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38-555: The Kostyonki–Borshchyovo archaeological complex is an area where numerous Upper Paleolithic archaeological sites have been found, located around the villages of Kostyonki (also Kostenki) and Borshchyovo (also Borshchevo). The area is found on the western (right) bank of the Don River in Khokholsky District , Voronezh Oblast , Russia , some 25 km south of the city of Voronezh . The 26 Paleolithic sites of

76-611: A Dusun in Brunei . C1b1a-B66/Z16458 has three primary subclades: C1b1a1-M356, C1b1a2-B65, and C1b1a3-Z16582. C1b1a3-Z16582 has been found in some individuals from Saudi Arabia and Iraq . C1b1a2-B65 comprises two subclades, C1b1a2a-B67 and C1b1a2b-F725. C1b1a2a-B67 has been found in two Lebbo' people from Borneo , an individual from Hadakewa on Lembata , and four individuals from Flores (one from Rampasasa and three from Cibal). The TMRCA of C-B67 has been estimated to be 17,007 (95% CI 19,608 <-> 14,627) years before present, with

114-419: A tibia and a fibula , with traits classifying the bones as European early modern humans . In 2009, DNA was extracted from the remains of a male hunter-gatherer from Kostenki-12 who lived circa 30,000 BP and died aged 20–25. His maternal lineage was found to be mtDNA haplogroup U2 . He was buried in an oval pit in a crouched position and covered with red ochre . Kostenki 12 was later found to belong to

152-650: A site in northeast Italy. By the time of the Villabruna cluster, however, the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Western Europe was I2 . (And the balance was again altered by the mass migrations into Europe of Neolithic Middle Eastern farmer and Bronze Age Indo-Europeans.) further: a male from the Great Hungarian Plain , approximately contemporaneous to the La Braña man also carried it, as did

190-523: A small number of males from the Middle East . C1b2 (C-B477) is the common ancestor of C-M38 and C-M347. It is likely that more than 40% of Indigenous Australian males, before contact with European settlers, belonged to the subclade C1b2b (C-M347) known previously as C4 . Within C-M347 at least two subclades have been identified: C1b2b1 (DYS390.1del,M210) and an as yet unresolved offshoot of

228-489: A specific purpose. The early modern humans who expanded into Europe, commonly referred to as the Cro-Magnons , left many sophisticated stone tools, carved and engraved pieces on bone, ivory and antler , cave paintings and Venus figurines . The Neanderthals continued to use Mousterian stone tool technology and possibly Châtelperronian technology. These tools disappeared from the archeological record at around

266-528: A way to convey seasonal behavioural information about hunted animals. Lines (|) and dots (•) were apparently used interchangeably to denote lunar months, while the (Y) sign apparently signified "To give birth". These characters were seemingly combined to convey the breeding period of hunted animals. The climate of the period in Europe saw dramatic changes, and included the Last Glacial Maximum ,

304-525: Is based on a cave lion skeleton found in Seigsdorf, Germany which has hunting lesions. 14,000 BP Fertile Crescent : Europe : Africa : Siberia : The Upper Paleolithic in the Franco-Cantabrian region : Haplogroup C1b (F1370) Haplogroup C1 also known as C-F3393 , is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup . It is one of two primary branches of the broader Haplogroup C ,

342-522: The Aurignacian culture. Mammoth teeth were found at the site from an early time. Cornelis de Bruijn wrote in 1703: The site is also mentioned by Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin in 1768. The settlement name Kostyonki itself is a derivation from кость "bone". Kostenki-1 was excavated by I. S. Polyakov (1845–1887) in 1879. Further excavations during 1881–1915 were mostly searches for stone tools. Systematic excavations were performed from

380-840: The Balkans , parts of the Iberian Peninsula and areas around the Black Sea . This period saw cultures such as the Solutrean in France and Spain. Human life may have continued on top of the ice sheet, but we know next to nothing about it, and very little about the human life that preceded the European glaciers. In the early part of the period, up to about 30 kya, the Mousterian Pluvial made northern Africa, including

