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59-456: The Ki-28 was initially produced by Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K. in response to Japanese army specifications for a fighter to replace the existing Kawasaki Ki-10 . In mid-1935, Kawasaki, Mitsubishi and Nakajima were instructed to build competitive prototypes . The Kawasaki design was based on its earlier, but unsuccessful Ki-5 . It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction, except for fabric-covered control surfaces, with

118-644: A fly-by-optics control system. The P-1 has entered service with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) as a replacement for the P-3C Orion . In March 2013, the JMSDF took delivery of the first two operational P-1 aircraft. Export customers are also being sought for the type as part of a general loosening of Japanese military export restrictions . Observing that its fleet of P-3C aircraft had been in service for some time,

177-585: A bypass ratio of 8:1, which was reported as being substantially higher than rivals such as the General Electric CF34-8E . In April 2004, Japan and US extended discussions on potential cooperative efforts on the P-X and US Navy 's Multi-mission Maritime Aircraft (MMA) programmes. Options ranged from terminating the P-X program to participate in the US-led MMA program, to incorporating some of

236-641: A conventional tail unit, fixed tailskid landing gear and powered by a 596 kW (800 hp) Kawasaki Ha 9-II-Ko liquid-cooled inline V12 engine . Service trials proved that the Kawasaki Ki-28 was the fastest of the three contenders, but the Nakajima Ki-27 was by far the most maneuverable and had the lowest wing-loading, and on this basis was selected by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force . Despite losing to

295-696: A level of commonality with the C-2, one proposed derivative of the P-1 is a civilian airliner, the proposed project has typically been referred to as the Kawasaki YPX . If development is pursued, the YPX would make extensive use of technology and components of the P-1, such as the wingbox , empennage , and fuselage . An indigenously produced turbofan engine, the IHI Corporation F7 , was developed to power

354-547: A new company was founded by the merger of subsidiary companies K.K. Kawasaki Gifu Seisakusho and Kawasaki Kikai Kogyo K.K. , retaining the name of the pre-war Kawasaki Kokuki Kogyo KK . The Kawasaki KAL-1 , first flown in July 1953, was the first postwar all-metal aircraft of Japanese design. Early production activity at the company included 210 Lockheed T-33 jet trainers, 48 Lockheed P-2 H Neptune maritime patrol aircraft and 239 Bell 47 helicopters , all under license from

413-422: A replacement project for the P-1. The Kawasaki P-1 is a purpose-built maritime patrol aircraft equipped with four engines. The P-1 is powered by four podded IHI F7-10 turbofan engines underneath the low-set wings. The four-engine low-wing loading design, results in a flight profile with better maneuverability and stability at low-speed, low-altitude flight and allows the aircraft to continue its mission in

472-517: A subsidiary of the heavy-industrial conglomerate Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Kobe . Prior to the conclusion of the Second World War , Kawasaki mostly supplied aircraft and aircraft engines to the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF). During the early 1930s, Kawasaki built Salmson biplanes and engines under license , and also developed a number of its own designs. Kawasaki hired

531-538: A successor to the existing P-3C fixed-wing patrol aircraft. In June 2007, Kawasaki rolled out the XP-1, a prototype for the P-X program. The rollout had been delayed for three months due to the discovery of defective rivets provided by a US supplier which required remedial repairs to be performed. On 28 September 2007, the XP-1 conducted its maiden flight from Gifu Air Field , Kakamigahara, Gifu , Japan. This flight lasted about one hour and ended successfully. The P-X

590-700: A tri-engined medium-lift helicopter, under license from Anglo - Italian helicopter manufacturer AgustaWestland . During 2002, the company, along with AgustaWestland and Marubeni , formalised an agreement to cooperate on the AW101's production in Japan; Kawasaki began the assembly of both the CH-101 and the MCH-101 models in 2003. Kawasaki also began licensed production of its RTM322 engines during 2005. A specialised mine sweeping and transport model, designated as MCH-101 by

649-401: Is a Japanese maritime patrol aircraft developed and manufactured by Kawasaki Aerospace Company . Unlike many maritime patrol aircraft, which are typically conversions of civilian designs, the P-1 is a purpose-built maritime aircraft with no civil counterpart and was designed from the onset for the role. It has the distinction of being the first operational aircraft in the world to make use of

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708-469: Is furnished with a CAE Inc. -built magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) embedded into the aircraft's tail, along with deployable sonobuoys, which is used for the detection of submerged submarines. Sophisticated acoustic systems are also used for this purpose. The P-1 has an artificial intelligence (AI) system to assist TACCO operations. Similar to the SH-60K , this advanced combat direction system directs

