: southern parts of

1590-434: The eastern population), the critically endangered North Pacific right whale and bowhead whale , beaked whales , and minke whales are encountered. Blue whale are known to feed off of the southeastern shelf in summer. Among pinnipeds , Steller's sea lions , northern fur seals , spotted seals , and harbor seals are abundant along much of the peninsula. Further north, walruses and bearded seals can be encountered on

1643-526: The end of their contract, which has led to a community of around 1,800 by 2020. Avacha Bay was the scene of massive die-off of benthic marine organisms in September–October 2020. Kamchatka boasts abundant flora. The variable climate promotes different flora zones where tundra and muskeg are dominant, succeeded by grasses, flowering shrubs, and forests of pine , birch , alder , and willow . The wide variety of plant forms spread throughout

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1696-696: The frozen rivers become navigable roads. George Kennan, an American working on the Western Union Telegraph Expedition in the late 1860s, found that dog sled travel on the lower Anadyr was limited by lack of firewood. Reindeer , upon which the local inhabitants subsisted, were once found in considerable numbers, but the domestic reindeer population has collapsed dramatically since the reorganization and privatization of state-run collective farms beginning in 1992. As herds of domestic reindeer have declined, herds of wild caribou have increased. There are ten species of salmon inhabiting

1749-499: The higher topography of the peninsula, and condenses into rain. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters are rather stormy, but the storms rarely produce lightning . Although Kamchatka lies at latitudes similar to Scotland 's, cold arctic winds from Siberia combined with the cold Oyashio sea current keep the peninsula covered in snow from October to late May. Under the Köppen climate classification , Kamchatka generally has

1802-548: The highly productive waters of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, the Bering , and the Okhotsk Seas ; low human population density; and minimal development. The peninsula also boasts the southernmost expanse of Arctic tundra in the world. However, commercial exploitation of marine resources and a history of fur trapping has taken its toll on several species. Kamchatka is famous for the abundance and size of its brown bears . In

1855-488: The largest active volcano in the Northern Hemisphere. Many have highly symmetrical cones, and Kronotsky is viewed by volcanologists Robert and Barbara Decker as a prime candidate for the world's most beautiful volcano. Somewhat more accessible are the three volcanoes visible from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky : Koryaksky , Avachinsky , and Kozelsky . In the center of Kamchatka is the Valley of Geysers , which

1908-517: The left. Its basin is surrounded by the Amguema and Palyavaam basins to the north, the Bolshoy Anyuy , Oloy and Kolyma basins to the northwest, and the Penzhina basin to the southwest. In 1648, Semyon Dezhnev reached the mouth of the Anadyr after being shipwrecked on the coast. In 1649, he went upriver and built winter quarters at Anadyrsk. For the next 100 years, the Anadyr was

1961-538: The local capital with Bolsheretsk. Bus service is available on both roads. Most other roads are gravel-covered or dirt roads, requiring off-road-capable vehicles. There is semi-regular passenger transportation with aircraft. The obvious circular area in the central valley is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka , an isolated volcanic group southeast of the curve of the Kamchatka River. West of Kronotsky Point

2014-456: The main route from the Arctic to the Pacific and Kamchatka . In the 18th century, the Anadyr was described by the polar explorer Dmitry Laptev . The country through which it passes is thinly populated, and is dominated by tundra, with a rich variety of plant life. Much of the region's landscapes are dominated by rugged mountains. For nine months of the year the ground is covered with snow, and

2067-572: The more productive salmon rivers are in the process of being set aside as a nature preserve. Stickleback species, particularly Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius , also occur in many coastal drainages, and are likely present in freshwater as well. Cetaceans that frequent the highly productive waters of the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea include orcas , Dall 's and harbour porpoises , humpback whales , sperm whales , and fin whales . Less frequently, grey whales (from

2120-554: The native population; the roughly 2,500 Itelmens present in 1773 were reduced to 1,900 in 1820, from an original population of 12,000–25,000. Those who survived adopted Russian customs, and there was a great deal of intermarriage, such that "Kamchadal" (the original Russian name for the Itelmens) came to mean any Russian or part-Russian born on the peninsula. In 1713, Peter the Great sent shipbuilders to Okhotsk. A fifty-four-foot boat

2173-555: The outpost against 6 ships with 206 guns and 2,540 French and British soldiers. Despite the successful defense, the Russians abandoned Petropavlovsk as a strategic liability after the French and British forces withdrew. The next year, when a second enemy force came to attack the port, they found it deserted. Frustrated, the ships bombarded the city and withdrew. On 24 May 1861, the ship Polar Star (475 tons), of New Bedford , wrecked on

