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117-541: Ketevan " Katie " Melua ( / ˈ m ɛ l uː ə / ; Georgian : ქეთევან "ქეთი" მელუა , IPA: [kʰetʰevan melua] ; born 16 September 1984) is a British singer and songwriter. She was born in Kutaisi , Georgia and raised in Belfast and London. Under the management of composer Mike Batt , she was signed to the small Dramatico record label. She made her musical debut in 2003 and within three years, she

234-413: A nervous breakdown , resulting in her hospitalisation for six weeks. As a result, all touring and promotional activities were postponed until the following year. Melua opened up about the breakdown years later in an interview with The Independent , saying that it ended up being one of the best things that had ever happened to her, as she said it helped to quash a feeling of superiority she felt by being

351-457: A vigesimal numeric system like Basque and (partially) French . Numbers greater than 20 and less than 100 are described as the sum of the greatest possible multiple of 20 plus the remainder. For example, "93" literally translates as 'four times twenty plus thirteen' ( ოთხმოცდაცამეტი , otkhmotsdatsamet’i ). One of the most important Georgian dictionaries is the Explanatory dictionary of

468-485: A British citizen meant that Melua had held three citizenships before she was 21; first Soviet, Georgian and currently, British. After the ceremony, Melua stated her pride at her newest nationality. "As a family, we have been very fortunate to find a happy lifestyle in this country and we feel we belong. We still consider ourselves to be Georgian, because that is where our roots are, and I return to Georgia every year to see my uncles and grandparents, but I am proud to now be

585-471: A British citizen". Melua is fluent in English and speaks some Russian; despite still speaking her native Georgian fluently she has said that she cannot write songs in the language. Melua has been referred to as an ' adrenaline junkie ' because she enjoys roller coasters and funfairs and often paraglides and hang glides . She has skydived four times and taken several flying lessons , and in 2004 she

702-569: A Roman grammarian from the 2nd century AD. The first direct attestations of the language are inscriptions and palimpsests dating to the 5th century, and the oldest surviving literary work is the 5th century Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik by Iakob Tsurtaveli . The emergence of Georgian as a written language appears to have been the result of the Christianization of Georgia in the mid-4th century, which led to

819-665: A capital-like effect called Mtavruli for titles and inscriptions. Georgian is an agglutinative language with a complex verb structure that can include up to eight morphemes , exhibiting polypersonalism . The language has seven noun cases and employs a left-branching structure with adjectives preceding nouns and postpositions instead of prepositions. Georgian lacks grammatical gender and articles, with definite meanings established through context. Georgian's rich derivation system allows for extensive noun and verb formation from roots, with many words featuring initial consonant clusters. The Georgian writing system has evolved from ancient scripts to

936-574: A control group. These subjects also reported a more intense fear from the films and greater mean intensity of negative memories than control subjects. The findings from this study demonstrate that there are learned associations between negative feelings and levels of adrenaline. Overall, the greater amount of adrenaline is positively correlated with an aroused state of negative emotions . These findings can be an effect in part that adrenaline elicits physiological sympathetic responses, including an increased heart rate and knee shaking, which can be attributed to

1053-464: A cover of " In My Secret Life " by Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson . Melua said of the cover, "[It] completely got to me, about how we all have great ideals but in reality we end up conforming, following everyone else." Melua released four singles from the album: " If You Were a Sailboat ", " Mary Pickford ", " If the Lights Go Out ", and "Ghost Town". "Mary Pickford", written by Mike Batt,

1170-501: A decade later on Orbit's 2022 album, The Painter , on the opening track "Duende". Melua's debut album, Call Off the Search , was released on 3 November 2003 and featured two songs written by Melua: "Belfast (Penguins and Cats)", a song about Melua's experience of her time in the troubled capital of Northern Ireland , and "Faraway Voice", a song about the death of Eva Cassidy . Melua also covered songs by Delores J. Silver (" Learnin'

1287-579: A diagnostic aid, to monitor therapeutic administration, or to identify the causative agent in a potential poisoning victim. Endogenous plasma adrenaline concentrations in resting adults usually are less than 10 ng/L, but they may increase by 10-fold during exercise and by 50-fold or more during times of stress. Pheochromocytoma patients often have plasma adrenaline levels of 1000–10,000 ng/L. Parenteral administration of adrenaline to acute-care cardiac patients can produce plasma concentrations of 10,000 to 100,000 ng/L. In chemical terms, adrenaline

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1404-621: A full orchestral version of the first single, "I Will Be There", during the Coronation anniversary gala for Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace in July 2013. Described as a "tender and heart-warming ballad which is underpinned by Melua’s beautifully compassionate vibrato and an orchestral arrangement that builds majestically", the song was composed by Mike Batt. Ketevan entered the UK charts at number 6, and with this accomplishment, Melua joined

1521-551: A mechanism that depends on β adrenoceptors. Adrenaline does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, so its effects on memory consolidation are at least partly initiated by β adrenoceptors in the periphery. Studies have found that sotalol , a β adrenoceptor antagonist that also does not readily enter the brain, blocks the enhancing effects of peripherally administered adrenaline on memory. These findings suggest that β adrenoceptors are necessary for adrenaline to have an impact on memory consolidation. Increased adrenaline secretion

1638-481: A member of the astronomy club at school. A double A-side of the Melua-penned " I Cried for You " and a cover of The Cure 's " Just Like Heaven " (1988), which also appeared on the soundtrack to the film Just Like Heaven , was released in the UK on 5 December and peaked at number 35. "I Cried for You" was inspired by a meeting with the writer of Holy Blood, Holy Grail . A third single, " Spider's Web "