418-570: The Middle Paleolithic , until about 50,000 years ago, when there was a marked increase in the diversity of artefacts found associated with modern human remains. This period coincides with the most common date assigned to expansion of modern humans from Africa throughout Asia and Eurasia, which contributed to the extinction of the Neanderthals . The Upper Paleolithic has the earliest known evidence of organized settlements , in

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456-833: The Sahara , well-watered and with lower temperatures than today; after the end of the Pluvial the Sahara became arid. The Last Glacial Maximum was followed by the Allerød oscillation , a warm and moist global interstadial that occurred around 13.5 to 13.8 kya. Then there was a very rapid onset, perhaps within as little as a decade, of the cold and dry Younger Dryas climate period, giving sub-arctic conditions to much of northern Europe. The Preboreal rise in temperatures also began sharply around 10.3 kya, and by its end around 9.0 kya had brought temperatures nearly to present day levels, although

494-565: The Sungir specimens from western Russia , the Peștera Muierii woman (34 kya) in Romania , or the " Mal'ta boy " (24 kya) of south-east Siberia ( Ancient North Eurasian ) and to the later Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Europe ( Western Hunter-Gatherer ) and western Siberia, as well as with a basal population ancestral to Early European Farmers , but not to East Asians. Kostenki-14 showed that

532-439: The fish hook , the oil lamp , rope , and the eyed needle . Fishing of pelagic fish species and navigating the open ocean is evidenced by sites from Timor and Buka ( Solomon Islands ). The changes in human behavior have been attributed to changes in climate, encompassing a number of global temperature drops. These led to a worsening of the already bitter cold of the last glacial period (popularly but incorrectly called

570-462: The 1920s, most notably those led by P.P. Efimenko during 1923–1938. In the second half of the 20th century it was recognized that there were other sites in the neighbourhood, now labelled Kostenki-1 to Kostenki-21 and Borshchevo-1 to Borshchevo-5. The most famous of these are Kostenki-12 (Volkovska) and Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora). A 25,000-year-old bone circle structure of at least 60 mammoths, measuring over 12.5 metres (41 ft) in diameter,

608-583: The 30,000-year-old remains of a Vestonice Cluster hunter-gatherer from the Pavlov-Dolní Věstonice area ( Czech Republic ), as well as a 34,000 years old Russian hunter gatherers from Sungir (Sunghir 1/2/3/4). Basal C1b* (F1370) has been identified in the remains of an individual known as Kostenki-14 who died circa 37,000 years BP ( Upper Paleolithic ) that was found at the Kostyonki archaeological site in western Russia. It has also been found in

646-726: The Americas by about 15 ka. In Western Eurasia, the Paleolithic eases into the so-called Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic from the end of the LGM, beginning 15 ka. The Holocene glacial retreat begins 11.7 ka ( 10th millennium BC ), falling well into the Old World Epipaleolithic, and marking the beginning of the earliest forms of farming in the Fertile Crescent . Both Homo erectus and Neanderthals used

684-480: The C1b2b1 paragroup (i.e. M347xDYS390.1del,M210). C1b2a (M38), previously known as C2 , is virtually restricted to Island South East Asia , New Guinea , Melanesia , and Polynesia . Of its subclades, C1b2a1a (P33) is found at a high frequency among Polynesians . Some members of populations in parts of Asia have been found to carry Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C1b1-AM00694/K281. C1b1b-B68 has been found in

722-486: The Zamyatino culture (22 to 17 ka). Kostenki 8/2 (Telmanskaya) is eponymous of "Telman culture". As of 2016, archaeological work is done at Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora), Kostenki-6 (Streletskaya), Kostenki-15 (Gorodtsovskaya), Kostenki-16 (Ugljanka), Kostenki-17 (Spitsynskaya) and Kostenki-21 (Gmelinskaya). Some of the earliest directly dated human remains from this site are dated to 32,600 ± 1,100 14C years and consist of

