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52-641: Kaviyoor is a village located in Thiruvalla taluk in Pathanamthitta of Kerala in India , situated on the western bank of the Manimala River . It comes under Thiruvalla sub-district & Thiruvalla constituency. (Note: These figures are based on statistics of Census Dept. The summary given by them is different: Literacy 98.27%, M - 98.64%, F - 97.96%) [3] Majority of the residents belong to

104-638: A border with a coastal country but any path to a coast would still lead across at least two borders. The Free City of Frankfurt which was independent between 1815 and 1866 was doubly landlocked as it bordered the Electorate of Hesse , the Grand Duchy of Hesse , Hesse-Homburg , and Nassau . In the German Confederation there were several other landlocked states that only bordered landlocked states and landlocked exclaves of coastal states:

156-537: A country's development. It cuts a nation off from important sea resources such as fishing , and impedes or prevents direct access to maritime trade , a crucial component of economic and social advance. As such, coastal regions, or inland regions that have access to the World Ocean, tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland regions that have no access to the World Ocean. Paul Collier in his book The Bottom Billion argues that being landlocked in

208-509: A land of culture and learning could bring forth the literary talents of two centuries together in single volume named Desathuti: Pathanamthitta Kavithakal . Unnikrishnan Poozhikkad collected 184 poems of different poets of Pathanamthitta starting from 18th century. Pathanamthitta is a landlocked district, located at 9°16′N 76°47′E  /  9.27°N 76.78°E  / 9.27; 76.78 , spanning over an area of 2,637 square kilometres (1,018.15 sq mi). The district

260-443: A poor geographical neighbourhood is one of four major development "traps" by which a country can be held back. In general, he found that when a neighbouring country experiences better growth, it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself. For landlocked countries, the effect is particularly strong, as they are limited in their trading activity with the rest of the world. He states, "If you are coastal, you serve

312-446: A reserve forest area of 1,385.27 square kilometres (534.86 sq mi). This is approximately 50% of the total district area. The forest area can broadly be classified as evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous. The forest is the main source of raw materials for wood based industrial units. Timber is the most important produce. Three important rivers flow through the district. These rivers originate from various mountains of

364-754: Is "doubly landlocked" or "double-landlocked" when it is surrounded entirely by landlocked countries (i.e. requiring the crossing of at least two national borders to reach a coastline). There are two such countries: After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , the Kingdom of Württemberg became a doubly landlocked state, bordering Bavaria , Baden , Switzerland , the Grand Duchy of Hesse ( Wimpfen exclave), Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , and Hohenzollern-Hechingen . The latter two were themselves landlocked between each other, Württemberg, and Baden. In 1866 they became an exclave of Prussia , giving Württemberg

416-481: Is a combination of two Malayalam words, pathanam and thitta , which together mean 'array of houses on the river side'. The district capital is located on the banks of the river Achankovil . It is presumed that the regions that form the district were formerly under the rule of Pandalam , which had connections with the Pandya kingdom. When Pandalam was added to the princely state of Travancore in 1820,

468-566: Is a host to Asia's biggest and the world's second largest Christian convention, the Maramon Convention It is an eight-day Christian gathering in the month of February, conducted by the Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church and dedicated to gospel preaching by renowned Christian missionaries from all over the world, and held at Maramon on the sand-bed of Pamba River . The three-day Christian gathering

520-609: Is bordered by the districts Kottayam and Idukki districts in the north, Alappuzha district in the west, Kollam district in the south. To the east it borders the Tenkasi district of the Tamil Nadu state. Devar Mala is the highest point in Pathnamthitta District. The district can be divided into three natural geographical regions: the highland, the midland and the lowland. The highland stretches through

572-427: Is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks within them. Pathanamthitta district is divided into 70 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration. They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below. According to the 2011 census Pathanamthitta district has a population of 1,197,412, roughly equal to the nation of Timor-Leste or