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2226-400: The peninsula forms part of Kamchatka Krai . The southern tip is called Cape Lopatka . (Lopatka is Russian for spade.) The circular bay to the north of this on the Pacific side is Avacha Bay , home to the capital, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky . Northward up the Pacific side, the four peninsulas are called Shipunsky Point, Kronotsky Point, Kamchatsky Point, and Ozernoy Point. North of Ozernoy Point

2279-578: The peninsula in 1851–1854. In 1920, Russian leader Vladimir Lenin offered a 60-year lease of the peninsula to the United States. World War II (1939–1945) hardly affected Kamchatka except for its role as a launch site for the invasion of Manchuria in August 1945. After the war, the Soviet authorities declared Kamchatka a military zone. Vilyuchinsk, located on the Kamchatka Peninsula about 20 kilometers (12 mi) across Avacha Bay from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky,

2332-646: The service of the Russian Navy , began the final "opening" of Kamchatka, helped by the fact that the government began to use the area to exile people, famously the Hungarian nobleman and explorer the Count de Benyovszky in 1770. In 1755, Stepan Krasheninnikov published the first detailed description of the peninsula, An Account of the Land of Kamchatka . The Russian government encouraged the commercial activities of

2385-552: The southern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its way to hunt United States whaling ships in the Sea of Okhotsk. As a commerce raider , the CSS Shenandoah aimed to destroy Union merchant shipping and thus draw off United States Navy ships in pursuit, thereby loosening the US Navy blockade of Confederate coasts. The ship spent almost three weeks in the Sea, destroying only one ship due to the dangerous ice, before moving on to

2438-778: The waters of the rivers Yablon and Yeropol , turns east around the Shchuchy Range and passes Markvovo and the old site of Anadyrsk , turns north and east and receives the Mayn from the south, thereby encircling the Lebediny Zakaznik , turns northeast to receive the Belaya from the north in the Parapol-Belsky Lowlands , then past Ust-Belaya it turns southeast into the Anadyr Lowlands past

2491-542: The west coast of Kamchatka during a dense fog and gale . The chief officer and a boat's crew perished while attempting to reach the shore. The rest of the crew were saved by the barque Alice , of Cold Spring , and the ship Oliver Crocker , also from New Bedford. On 21 May 1865, the American Civil War came to the area: the Confederate States Navy steamer Shenandoah sailed past

2544-462: The whole of the peninsula. He built an ostrog at Verkhny-Kamchatsk, rescued or captured a Japanese castaway , and went to Moscow to report. In 1699, the Russians at Verkhny-Kamchatsk were killed on their way back to Anadyrsk by the Koryaks. In 1700, a punitive expedition destroyed a Koryak village and founded Nizhne-Kamchatsk on the lower river. Bolskeretsk was founded in 1703. From about 1705, there

2597-571: Was a breakdown of order. There were numerous mutinies and native wars all over the peninsula and north to the Koryak country of the Penzhina River and Olyutor Gulf . Several people were sent out to restore order, including Atlasov, who was murdered by mutineers in 1711. Vasily Merlin restored some degree of order between 1733 and 1739. There was no significant resistance after 1756. A major smallpox epidemic that hit in 1768–1769 quickly decimated

2650-458: Was built and sailed to the Tegil River in June 1716. This one-week journey, later redirected to Okhotsk-Bolseretsk, became the standard route to Kamchatka. In 1720, Ivan Yevreinov mapped Kamchatka and the Kurils. The Danish-born Russian explorer Vitus Bering left Nezhe-Kamchatsk for his first voyage in 1728 and, as part of his second voyage, founded Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740. Vitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition (ca 1733–1743), in

2703-615: Was founded as Sovetsky in 1968 through the amalgamation of three earlier settlements which supplied the Soviet Navy as a submarine constructor; it is the home base of the Russian Pacific fleet. The Kura Missile Test Range , an intercontinental ballistic missile impact area located 130 kilometers (81 mi) northeast of the settlement of Klyuchi , was developed beginning in 1955. Kamchatka remained closed to Soviet citizens until 1989 and to foreigners until 1990. From 1946 to 1949, around 50,000 North Korean people went to Kamchatka as contract workers. Several thousand refused to repatriate after

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2756-437: Was partly destroyed by a massive mudslide in June 2007. Owing to the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench , deep-focus seismic events and tsunamis occur fairly commonly. A pair of megathrust earthquakes occurred off the coast on October 16, 1737, and on November 4, 1952, with magnitudes of ≈9.3 and 8.2 respectively. A chain of more shallow earthquakes were recorded as recently as April 2006. A significant 7.7-magnitude earthquake with

2809-404: Was placed under its jurisdiction. In 1875, Russia ceded the Kuril Islands to Japan in return for Russian sovereignty over Sakhalin island. The Russian population of Kamchatka stayed at around 2,500 until the turn of the century, while the native population increased to 5,000. During the 19th century, scientific exploration of the peninsula continued. Karl von Ditmar made an important journey to

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