760-574: The area are numbered Kostenki 1–21 and Borshchevo 1–5. It is known for its high concentration of cultural remains of anatomically modern humans from the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic era, before 40,000 years ago. Finds are on exhibit in situ , at the State Archaeological Museum–Reserve Kostyonki built atop the mammoth bone circle Kostenki   11. Kostyonki is considered as belonging to

798-693: The climate was wetter. This period saw the Upper Paleolithic give way to the start of the following Mesolithic cultural period. As the glaciers receded sea levels rose; the English Channel , Irish Sea and North Sea were land at this time, and the Black Sea a fresh-water lake. In particular the Atlantic coastline was initially far out to sea in modern terms in most areas, though the Mediterranean coastline has retreated far less, except in

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836-457: The coldest phase of the last glacial period , which lasted from about 26.5 to 19 kya, being coldest at the end, before relatively rapid warming (all dates vary somewhat for different areas, and in different studies). During the Maximum, most of Northern Europe was covered by an ice-sheet , forcing human populations into the areas known as Last Glacial Maximum refugia , including modern Italy and

874-756: The finds, showing that humans inhabited the site before this. Currently, the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption of the Phlegraean Fields volcano is dated to about 39 kya. The explosion of 500 cubic kilometers (120 cu mi) ignimbrite was the largest in the last 200,000 years of European history. Upper Paleolithic Anatomically modern humans (i.e. Homo sapiens ) are believed to have emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago. It has been argued by some that their ways of life changed relatively little from that of archaic humans of

912-708: The form of campsites, some with storage pits. Artistic work blossomed, with cave painting, petroglyphs , carvings and engravings on bone or ivory. The first evidence of human fishing is also found from a 125,000 years old artefacts in Buya , Eritrea and in other places such as Blombos cave in South Africa . More complex social groupings emerged, supported by more varied and reliable food sources and specialized tool types. This probably contributed to increasing group identification or ethnicity . The peopling of Australia most likely took place before c. 60 ka . Europe

950-513: The last ice age ). Such changes may have reduced the supply of usable timber and forced people to look at other materials. In addition, flint becomes brittle at low temperatures and may not have functioned as a tool. Some notational signs, used next to images of animals, may have appeared as early as the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe circa 35,000 BCE, and may be the earliest proto-writing : several symbols were used in combination as

988-518: The main ancestral components of contemporary Europeans were likely already genetically differentiated and related at least 36,200 years ago, with the modern European genomic structure dating back to the Upper Paleolithic . Kostenki-14 had some level of ancient Neanderthal admixture, which has been dated as going back to circa 54,000 BP. A layer of Campanian volcanic ash , earlier dated to about 45,000 years ago, has been found above some of

1026-653: The most interesting findings of recent genetic research is that living members of C1a are also rare and distributed geographically in an extremely bifurcated pattern. C1a1 or C-M8 is now found regularly only with low frequency (approximately 5% to 6% of all samples) in Japan . It also has been found sporadically among thousands of males from Korea and hundreds of thousands of males from China who have had their Y-DNA tested. C1a2 (known previously as C6) or C-V20 now appears to be found only among European , Algerian , Turks , Armenian , and Nepali males. C1a2

1064-595: The north of the Adriatic and the Aegean . The rise in sea levels continued until at least 7.5 kya ( 5500 BC ), so evidence of human activity along Europe's coasts in the Upper Paleolithic is mostly lost, though some traces have been recovered by fishing boats and marine archaeology , especially from Doggerland , the lost area beneath the North Sea. The first direct evidence for Neanderthals hunting cave lions . This

1102-651: The other being C2 (also known as C-M217; the former Haplogroup C3). The basal paragroup , C1* (C-F3393*), has not been found in samples from living or dead males. Of the two primary branches, C1b is common in parts of Oceania and Asia . The other primary branch, C1a, is extremely rare worldwide and has been found mainly amongst individuals native to Japan or Europe and among Upper Paleolithic Europeans, with single cases known from Nepal and Jeju Island through academic studies and from an ethnic Armenian , an ethnic Kabyle , and an ethnic Han from Linghai through commercial testing. Subclades of C1 (C-F3393) are