1755-410: A physiologist at University College of London published a paper about the active component of adrenal gland extract causing the increase in blood pressure and heart rate was from the medulla, but not the cortex of the adrenal gland. In 1897, John Jacob Abel (1857–1938) of Johns Hopkins University , the first chairman of the first US department of pharmacology, found a compound called epinephrine with

1872-490: A ri means 'friend'; megobrebi ( megob Ø rebi ) means 'friends', with the loss of a in the last syllable of the word stem. Georgian has seven noun cases: nominative , ergative , dative , genitive , instrumental , adverbial and vocative . An interesting feature of Georgian is that, while the subject of a sentence is generally in the nominative case and the object is in the accusative case (or dative), one can find this reversed in many situations (this depends mainly on

1989-399: A row, as may be seen in words like გვფრცქვნ ი gvprtskvni 'you peel us' and მწვრთნ ელი mts’vrtneli 'trainer'. Vicenik has observed that Georgian vowels following ejective stops have creaky voice and suggests this may be one cue distinguishing ejectives from their aspirated and voiced counterparts. Georgian has been written in a variety of scripts over its history. Currently

2106-641: A severe mental health crisis. I was off all my medication after two years of being under his care. And when I heard last year that he took his own life I was floored." Melua recorded the English-language track, "End of Summer", for the soundtrack to the Polish film The Peasants with Polish rapper and producer L.U.C and international collective Rebel Babel Film Orchestra. The track features additional production from Geoff Foster and debuted on 25 January 2024 on various streaming services. In January 2024, it

2223-447: A small number of neurons that use adrenaline as a neurotransmitter . Following adrenalectomy , adrenaline disappears below the detection limit in the bloodstream. Pharmacological doses of adrenaline stimulate α 1 , α 2 , β 1 , β 2 , and β 3 adrenoceptors of the sympathetic nervous system . Sympathetic nerve receptors are classified as adrenergic, based on their responsiveness to adrenaline. The term "adrenergic"

2340-590: A successful musician in the music industry. "It was petrifying, but it put a stop to fantasies of being able to do anything. The oddest thing about this job is the sense of superiority you get. It was a huge wake-up call. I was completely out of it for two weeks, and in hospital for six. There was a bunch of things going on, things at home and crazy work schedules, and you really believe the world revolved around you and it doesn't." In January 2012, Melua confirmed her engagement to World Superbike racer and musician James Toseland . The couple married on 1 September 2012 in

2457-536: A very small group of female artists, which includes Madonna and Kate Bush , who have scored six consecutive UK top 10 studio albums. Ketevan also entered the top 10 in France, Poland, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland in its first week of release. Melua's seventh album, In Winter , was released on 14 October 2016. For this record, Melua went back to her native Georgia to record an album with

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2574-458: A white microcrystalline granule. Adrenaline is normally produced by the adrenal glands and by a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata . It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node , pupil dilation response , and blood sugar level . It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors . It

2691-589: A word. Georgian vowels in non-initial syllables are pronounced with a shorter duration compared to vowels in initial syllables. long polysyllabic words may have a secondary stress on their third or fourth syllable. Georgian contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (voiced, aspirated, or ejective) that are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. ბგ ერა bgera 'sound', ცხ ოვრება tskhovreba 'life', and წყ ალი ts’q’ali 'water'. There are also frequent consonant clusters , sometimes involving more than six consonants in

2808-509: Is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, including the major subtypes α 1 , α 2 , β 1 , β 2 , and β 3 . Adrenaline's binding to these receptors triggers a number of metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas , stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle , and stimulates glycolysis and inhibits insulin-mediated glycogenesis in muscle. β adrenergic receptor binding triggers glucagon secretion in

2925-477: Is because syllables in the language often begin with two consonants. Recordings are available on the relevant Wiktionary entries, linked to below. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Adrenaline junkie Adrenaline , also known as epinephrine , is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It appears as

3042-416: Is first oxidized to L -DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase ; this is the rate-limiting step. Then it is subsequently decarboxylated to give dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase ( aromatic L -amino acid decarboxylase ). Dopamine is then converted to noradrenaline by dopamine beta-hydroxylase , which utilizes ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) and copper. The final step in adrenaline biosynthesis is the methylation of

3159-533: Is found in many animals, including humans, and some single-celled organisms . It has also been isolated from the plant Scoparia dulcis found in Northern Vietnam. As a medication, it is used to treat several conditions, including allergic reaction anaphylaxis , cardiac arrest , and superficial bleeding. Inhaled adrenaline may be used to improve the symptoms of croup . It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective. It

3276-447: Is given intravenously , by injection into a muscle , by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin . Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety , and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm . While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account. A case has been made for

3393-403: Is most often done in response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of adrenaline. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors , causing cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels . Calcium triggers

3510-405: Is not prevented by beta-blockade. The progressive airway dilation with increasing exercise is mediated by a progressive reduction in resting vagal tone. Beta blockade with propranolol causes a rebound in airway resistance after exercise in normal subjects over the same time course as the bronchoconstriction seen with exercise-induced asthma. The reduction in airway resistance during exercise reduces

3627-461: Is observed in pheochromocytoma , hypoglycemia , myocardial infarction , and to a lesser degree, in essential tremor (also known as benign, familial, or idiopathic tremor). A general increase in sympathetic neural activity is usually accompanied by increased adrenaline secretion, but there is selectivity during hypoxia and hypoglycemia, when the ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline is considerably increased. Therefore, there must be some autonomy of