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624-668: Is formed by including all the five state legislative assembly constituencies of the district along with two other assembly constituencies in the neighbouring Kottayam district . Pathanamthitta town is the administrative headquarters of the Pathanamthitta district. The district is divided into two revenue divisions- Thiruvalla and Adoor. There is a Lok Sabha constituency in Pathanamthitta: Pathanamthitta . There are five Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Pathanamthitta district. The district

676-435: Is held at Makkamkunnu, Pathanamthitta known as Makkamkunnu Convention by Malankara Orthodox Church . The most important and famous Christian center is Parumala St Peters, St Paul's and St Gregorios Orthodox Church ( http://parumalachurch.org ) famous for the tomb of Saint Gregorios (Parumala Thirumeni). Millions of Pilgrims visit this church annually. St. George Orthodox Church, Chandanapally or Chandanapally Valiyapalli

728-933: Is held in three categories. Landlocked Generally, being landlocked creates political and economic disadvantages that having access to international waters would avoid. For this reason, nations large and small throughout history have fought to gain access to open waters, even at great expense in wealth, bloodshed, and political capital . The economic disadvantages of being landlocked can be alleviated or aggravated depending on degree of development, surrounding trade routes and freedom of trade , commonality of language, and other considerations. Some landlocked countries in Europe are affluent, such as Andorra , Austria , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , San Marino , Switzerland , and Vatican City , all of which, excluding Luxembourg (a founding member of NATO ), frequently employ neutrality in global political issues. However, 32 out of

780-523: Is one of the biggest churches in South India, located at a village named Chandanapally, Pathanamthitta District. St. George Orthodox Church, Mylapra or Mylapra Valiyapalli or Chakkittayil palli (ചക്കിട്ടേൽ പള്ളി) is one of the famous Georgian pilgrim centre which is very close to Pathanamthitta District headquarters. Some of the other Christian places of interest are St. Mary's Orthodox church at Niranam , St. Thomas Ecumenical Church at Nilackal ,

832-714: Is organised by Mar Thoma Evangelistic Association, the missionary wing of the Mar Thoma Church . The Church of God (Full Gospel) in India , Kerala State, holds its annual convention in Tiruvalla town center. This is usually held in the month of January and is a large gathering of Pentecostal Christians. The district has other tourist attractions. Aranmula is a major attraction for its famous metal mirrors and snake boat race . The school of traditional arts attracts foreign visitors. Founded by French artist Louba Schild,

884-771: The Baltic Sea , Black Sea , and Pacific Ocean . On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean through the Paraguay and Paraná rivers. Several countries have coastlines on landlocked bodies of water, such as the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea . Since these seas are in effect lakes without access to wider seaborne trade, countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered landlocked. Although

936-545: The Grand Duchy of Hesse , Hesse-Homburg , Nassau (all until 1866), Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , Saxe-Hildburghausen (both until 1826), and Reuss, elder line (until 1871). All of these bordered Prussia but not the main territory with sea access. There were no doubly landlocked countries from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I . Liechtenstein bordered the Austro-Hungarian Empire , which had an Adriatic coastline, and Uzbekistan

988-643: The Hindu community. The total population is estimated to be about 16,852 people with a literacy rate of about 97%. Pathanamthitta district Pathanamthitta District ( IPA: [pɐt̪ːɐnɐn̪d̪iʈːɐ] ), is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala . The district headquarters is in the town of Pathanamthitta . There are four municipalities in Pathanamthitta: Adoor , Pandalam , Pathanamthitta and Thiruvalla . According to

1040-677: The Mor Ignatius Dayro Manjinikkara of the Syriac Orthodox Church of India, St Stephen's Jacobite Church, Parumala Seminary and St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Thumpamon also known as Thumpamon Valiya Pally , headquarters of Thumapmon Diocese of Malankara Orthodox Church . The churches at Niranam and Nilackal (Chayal) are believed to be among the seven churches founded by St. Thomas the Apostle . The Muslim colourful Chandanakkudam festival of