1140-453: The patrilineal Y-DNA haplogroup C1* (C-F3393). A male from Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora), who lived approximately 38,700–36,200 year ago, was also found to belong to mtDNA haplogroup U2. His Y-DNA haplogroup was C1b* (F1370) . The Kostenki-14 genome represents early evidence for the separation of Europeans and East Asian lineages. He was found to have a close relationship to both Paleolithic European and Siberian hunter-gatherers, such as

1178-569: The predominant Y-DNA haplogroups among some Indigenous Australian peoples, some Pacific Islander peoples, and a few of the ethnic groups of the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. Other subclades are found, at very low frequencies, in isolated locations throughout the Eurasian landmass and adjoining islands. Basal C1a* (CTS11043) was found in an Upper Paleolithic Europeans ( Aurignacians ), GoyetQ116-1 and Pestera Muerii2. Among

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1216-709: The same crude stone tools. Archaeologist Richard G. Klein , who has worked extensively on ancient stone tools, describes the stone tool kit of archaic hominids as impossible to categorize. He argues that almost everywhere, whether Asia , Africa or Europe , before 50,000 years ago all the stone tools are much alike and unsophisticated. Firstly among the artefacts of Africa, archeologists found they could differentiate and classify those of less than 50,000 years into many different categories, such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. These new stone-tool types have been described as being distinctly differentiated from each other; each tool had

1254-421: The same time the Neanderthals themselves disappeared from the fossil record, about 40,000 cal BP. Settlements were often located in narrow valley bottoms, possibly associated with hunting of passing herds of animals. Some of them may have been occupied year round, though more commonly they appear to have been used seasonally; people moved between the sites to exploit different food sources at different times of

1292-482: The volcanic eruption, found at Kostenki 17/2 ("Spitsyn culture", 38–32 ka), were apparently perforated by a hand-operated rotary drill or drills; these may suggest that the population was technologically capable of preparing for a volcanic winter . Just above the ash layer sewing needles were found . Kostenki 1/1, Kostenki 4/2, Kostyonki 8/2 and Kostenki 21/3 belong to the eastern Gravettian (24 to 22 ka). Kostenki 2, Kostenki 3, Kostenki 11-1a and Kostenki-19 belong to

1330-486: The year. Hunting was important, and caribou/wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting". Technological advances included significant developments in flint tool manufacturing, with industries based on fine blades rather than simpler and shorter flakes . Burins and racloirs were used to work bone, antler and hides . Advanced darts and harpoons also appear in this period, along with

1368-518: Was discovered at Kostenki in 2020. Kostenki-1/2 (site Kostenki-1, layer 2), Kostenki-1/3, Kostenki-6 (Streletskaya), Kostenki-11 and Kostenki 12/3 below the volcanic CI tephra layer are associated to the nontransitional local "Strelets culture", analogous to early Upper Paleolithic cultures from central and western Europe such as the Szeletian culture . This initial cultural development might be attributable to local Neanderthals . Ornaments predating

1406-487: Was peopled after c. 45 ka. Anatomically modern humans are known to have expanded northward into Siberia as far as the 58th parallel by about 45 ka ( Ust'-Ishim man ). The Upper Paleolithic is divided by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), from about 25 to 15 ka. The peopling of the Americas occurred during this time, with East and Central Asia populations reaching the Bering land bridge after about 35 ka, and expanding into

1444-526: Was present in the remains in Europe by the Upper Paleolithic , including the Vestonice cluster (Vestonice16) (i.e. remains found in the modern Czech Republic). It was also found in the 7,000-year-old ( Mesolithic ) remains of a WHG ( Western Hunter-Gatherers ) known as "La Braña 1", found in La Braña-Arintero, León , Spain. La Braña 1 was part of the so-called Villabruna cluster , named after

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