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3744-414: Is often misinterpreted in that the main sympathetic neurotransmitter is noradrenaline , rather than adrenaline, as discovered by Ulf von Euler in 1946. Adrenaline has a β 2 adrenoceptor-mediated effect on metabolism and the airway , with no direct neural connection from the sympathetic ganglia to the airway . Walter Bradford Cannon originally proposed the concept of the adrenal medulla and

3861-402: Is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines . Adrenaline is synthesized in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland 's adrenal medulla and a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata in the brain through a metabolic pathway that converts the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine into a series of metabolic intermediates and, ultimately, adrenaline. Tyrosine

3978-1003: Is rather light, and in fact Georgian transliterates the tenuis stops in foreign words and names with the ejectives. The coronal occlusives ( /tʰ tʼ d n/ , not necessarily affricates) are variously described as apical dental, laminal alveolar, and "dental". Per Canepari, the main realizations of the vowels are [ i ], [ e̞ ], [ ä ], [ o̞ ], [ u ]. Aronson describes their realizations as [ i̞ ], [ e̞ ], [ ä ] (but "slightly fronted"), [ o̞ ], [ u̞ ]. Shosted transcribed one speaker's pronunciation more-or-less consistently with [ i ], [ ɛ ], [ ɑ ], [ ɔ ], [ u ]. Allophonically, [ ə ] may be inserted to break up consonant clusters, as in /dɡas/ [dəɡäs] . In casual speech, /iV, Vi/ sequences can be realized phonetically as [jV~i̯V, Vj~Vi̯]. Phrase-final unstressed vowels may sometimes be partially reduced. Prosody in Georgian involves stress, intonation, and rhythm. Stress

4095-411: Is reviewed by Rao. As a hormone, adrenaline acts on nearly all body tissues by binding to adrenergic receptors . Its effects on various tissues depend on the type of tissue and expression of specific forms of adrenergic receptors . For example, high levels of adrenaline cause smooth muscle relaxation in the airways but causes contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most arterioles . Adrenaline

4212-517: Is secondary to the activation of the sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal medulla, as it is rapid and not present in animals where the adrenal gland has been removed. Although such stress triggers adrenaline release, it also activates many other responses within the central nervous system reward system , which drives behavioral responses; while the circulating adrenaline concentration is present, it may not drive behavior. Nevertheless, adrenaline infusion alone does increase alertness and has roles in

4329-425: Is someone who engages in sensation-seeking behavior through "the pursuit of novel and intense experiences without regard for physical, social, legal or financial risk". Such activities include extreme and risky sports, substance abuse, unsafe sex, and crime. The term relates to the increase in circulating levels of adrenaline during physiological stress . Such an increase in the circulating concentration of adrenaline

4446-462: Is to increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and therefore increase oxygen exchange at the cellular level. While adrenaline does increase aortic, cerebral, and carotid circulation pressure, it lowers carotid blood flow and end-tidal CO 2 or E T CO 2 levels. It appears that adrenaline improves microcirculation at the expense of the capillary beds where perfusion takes place. Adrenaline may be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum as

4563-401: Is very weak, and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words. Jun, Vicenik, and Lofstedt have proposed that Georgian stress and intonation are the result of pitch accents on the first syllable of a word and near the end of a phrase. According to Borise, Georgian has fixed initial word-level stress cued primarily by greater syllable duration and intensity of the initial syllable of

4680-458: The Dittionario giorgiano e italiano . These were meant to help western Catholic missionaries learn Georgian for evangelical purposes. On the left are IPA symbols, and on the right are the corresponding letters of the modern Georgian alphabet, which is essentially phonemic. Former /qʰ/ ( ჴ ) has merged with /x/ ( ხ ), leaving only the latter. The glottalization of the ejectives

4797-499: The Mkhedruli script is almost completely dominant; the others are used mostly in religious documents and architecture. Mkhedruli has 33 letters in common use; a half dozen more are obsolete in Georgian, though still used in other alphabets, like Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan. The letters of Mkhedruli correspond closely to the phonemes of the Georgian language. According to the traditional account written down by Leonti Mroveli in

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4914-516: The Georgian Orthodox Church and together are called Khutsuri 'priest alphabet'. In Mkhedruli , there is no case. Sometimes, however, a capital-like effect, called Mtavruli ('title' or 'heading'), is achieved by modifying the letters so that their vertical sizes are identical and they rest on the baseline with no descenders. These capital-like letters are often used in page headings, chapter titles, monumental inscriptions, and

5031-478: The Georgian Orthodox Church . Melua spent her first years with her grandparents in Tbilisi before moving with her parents and brother to the city of Batumi , where her father worked as a heart specialist. During this time, she sometimes had to carry buckets of water up five flights of stairs to her family's flat and according to her, "Now, when I'm staying in luxurious hotels, I think back to those days". In 1993,

5148-645: The Gori Women's Choir, a native Georgian all-woman singing troupe. Melua revealed during an interview with The Guardian that her partnership with Mike Batt had come to an end after her last album, as it was a six-album deal with Batt's Dramatico records. In 2017, she released a cover version of " Fields of Gold ", the official song for Children in Need . In June 2020, Melua supported the Georgian Red Cross Society in their efforts to assist

5265-457: The Kartlian dialect. Over the centuries, it has exerted a strong influence on the other dialects. As a result, they are all, generally, mutually intelligible with standard Georgian, and with one another. The history of the Georgian language is conventionally divided into the following phases: The earliest extant references to Georgian are found in the writings of Marcus Cornelius Fronto ,