1092-702: The Muloor Smarakom (Muloor memorial). Pandalam was the capital of the ancient Travancore kingdom. The Cherukolpuzha Convention, in Pathanamthitta is an important religious convention of the Hindus. It is held at Cherukole on the sand banks of Pamba River , usually in February every year. It is organized by the Ayroor-Cherukolpuzha Hindumatha Maha Mandalam at Vidyadhiraja Nagar at Ayroor village. The district

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1144-529: The Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union , gained its independence with the dissolution of the latter in 1991 and became the second doubly landlocked country. However, Uzbekistan's doubly landlocked status depends on whether the Caspian Sea is considered a lake or a sea. In the latter case, Uzbekistan is not doubly landlocked, since its neighbors Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have access to

1196-740: The Sound Dues , a toll needed to be paid to reach Western European waters. Sweden bypassed it by conquering Scania in 1658. Landlocked countries may be bordered by a single country having direct access to the high seas , two or more such countries, or be surrounded by other landlocked countries, making a country doubly landlocked. Three countries are landlocked by a single country ( enclaved countries): Seven landlocked countries are surrounded by only two mutually bordering neighbours (semi-enclaved countries): To this group could be added three landlocked territories, two of them de facto states with limited or no international recognition : A country

1248-719: The Western Ghats mountain range. The Pamba (176 km or 109 mi), which is the third longest river in Kerala, has its origin in Pulachimala. The Achankovil river (128 km or 80 mi) originates from Pasukida Mettu, and Manimala river (90 km or 56 mi) originates from the Thattamalai hills. A small portion of Kallada river also falls in the southern border of the district. Pamba , Achankovil and Manimala rivers together drain more than 70% of

1300-401: The Western Ghats , where the hills are tall and covered with thick forests. Western Ghats maintains an average altitude of around 800 m. It descends to the smaller hills of midland in the centre and finally to the lowland. The lowland with its abundance of coconut trees, lies along the eastern borders of Alappuzha district . (western part of Tiruvalla Taluk) Pathanamthitta district has

1352-464: The 2011 Census of India , the population was 1,197,412, making it the third least populous district in Kerala (out of 14 ), after Wayanad and Idukki . Pathanamthitta has been declared the first polio-free district in India . The district is 10.03% urbanised. Pathanamthitta is one of the richest districts in India with just 1.17% poverty as of 2013, which places the district among the top 5 districts in India with least poverty. The district's name

1404-763: The 45 landlocked countries, including those in Africa , Asia , and South America , have been classified as Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) by the United Nations . Nine of the twelve countries with the lowest Human Development Index rankings are landlocked. International initiatives are aimed at reducing inequalities resulting from issues such as these, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 , which aims to reduce inequality substantially by 2030. In 1990, there were only 30 landlocked countries in

1456-583: The Caspian Sea is connected to the Black Sea via the man-made Volga–Don Canal , large oceangoing ships are unable to traverse it. Some countries or important parts of countries have coastlines or river ports reachable by oceangoing ships, but only through a strait or river part of the territory of another country. The other country can put restriction on passage. Between 1429 and 1857 Poland , Sweden , Russia and more Baltic countries were suffering from

1508-597: The Caspian Sea. Notes: The landlocked countries and de facto states can be grouped in contiguous groups as follows: Notes: There are the following 12 "single" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country or de facto state): According to the United Nations geoscheme (excluding the de facto states ), Africa has the most landlocked countries, at 16, followed by Europe (14), Asia (12), and South America (2). However, if Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , and South Ossetia (de facto state) are counted as parts of Europe, then Europe has

1560-648: The Jama ;— Al Mosque at Pathanamthitta town attracts many visitors. Although these places are religious in nature, they attract people from all faiths. The Maramon Convention , one of the largest Christian convention in Asia, is held at Maramon , Pathanamthitta, Kerala , India annually during the month of February on the vast sand-bed of the Pampa River next to the Kozhencherry Bridge. It