767-651: Is the aerospace division of Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI). It produces aircraft , space systems , simulators , jet engines , missiles , and electronic equipment . During the 1930s and 1940s, Kawasaki Aircraft Industries developed numerous types of aircraft for the Imperial Japanese Army , such as the Type 88 reconnaissance aircraft, the Ki-48 Sokei bomber, and the Ka 61 Hien fighter, up until

826-642: Is the largest non-Japanese supplier to the project, such as the auxiliary power unit , environmental and pressurization control systems, ram air turbine , sonobuoy dispensers and elements of the avionics. The P-1 is equipped with sensors to enable the aircraft to perform its primary purpose of detecting submarines and surface vessels. These include the Toshiba HPS-106 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, which uses three antennas to provide 240 degree coverage, and Fujitsu HAQ-2 Infrared/Light detection systems for surface detection. The P-1

885-434: Is the use of a fly-by-optics flight control system, which essentially replaces standard metal wiring with optical fiber cables. This has the effect of decreasing electro-magnetic disturbances to the sensors, in comparison to more common fly-by-wire control systems. The P-1 is the first production aircraft in the world to be equipped with such a flight control system. Various onboard systems are provided by Honeywell , which

944-527: The Japan Defense Agency , was produced for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force . Special features include the automated folding of the rotor and tail. For the mine-hunting role, the MCH-101 has been outfitted with Northrop Grumman 's AQS-24A airborne mine-hunting system and AN/AES-1 Airborne Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) for a complete surface-to-bottom mine detection capability, as well as Mk-104 acoustic mine sweeping gear. In

1003-711: The Japan Self-Defense Force Base Djibouti at Ambouli International Airport , Djibouti , to continue with operational trials within tropical and desert climates. In November 2016, two P-1s in New Zealand to celebrate the Royal New Zealand Navy 's 75th anniversary took part in damage surveys, after the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake , along with P-3 Orions of the Royal New Zealand Air Force and

1062-464: The Kawasaki C-1 and C-130H Hercules cargo aircraft . Although the P-X and C-X designs were originally independent, it was decided that having common components to both designs would be useful. The JDA mandated that the two aircraft share identical body components. Common components include the cockpit windows, outer wings, horizontal stabilizer, and other systems. Internal shared parts include

1121-512: The NAMC YS-11 , an indigenously developed twin- turboprop airliner. Kawasaki provided both personnel and infrastructure for the venture, manufacturing various components of the YS-11. During April 1969, Kawasaki Kokuki K.K. was dissolved, its assets being restructured as a division of the reorganized Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI). During April 1969, the former Kawasaki Kokuki K.K.

1180-567: The United Kingdom to ascertain a possible sale of P-1s to the Royal Air Force , to replace their recently retired fleet of Hawker Siddeley Nimrod patrol aircraft. The proposal was part of a wider initiative to lower restrictions on Japanese military exports. It was claimed that Britain may consider jointly manufacturing the type, and that the nation could retain rights over related radar and sensor technologies. In November 2015,

1239-772: The United States Navy . In June 2017, a P-1 appeared at the Paris Air Show . In August 2017, Air Patrol Squadron 3 became the first all P-1 operational squadron. In December 2018, the Japanese Ministry of Defense alleged that a Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer of the South Korean Navy locked its separate target illumination radar onto a P-1 belonging to Air Patrol Squadron 3 . The South Korean Navy stated that it had used

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1298-843: The V2500 , the RB211/Trent , the PW4000 and the CF34 . Kawasaki also works for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It was responsible for the development and production of the payload fairings, payload attach fittings (PAF) and the construction of the launch complex for the H-II rocket. KHI continues to provide services for the H-IIA rocket. Kawasaki P-1 The Kawasaki P-1 , previously P-X , XP-1 ,

1357-467: The auxiliary power unit , cockpit panel, flight control system computer, anti-collision lights, and gear control unit. Due to the different roles of the two aircraft, they remain distinctly separate. The sharing of development resources had allowed for a large reduction in overall development costs which, when including the C-2, were reported in 2007 as being ¥ 345 billion (equivalent to ¥ 360.07 billion or US$ 3.3 billion in 2019) . In addition to

1416-741: The postwar era, the company has produced numerous aircraft under license from various overseas manufacturers for Japan Air Self-Defense Force and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Forces , alongside its own designs. Licensed aircraft have included the P-2J (derived from the Lockheed P-2 Neptune), KH-4 helicopters (derived from the Bell 47 ), Kawasaki KV-107 helicopters (derived from the Boeing Vertol 107 Model II), and CH-47J / JA heavy-lift helicopters. Indigenously developed aircraft of