5382-681: The North Sea . Melua and her band underwent extensive medical tests and survival training in Norway before flying by helicopter to the rig. Georgian language Georgian is most closely related to the Zan languages ( Megrelian and Laz ) and more distantly to Svan . Georgian has various dialects , with standard Georgian based on the Kartlian dialect, and all dialects are mutually intelligible. The history of Georgian spans from Early Old Georgian in

5499-549: The Sunday Times Rich List 2008 , Melua had amassed a fortune of £ 18 million, making her the seventh-richest British musician under the age of 30. She possesses a mezzo-soprano vocal range. Ketevan Melua was born on 16 September 1984 to Amiran and Tamara Melua in Kutaisi , Georgia, which was then part of the Soviet Union . She is also partly of Canadian and Russian ancestry. She was baptised into

5616-708: The UK Albums Chart in the week of 3 October 2005. This album broke Melua across Europe where it sold 1 million copies in Germany alone and achieved the number one position in Billboard's "European" albums chart. On 30 September 2005, Melua came under criticism in The Guardian from writer and scientist Simon Singh for the lyrics (written by Mike Batt) of the track "Nine Million Bicycles". Batt's disputed lyrics were: We are 12 billion light-years from

5733-453: The central nervous system . Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the synthesis of adrenaline precursors by enhancing the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase , two key enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. ACTH also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol , which increases the expression of PNMT in chromaffin cells, enhancing adrenaline synthesis. This

5850-747: The exocytosis of chromaffin granules and, thus, the release of adrenaline (and noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. For noradrenaline to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H exchanger VMAT1 . VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized adrenaline from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release. Unlike many other hormones, adrenaline (as with other catecholamines) does not exert negative feedback to down-regulate its own synthesis. Abnormal adrenaline levels can occur in various conditions, such as surreptitious adrenaline administration, pheochromocytoma , and other tumors of

5967-616: The primary amine of noradrenaline. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N -methyltransferase (PNMT), which utilizes S -adenosyl methionine (SAMe) as the methyl donor. While PNMT is found primarily in the cytosol of the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla (also known as chromaffin cells ), it has been detected at low levels in both the heart and brain . The major physiologic triggers of adrenaline release center upon stresses , such as physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, and high or low ambient temperature. All of these stimuli are processed in

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6084-622: The sympathetic ganglia . Its action is terminated with reuptake into nerve terminal endings, some minute dilution, and metabolism by monoamine oxidase and catechol- O -methyl transferase into 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid and Metanephrine . Extracts of the adrenal gland were first obtained by Polish physiologist Napoleon Cybulski in 1895. These extracts, which he called nadnerczyna ("adrenalin"), contained adrenaline and other catecholamines. American ophthalmologist William H. Bates discovered adrenaline's usage for eye surgeries prior to 20 April 1896. In 1897, John Jacob Abel (1857–1938),

6201-415: The sympathetic nervous system being involved in the flight, fight, and fright response. But the adrenal medulla, in contrast to the adrenal cortex, is not required for survival. In adrenalectomized patients, hemodynamic and metabolic responses to stimuli such as hypoglycemia and exercise remain normal. One physiological stimulus to adrenaline secretion is exercise. This was first demonstrated by measuring

6318-457: The 11th century, the first Georgian script was created by the first ruler of the Kingdom of Iberia , Pharnavaz , in the 3rd century BC. The first examples of a Georgian script date from the 5th century AD. There are now three Georgian scripts, called Asomtavruli 'capitals', Nuskhuri 'small letters', and Mkhedruli . The first two are used together as upper and lower case in the writings of

6435-677: The 5th century, to Modern Georgian today. Its development as a written language began with the Christianization of Georgia in the 4th century. Georgian phonology features a rich consonant system, including aspirated, voiced, and ejective stops , affricates , and fricatives . Its vowel system consists of five vowels with varying realizations. Georgian prosody involves weak stress, with disagreements among linguists on its placement. The language's phonotactics include complex consonant clusters and harmonic clusters. The Mkhedruli script , dominant in modern usage, corresponds closely to Georgian phonemes and has no case distinction, though it employs

6552-612: The Blues "), John Mayall (" Crawling up a Hill "), Randy Newman (" I Think It's Going to Rain Today ") and James Shelton ("Lilac Wine", originally a UK hit for singer Elkie Brooks ). The other six songs on the album were by Mike Batt. It was initially difficult for Melua and Batt to obtain airplay for the album's lead single, the Mike Batt song " The Closest Thing to Crazy ". This changed when BBC Radio 2 producer Paul Walters heard

6669-568: The Georgian language ( ქართული ენის განმარტებითი ლექსიკონი ). It consists of eight volumes and about 115,000 words. It was produced between 1950 and 1964, by a team of linguists under the direction of Arnold Chikobava . Georgian has a word derivation system, which allows the derivation of nouns from verb roots both with prefixes and suffixes, for example: It is also possible to derive verbs from nouns: Likewise, verbs can be derived from adjectives, for example: In Georgian many nouns and adjectives begin with two or more contiguous consonants. This

6786-903: The Nash Conservatory at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew , southwest London. A 2020 interview with the national Swedish news agency TT revealed that the couple had separated. Interviewed on ITV's Lorraine live from West London on 16 October 2020, Melua confirmed that the couple had divorced. In August 2022, Melua announced her pregnancy with her first child and gave birth to her son, Sandro, in November. Speaking to ITV News in March 2023 ahead of her European tour, Melua said that she should not have to choose between childcare and her career and that Sandro would accompany her throughout

6903-614: The Royal Variety Show the album was further boosted and Batt continued a relentless marketing campaign which saw the album hit the number one spot in January 2004. Call Off the Search reached the top five in Ireland , top 20 in Norway and top 30 in a composite European chart. In the UK the album sold 1.9 million copies, making it six times platinum , and spent six weeks at the top of the UK charts. Subsequent singles from