1612-476: The Sabari Hills during January to March is also organized by Pathanamthitta District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC). The forests of the district have excellent wild life habitats. A variety of animals and birds can be found. Tigers , elephants , gaur , deer , monkeys and other wild animals are found in the forest. Giant squirrel , lion-tailed macaques , barking deer and bear can also be spotted in

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1664-537: The US state of Rhode Island . This gives it a ranking of 399th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 453 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,170/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was −3.12%. Pathanamthitta has a sex ratio of 1129 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 96.93%. 10.99% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.74% and 0.68% of

1716-463: The current responsible Undersecretary-General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury . Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history, Russia 's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a warm-water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards

1768-580: The festival season of Sabarimala temple. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu deity, Ayyappan . The Cherukolpuzha Hindu convention, Kadammanitta devi temple, the 10th century Kaviyoor mahadeva temple , Parthasarathi temple at Aranmula and anikkattilammakshethram are some of the Hindu religious places of interest. Pathanamthitta district has places known for its historical importance. Among them are, ancient Valiyakoickal Temple and Palace at Pandalam , monument of Velu Thampi Dalawa at Mannadi and

1820-527: The former landlocked country of Czechoslovakia ceased to exist on 1 January 1993. On 30 September 2022, the Luhansk People's Republic (de facto state) was annexed by Russia and ceased to exist as a landlocked de facto state. On 19 September 2023, Azerbaijan launched a new offensive against the Republic of Artsakh (de facto state) and achieved a decisive victory. The Government of Artsakh

1872-401: The habitat. The Aranmula Boat Race is part of a festival celebrated during the month of September. Though the snake boat race is also performed at nearby places, the race held at Aranmula is unique because of the boats' shape and design. Maramadimatsaram (Ox Race) is another such seasonal sport. This is held as part of the largest annual cattle fair of Central Travancore region. The race

1924-657: The most landlocked countries, at 20 (including all three landlocked de facto states). If these transcontinental or culturally European countries are included in Asia, then both Africa and Europe (including Kosovo and Transnistria ) have the most, at 16. Depending on the status of Kazakhstan and the South Caucasian countries, Asia has between 9 and 13 (including South Ossetia ). South America only has two landlocked countries: Bolivia and Paraguay . Australia and North America have no landlocked countries, while Antarctica has no countries at all. Oceania (which

1976-496: The nearest airports. Aranmula International Airport was planned at Aranmula , 18 km from Pathanamthitta town but was cancelled in 2018. The Pathanamthitta Sabarimala airport is being planned in Konni. The major towns in the district include: With a number of fairs and festivals, Pathanamthitta district is known as the "headquarters of pilgrimage tourism." The district receives an estimated 3 to 4 million pilgrims during

2028-524: The population respectively. Malayalam is the predominant language, spoken by 99.13% of the population. Small minorities of Tamil speakers live in urban areas. According to the Census of India 2001, the district had a population of 1,234,016 with a density of 467 persons per square kilometre. This is the lowest density in the State after Idukki and Wayanad . Schedule tribes and castes comprise 13% of

2080-473: The ratio is 3:1). Historically, traveling between a landlocked country and a country which did not border said country required the traveler to pass border controls twice or more. In recent times the advent of air travel has largely negated this impediment. Countries have acted to overcome being landlocked by acquiring land that reaches the sea: Countries can make agreements on getting free transport of goods through neighbouring countries: Losing access to

2132-545: The region came under Travancore administration. The Nedumpuram Palace near Thiruvalla belongs to Valluvanad Royal family . Pathanamthitta district, along with most parts of Alappuzha district, was part of the Quilon division of the Travancore Kingdom until 1949. The district was formed on 1 November 1982 as a reward to K. K. Nair , who was the then Pathanamthitta MLA, by K. Karunakaran . The formation