7020-495: The US. The British Approved Name and European Pharmacopoeia term for this drug is hence adrenaline (from Latin ad , "on", and rēnālis , "of the kidney", from ren , "kidney"). However, the pharmacologist John Abel had already prepared an extract from adrenal glands as early as 1897, and he coined the name epinephrine to describe it (from Ancient Greek ἐπῐ́ ( epí ), "upon", and νεφρός ( nephrós ), "kidney"). As

7137-402: The adrenal cortex, as with Addison's disease , can suppress adrenaline secretion as the activity of the synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine- N -methyltransferase , depends on the high concentration of cortisol that drains from the cortex to the medulla. In 1901, Jōkichi Takamine patented a purified extract from the adrenal glands , which was trademarked by Parke, Davis & Co in

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7254-557: The adrenal medulla from the rest of the sympathetic system. Myocardial infarction is associated with high levels of circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline, particularly in cardiogenic shock. Benign familial tremor (essential tremor) (BFT) is responsive to peripheral β adrenergic blockers, and β 2 -stimulation is known to cause tremor. Patients with BFT were found to have increased plasma adrenaline but not noradrenaline. Low or absent concentrations of adrenaline can be seen in autonomic neuropathy or following adrenalectomy. Failure of

7371-432: The album did not repeat the success of the first – the second single and album title track " Call Off the Search " reached number 19, and the third single " Crawling up a Hill " got to number 41. Melua released a 20th Anniversary Edition of the album on 3 November 2023. Melua's second album, Piece by Piece , was released on 26 September 2005. Its lead single was the Mike Batt song, " Nine Million Bicycles ", which

7488-484: The album track "14 Windows", which served as a charity single for the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund. The track is dedicated to the memory of her psychiatrist, who treated her during her 2010 mental breakdown and committed suicide in 2022. Melua said, "This song is a dedication to a doctor who saved my life. He gave me back a quality of life which I'll be forever grateful for by helping me through

7605-715: The blood, acting through both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors to stimulate glycogenolysis. Adrenaline binds to β 2 receptors on liver cells, which changes conformation and helps G s , a heterotrimeric G protein , exchange GDP to GTP. This trimeric G protein dissociates to G s alpha and G s beta/gamma subunits. G s alpha stimulates adenylyl cyclase , thus converting adenosine triphosphate into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A . Protein kinase A phosphorylates and partially activates phosphorylase kinase . Adrenaline also binds to α 1 adrenergic receptors, causing an increase in inositol trisphosphate , inducing calcium ions to enter

7722-403: The character of the verb). This is called the dative construction . In the past tense of the transitive verbs, and in the present tense of the verb "to know", the subject is in the ergative case. Georgian has a rich word-derivation system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes and suffixes, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root - kart -,

7839-404: The constrictor effects of inhaled histamine. A link between the sympathetic nervous system and the lungs was shown in 1887 when Grossman showed that stimulation of cardiac accelerator nerves reversed muscarine-induced airway constriction. In experiments in the dog, where the sympathetic chain was cut at the level of the diaphragm, Jackson showed that there was no direct sympathetic innervation to

7956-458: The current Mkhedruli, used for most purposes. The language has a robust grammatical framework with unique features such as syncope in morphophonology and a left-branching syntax. Georgian's vocabulary is highly derivational, allowing for diverse word formations, while its numeric system is vigesimal. No claimed genetic links between the Kartvelian languages and any other language family in

8073-508: The cytoplasm. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin , which leads to further activation of phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase , which then breaks down glycogen leading to the production of glucose. Adrenaline also has significant effects on the cardiovascular system. It increases peripheral resistance via α 1 receptor -dependent vasoconstriction and increases cardiac output by binding to β 1 receptors. The goal of reducing peripheral circulation

8190-569: The differences in how we listen to and hear music and lyrics, to our own deeply personal life experiences. The record for me is a representation of us exploring the space that exists between us and discovering a common voice from within it." Melua also embarked on a 10 date concert tour in 2022, during which she announced her first pregnancy via Instagram. In January 2023, Melua announced that her new album Love & Money would be released via BMG on 24 March 2023. Leo Abrahams, who worked with Melua on her 2020 record, Album No. 8 , returned to produce

8307-407: The dilation of a (denervated) pupil of a cat on a treadmill, later confirmed using a biological assay of urine samples. Biochemical methods for measuring catecholamines in plasma were published from 1950 onwards. Although much valuable work has been published using fluorimetric assays to measure total catecholamine concentrations, the method is too non-specific and insensitive to accurately determine

8424-461: The edge. That's a guess – no-one can ever say it's true, but I know that I will always be with you. They were interpreted by Singh as an assault on the accuracy of the work of cosmologists which sparked a series of letters from other Guardian readers, agreeing or disagreeing. On 15 October, Melua and Singh appeared on the BBC 's Today programme , and Melua light-heartedly performed the song during

8541-720: The events, ensuring memory strength that is proportional to memory importance. Post-learning adrenaline activity also interacts with the degree of arousal associated with the initial coding. There is evidence that suggests adrenaline does have a role in long-term stress adaptation and emotional memory encoding specifically. Adrenaline may also play a role in elevating arousal and fear memory under particular pathological conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder . Overall, "Extensive evidence indicates that epinephrine (EPI) modulates memory consolidation for emotionally arousing tasks in animals and human subjects." Studies have also found that recognition memory involving adrenaline depends on