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2184-471: The reserve. Malabar grey hornbill and great Indian hornbill are found. Wide variety of other birds such as sunbirds , woodpeckers and kingfishers can also be seen. The existence of the wildlife habitat is under threat from various areas. Pollution from fertilizer and industries and illegal sand mining are the major threats. Issues connected to Sabarimala pilgrimage such as clearing of forest land and large amount of waste discharged also threatens

2236-469: The school teaches kathakali , classical dance, classical music as well as kalarippayattu . The palace at Aranmula Aranmula kottaram has a history of 200 years. The district is known for its reserve forest and wild life. Perunthenaruvi water falls , Kakki reservoir surrounded by forest and wild animals, dam sites at Moozhyar and Maniyar , elephant training centre at Konni , Charalkunnu hill station are ideal locations for nature enthusiasts. Trekking to

2288-520: The sea is generally a great loss to a nation, politically, militarily, and economically. The following are examples of countries becoming landlocked. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states. The United Nations has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries, and

2340-519: The single tier system in urban areas, there are 4 municipalities in the district. As per the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008, Pathanamthitta has five Assembly constituencies , down from eight. However, the district was unified into a single Parliamentary constituency, thus contributing a seat to the Lok Sabha . The Pathanamthitta parliamentary constituency

2392-520: The total area of Pathanamthitta. The district headquarters is at Pathanamthitta town. The district administration is headed by the District Collector. She is assisted by five Deputy Collectors holding charges of general matters, revenue recovery, land acquisition, land reforms and election. Under the three tier system of panchayat in rural areas, Pathanamthitta has one district panchayat, 9 block panchayat and 57 grama panchayats . Under

2444-549: The total population. The female to male ratio is 1094:1000, which is the highest among the districts in the State. Hinduism (57%) is followed by the majority of population of Pathanamthitta. Christians ( Malankara Orthodox , Marthoma Church and Pentecostal ) (38%) form significant minority. Trivandrum International Airport (TRV) at Thiruvananthapuram (116 km or 72 mi) and Cochin International Airport at Kochi (140 km or 87 mi) are

2496-429: The world. However, the dissolutions of the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia ; the breakup of Yugoslavia ; the independence referendums of South Ossetia (de facto state), Eritrea , Montenegro , South Sudan , and the Luhansk People's Republic (de facto state); and the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo (de facto state) created 15 new landlocked countries and five landlocked de facto states while

2548-431: The world; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors." Others have argued that being landlocked has an advantage as it creates a "natural tariff barrier" that protects the country from cheap imports. In some instances, this has led to more robust local food systems. Landlocked developing countries have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries (in Asia

2600-420: Was done by incorporating various portions of the erstwhile Kollam , Alappuzha and Idukki districts. While the taluks Adoor , Konni , Pathanamthitta , Kozhencherry and Ranni were taken from Kollam district ; Pandalam , Kulanada , Aranmula , Kumbanad , Parumala , Thiruvalla and Mallapally were taken from Alappuzha district ; and Sabarimala from Idukki district . Pathanamthitta being also

2652-465: Was officially dissolved on 1 January 2024. As a result, Artsakh ceased to exist as a landlocked de facto state and the Nagorno-Karabakh region was reintegrated into Azerbaijan. As of 1 April 2024, there were 44 landlocked countries and three landlocked de facto states ( Kosovo , South Ossetia , and Transnistria ) in the world. Historically, being landlocked has been disadvantageous to

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2704-645: Was then part of the Russian Empire , which had both ocean and sea access. With the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and creation of an independent, landlocked Austria , Liechtenstein became the sole doubly landlocked country until 1938. In the Anschluss that year, Austria was absorbed into Nazi Germany , which possessed a border on the Baltic Sea and the North Sea . After World War II, Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein once again became doubly landlocked. Uzbekistan, which had been part of

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