8658-444: The eye of songwriter and producer Mike Batt. Batt was originally looking for an acid-rock band, bass player and a singer capable of singing "jazz and blues in an interesting way". After hearing Melua sing "Faraway Voice" (a song she wrote about the death of her idol Eva Cassidy ) Batt signed the 18-year-old Melua to his small Dramatico recording and management company and took her into the studio, producing her first three albums during

8775-1117: The family emigrated to Belfast, Northern Ireland in the aftermath of the Georgian Civil War . Her father, a heart surgeon, took up a position at the Royal Victoria Hospital . The family remained in Belfast, living close to Falls Road , until she was 14. During her time in Northern Ireland, she attended the Roman Catholic schools St Catherine's Primary School and Dominican College, Fortwilliam , while her younger brother attended State schools. The family then moved to Sutton, London and some time later moved again to Redhill, Surrey . In 2008, Melua moved out of her parents' home in Maida Vale to an apartment in Notting Hill , where she transformed

8892-420: The father of modern pharmacology, found a natural substance produced by the adrenal glands that he named epinephrine. The first hormone to be identified, it remains a crucial, first-line treatment for cardiac arrests, severe allergic reactions, and other conditions. In 1901, Jokichi Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen. Adrenaline was first synthesized in

9009-474: The feeling of fear regardless of the actual level of fear elicited from the video. Although studies have found a definite relation between adrenaline and fear, other emotions have not had such results. In the same study, subjects did not express a greater amusement to an amusement film nor greater anger to an anger film. Similar findings were also supported in a study that involved rodent subjects that either were able or unable to produce adrenaline. Findings support

9126-517: The few differences between the INN and BAN systems of names. Although European health professionals and scientists preferentially use the term adrenaline , the converse is true among American health professionals and scientists. Nevertheless, even among the latter, receptors for this substance are called adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors , and pharmaceuticals that mimic its effects are often called adrenergics . The history of adrenaline and epinephrine

9243-498: The following words can be derived: Kart veli ('a Georgian person'), Kart uli ('the Georgian language') and Sa kart velo ('the country of Georgia'). Most Georgian surnames end in - dze 'son' (Western Georgia), - shvili 'child' (Eastern Georgia), - ia (Western Georgia, Samegrelo ), - ani (Western Georgia, Svaneti ), - uri (Eastern Georgia), etc. The ending - eli is a particle of nobility, comparable to French de , Dutch van , German von or Polish - ski . Georgian has

9360-417: The idea that adrenaline has a role in facilitating the encoding of emotionally arousing events, contributing to higher levels of arousal due to fear. It has been found that adrenergic hormones, such as adrenaline, can produce retrograde enhancement of long-term memory in humans. The release of adrenaline due to emotionally stressful events, which is endogenous adrenaline, can modulate memory consolidation of

9477-477: The increased secretion of the adrenal medulla and partly from the decreased metabolism of adrenaline due to reduced blood flow to the liver. Infusion of adrenaline to reproduce exercise circulating concentrations of adrenaline in subjects at rest has little hemodynamic effect other than a slight β 2 -mediated fall in diastolic blood pressure. Infusion of adrenaline well within the physiological range suppresses human airway hyper-reactivity sufficiently to antagonize

9594-530: The interview, including Singh's tongue-in-cheek amendments to the lyrics: We are 13.7 billion light-years from the edge of the observable universe / That's a good estimate with well-defined error bars / And with the available information / I predict that I will always be with you. Both sides amicably agreed that the new lyrics were less likely to achieve commercial success, amidst a discussion about scientific accuracy versus artistic licence . Melua said that she "should have known better" because she used to be

9711-488: The laboratory by Friedrich Stolz and Henry Drysdale Dakin , independently, in 1904. Although secretin is mentioned as the first hormone, adrenaline is the first hormone since the discovery of the activity of adrenal extract on blood pressure was observed in 1895 before that of secretin in 1902. In 1895, George Oliver (1841–1915), a general practitioner in North Yorkshire, and Edward Albert Schäfer (1850–1935),

9828-498: The like. This is the Georgian standard keyboard layout. The standard Windows keyboard is essentially that of manual typewriters . Georgian is an agglutinative language . Certain prefixes and suffixes can be joined in order to build a verb. In some cases, one verb can have up to eight different morphemes in it at the same time. An example is ageshenebinat ('you [all] should've built [it]'). The verb can be broken down to parts: a-g-e-shen-eb-in-a-t . Each morpheme here contributes to

9945-426: The lung, but bronchoconstriction was reversed by the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. An increased incidence of asthma has not been reported for adrenalectomized patients; those with a predisposition to asthma will have some protection from airway hyper-reactivity from their corticosteroid replacement therapy. Exercise induces progressive airway dilation in normal subjects that correlates with workload and

10062-472: The meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb. The verb conjugation also exhibits polypersonalism ; a verb may potentially include morphemes representing both the subject and the object. In Georgian morphophonology , syncope is a common phenomenon. When a suffix (especially the plural suffix - eb -) is attached to a word that has either of the vowels a or e in the last syllable, this vowel is, in most words, lost. For example, megob

10179-569: The molecular formula of C 17 H 15 NO 4 . Abel claimed his principle from adrenal gland extract was active. In 1900, Jōkichi Takamine (1854–1922), a Japanese chemist, worked with his assistant, Keizo Uenaka  [ ja ] (1876–1960), to purify a 2000 times more active principle than epinephrine from the adrenal gland, named adrenaline with the molecular formula C 10 H 15 NO 3 . Additionally, in 1900 Thomas Aldrich of Parke-Davis Scientific Laboratory also purified adrenaline independently. Takamine and Parke-Davis later in 1901 both got

10296-413: The outflow of aqueous humor in the eye. This lowers the intraocular pressure in the eye and thus aids in treatment. The adrenal medulla is a major contributor to total circulating catecholamines ( L -DOPA is at a higher concentration in the plasma ), though it contributes over 90% of circulating adrenaline. Little adrenaline is found in other tissues, mostly in scattered chromaffin cells and in

10413-428: The pancreas, increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by the pituitary gland , and increased lipolysis by adipose tissue . Together, these effects increase blood glucose and fatty acids , providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. Binding of β adrenergic receptor also increases the production of cyclic AMP. Adrenaline causes liver cells to release glucose into

10530-484: The patent for adrenaline. The fight for terminology between adrenaline and epinephrine was not ended until the first adrenaline structural discovery by Hermann Pauly (1870–1950) in 1903 and the first adrenaline synthesis by Friedrich Stolz (1860–1936), a German chemist in 1904. They both believed that Takamine's compound was the active principle while Abel's compound was the inactive one. Stolz synthesized adrenaline from its ketone form (adrenalone). An adrenaline junkie

10647-544: The record. Love & Money was recorded at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios in the summer of 2022 when Melua was pregnant with her first child. Melua embarked on a 27 date spring tour throughout Europe and the UK, titled the Love & Money Tour, including a headline performance at the Royal Albert Hall . The first single and video from the record "Golden Record" debuted on 12 January 2023. Melua has said of

10764-407: The release: the first one was " The Flood ", released on 17 May 2010. The second one, " A Happy Place ", was released in July of the same year: the third and last single " To Kill You With A Kiss " ( I'd Love To Kill You on the album) was released at the end of November. Melua's fifth studio album, Secret Symphony was released on 5 March 2012 and also debuted high in the UK album chart. The album

10881-640: The replacement of Aramaic as the literary language . By the 11th century, Old Georgian had developed into Middle Georgian. The most famous work of this period is the epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin , written by Shota Rustaveli in the 12th century. In 1629, a certain Nikoloz Cholokashvili authored the first printed books written (partially) in Georgian, the Alphabetum Ibericum sive Georgianum cum Oratione and

10998-414: The single and played it on the popular Sir Terry Wogan breakfast show. Wogan played "The Closest Thing to Crazy" frequently in the summer of 2003. Wogan's support raised Melua's profile and when Call Off the Search was released in November 2003 supported by a TV campaign financed by Batt, it entered the top 40 UK albums chart. The single achieved the number 10 spot in the UK chart. After an appearance on

11115-448: The song features British actor Billy Howle and was directed by Charlie Lightening, who has directed videos for the likes of Paul McCartney , Jamiroquai and Liam Gallagher . The second single, "Airtime" premiered on 24 July 2020. The video for 'Airtime', which again featured actor Billy Howle and was also directed by Charlie Lightning, was shot around Herne Bay over two days and was filmed according to COVID-19 lockdown guidelines. In

11232-402: The song: "Writing Golden Record, it was like I was finally making peace with it all, accepting how things have changed in the industry, being happy with my lot at home and ready to face the fear of letting go of the forever funfair of the music industry." Other singles released from the album included "Those Sweet Days" and "Quiet Moves". In September 2023, Melua released a re-recorded version of

11349-756: The spare bedroom into a recording studio. After completing her GCSEs at the all-girls' grammar school Nonsuch High School in Cheam, she attended the BRIT School for the Performing Arts in the London Borough of Croydon, undertaking a BTEC with an A-level in music. On 10 August 2005, just before she turned 21, Melua became a British citizen along with her parents and brother. The citizenship ceremony took place in Weybridge , Surrey. Becoming

11466-434: The subsequent years, plus her fifth and sixth albums. For her fourth album, The House (2010), Melua worked with producer William Orbit . She said about the experience: "The whole thing has been really exciting. It was the same feeling I had the first time I went skydiving. I was really quite nervous, but I knew all I had to do was let myself go and it was going to feel amazing. I wasn't trying to get away from anything. It

11583-427: The summer of 2022, Melua revealed a new collaborative album with Grammy award-winning sound engineer Simon Goff, Aerial Objects . The album was released via BMG on CD and digital formats on 15 July 2022. Goff said of the album: "The process of making this album has been one of discovery and giving space to each other. The sensitivity needed for this kind of process has allowed many things to surface, from us discovering

11700-399: The term Adrenaline was a registered trademark in the US, and in the belief that Abel's extract was the same as Takamine's (a belief since disputed), epinephrine instead became the generic name used in the US and remains the pharmaceutical's United States Adopted Name and International Nonproprietary Name (though the name adrenaline is frequently used ). The terminology is now one of

11817-508: The tour. After an upbringing in politically unstable Georgia, Melua initially planned to become either an historian or a politician. This changed in 2000, at the age of 15, when Melua took part in a talent competition on British television channel ITV called "Stars Up Their Noses" (a spoof of Stars in Their Eyes ) as part of the children's programme Mad for It . Melua won the contest by singing Badfinger 's " Without You ". The prize

11934-514: The use of adrenaline infusion in place of the widely accepted treatment of inotropes for preterm infants with clinical cardiovascular compromise. Although sufficient data strongly recommends adrenaline infusions as a viable treatment, more trials are needed to conclusively determine that these infusions will successfully reduce morbidity and mortality rates among preterm, cardiovascularly compromised infants. Epinephrine can also be used to treat open-angle glaucoma, as it has been found to increase

12051-437: The very small quantities of adrenaline in plasma. The development of extraction methods and enzyme–isotope derivate radio-enzymatic assays (REA) transformed the analysis down to a sensitivity of 1 pg for adrenaline. Early REA plasma assays indicated that adrenaline and total catecholamines rise late in exercise, mostly when anaerobic metabolism commences. During exercise, the adrenaline blood concentration rises partially from

12168-538: The vulnerable population in Georgia during the COVID-19 pandemic by performing a live charity concert featuring songs that were requested by her followers on her social media accounts. Melua released her eighth studio album, Album No. 8 , on 16 October 2020. The lead single off the album, "A Love like That", which was produced by Leo Abrahams , received its first airplay on 30 June 2020 on BBC Radio 2 . The video for

12285-463: The work of breathing. Every emotional response has a behavioral, an autonomic, and a hormonal component. The hormonal component includes the release of adrenaline, an adrenomedullary response to stress controlled by the sympathetic nervous system . The major emotion studied in relation to adrenaline is fear. In an experiment, subjects who were injected with adrenaline expressed more negative and fewer positive facial expressions to fear films compared to

12402-399: The world are accepted in mainstream linguistics. Among the Kartvelian languages, Georgian is most closely related to the so-called Zan languages ( Megrelian and Laz ); glottochronological studies indicate that it split from the latter approximately 2700 years ago. Svan is a more distant relative that split off much earlier, perhaps 4000 years ago. Standard Georgian is largely based on

12519-541: Was a faux trailer, directed by Edgar Wright and produced in the style of a 1970s' Hammer House of Horror film trailer. In 2009, Melua was named as the new face of the leading French cashmere designer, Éric Bompard . On 2 October 2006, Melua entered the Guinness Book of Records for playing the deepest underwater concert 303 metres below sea level on the Norwegian Statoil 's Troll A platform in

12636-635: Was about the silent film star of the same name and the formation of United Artists along with Charlie Chaplin, D W Griffith and Douglas Fairbanks . "Ghost Town" was Melua's first reggae -sounding song. The iTunes version of the album includes a cover of the Prince song " Under the Cherry Moon " as a bonus track. Melua's fourth album, The House , was released on 24 May 2010. Songwriters include Lauren Christy , Guy Chambers and Rick Nowels , with William Orbit producing. Three singles anticipated

12753-621: Was announced that Melua will make an appearance at the 35th anniversary of Byron Bay Bluesfest in Byron Bay, Australia. Melua subsequently announced additional tour dates in Sydney and Melbourne . These musical performances marked Melua's first Australian shows in 19 years. Melua appeared in a segment of the 2007 film Grindhouse , written by Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez . The segment in which Melua appeared, entitled " Don't ",

12870-485: Was lowered from a 200-metre (660 ft) building in New Zealand at 60 mph (97 km/h). When asked about Melua being an 'adrenaline junkie', Mike Batt said, "she enjoys extremes, but in life her emotions are always in check". In November 2009, Melua nearly drowned while diving in a lake near Heathrow Airport . In September 2010, Melua was ordered by her doctors to stop working for a few months after suffering

12987-432: Was more about going towards something. I wanted the music to be inspired by the future, something unknown that's never been heard before, but at the same time hold on to the values of the music of the past, to try and tap into something that's so ancient and old that it's kind of forgotten. I thought that, if we went far enough in both directions, we could end up in the same place". Melua would collaborate again with Orbit over

13104-558: Was produced, arranged and conducted by Mike Batt. Melua said in a statement: "This album was going to be my 'singer's album'. I had always wanted to do this one day; singing other people's songs brings something out of you and your voice that isn't perhaps where you would have gone vocally with your own material." Melua's sixth studio album, Ketevan , was released on 16 September 2013. It was co-produced by Mike Batt and his son, singer-songwriter Luke Batt, both of whom contributed songs, separately and in collaboration with Melua. Melua debuted

13221-405: Was released a week before the album on 19 September and was number three in the UK singles chart. The album contains four more songs written by Melua herself, four more by Batt (including "Nine Million Bicycles"), one Batt/Melua collaboration and three more songs described as new versions of "great songs". The band line-up was the same as on the first album. The album debuted at the number one spot on

13338-441: Was released in the UK on 1 October 2007 and was announced to be, at least temporarily, the last of her albums in collaboration with Mike Batt as lead writer and producer. It also features Melua's friend Molly McQueen, the former frontwoman of The Faders , as co-writer of "Perfect Circle". Melua also collaborated with Andrea McEwan on the album, who wrote the lyrics for "What I Miss About You" and "Dirty Dice". The album also featured

13455-469: Was released on 17 April 2006 and peaked at number 52 in the UK. Melua embarked on a concert tour in support of Piece by Piece , the UK leg of which started in Aberdeen, Scotland on 20 January 2006. Towards the end of 2006, Melua released the single, " It's Only Pain ", which was written by Mike Batt . This was followed by the release of " Shy Boy ", also written by Batt. Melua's third album, Pictures ,

13572-711: Was the United Kingdom's best-selling female artist as well as Europe's highest selling European female artist. In November 2003, Melua released her first album, Call Off the Search , which reached the top of the United Kingdom album charts and sold 1.8 million copies in its first five months of release. Her second album, Piece by Piece , was released in September 2005, and to date has gone platinum (one million units sold) four times. She released her third studio album Pictures in October 2007. According to

13689-537: Was £350 worth of MFI vouchers, with which she bought a chair for her father. Had she lost the contest, she would have been gunged . After completing her GCSEs , Melua attended the BRIT School for the Performing Arts in the London Borough of Croydon , undertaking a BTEC with an A-level in music. When studying at the school, Melua began to write songs and met her future manager and producer, Mike Batt . While performing at BRIT School showcase, Melua caught

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