1475-577: The 1990s. Kawasaki built 82 P-2Js (derived from the Lockheed P-2 Neptune), 211 KH-4 helicopters (derived from the Bell 47 ), 160 Kawasaki KV-107 helicopters (derived from the Boeing Vertol 107 Model II), and Hughes/McDonnell Douglas Model 500D and OH-6DA helicopters. Kawasaki also built 101 P-3C antisubmarine warfare patrol airplanes plus four EP-3/UP-3D electronic intelligence/training variants, and 68 CH-47J / JA . On 25 February 1977, Kawasaki and German aerospace manufacturer Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) signed an agreement to cooperate on

1534-517: The 2000s, the company developed two closely related multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft, the XP-1 maritime patrol airplane and the XC-2 transport aircraft. Kawasaki was appointed as the prime contractor for both programmes during 2001, its launch occurred almost 30 years after the previous large-scale domestic development of an aircraft in Japan. Although the P-X and C-X designs were originally independent, it

1593-434: The JMSDF began searching for a replacement maritime patrol aircraft. Since other similar aircraft produced abroad did not meet the JMSDF's requirements, the development of a purpose-built indigenous aircraft became necessary. The Japanese Defense Agency (JDA) submitted the domestic development of a P-X maritime patrol aircraft as part of its April 2001 – March 2006 Five-Year Defense Plan. In 2001, following its earlier proposal,

1652-544: The JMSDF or the US Navy or the Kawasaki P-1. In 2018, the P-1 was reportedly offered to Germany as a replacement for its P-3C Orion aircraft. In September 2020, Germany was no longer considering the P-1 due to concerns the aircraft would not be able to achieve military type certification within a required five years time frame. In January 2015, it was reported that Tokyo was holding a series of defence talks with

1711-549: The Japanese Ministry of Defense revealed that they would procure four production airframes. The request in the FY2008 budget was ¥ 67.9 billion (equivalent to ¥ 69.9 billion or US$ 641.18 million in 2019) , the unit price for each aircraft at US$ 141.5 million. In 2013, the ministry ordered two units for ¥44.5 billion. These P-1s were reported to possess increased detection/discrimination capability, flight performance, information processing capability, and strike capabilities as

1770-564: The Kawasaki Aerospace Company received prime contractor status for the P-X program, as well as the adjacent C-X program for a next generation cargo aircraft; this selection process occurred almost 30 years since the previous large-scale domestic development of an aircraft in Japan. The P-X shares some components with the C-X, later designated as the twin-engined Kawasaki C-2 , another indigenously developed aircraft to replace

1829-527: The Kawasaki-Dornier Wal made a notable flight in December 1924; however, Kawasaki thereafter specialized in land planes. Noted designs include the: During the occupation of Japan after the end of the Second World War , all of Japan's aerospace industry was dismantled, designs destroyed and plants converted to other uses. After the ban on aircraft development was lifted during March 1954,

Kawasaki Ki-28 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-1009: The Ki-27, the Ki-28 provided Kawasaki with valuable experience which would later help with development of the Kawasaki Ki-60 and Kawasaki Ki-61 fighters. Mistakenly believing the Ki-28 to have entered production in Japan as the Army Type 97 Fighter, the Allies assigned it the reporting name "Bob" during World War II . Data from Famous Aircraft of the World, no.76: Japanese Army Experimental Fighters (1), Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941 General characteristics Performance Armament Related lists Kawasaki Aerospace Company Kawasaki Heavy Industries Aerospace Company ( 川崎重工業航空宇宙カンパニー , Kawasaki Jūkōgyō Kōkūuchū Kanpanii )

1947-483: The MMA's technology onto the P-X to reduce costs. The Japanese Defence Ministry opted to persist with the P-X program, stating that: "there was a possibility that foreign aircraft would not satisfy the required capability and there was a possibility that foreign aircraft would not meet the required period of introduction...it is necessary to domestically develop the aircraft". In addition to the P-1, studies were conducted into

2006-572: The OH-1 officially commenced. By the late 1990s, the JGSDF had announced that its plans to eventually procure between 150 and 250 OH-Xs to meet its requirements. Kawasaki has proposed multiple derivatives of the OH-1, including a utility variant intended to replace the JGSDF's fleet of Fuji-built Bell UH-1J Iroquois helicopters, and an attack-oriented version tentatively designated as the AH-2 . During

2065-438: The P-1 was being procured at a typical rate of one or two aircraft deliveries per year. In 2015, this changed to a bulk order for 20 P-1s, as part of a measure to cut the aircraft's unit costs. By October 2016, 10 P-1s had been delivered to the JMSDF, with 60 or more aircraft needed to replace Japan's P-3C fleet. Production will rise to about five annually. In September 2023, Kawasaki reported that they are making plans to start

2124-608: The P-X. In April 2004, the JDA completed a successful evaluation of five XF7 research engines, by which point it was viewed as being the sole candidate powerplant for the P-X program. In May 2005, the IHI Corporation received a contract for an additional seven XF-7 test engines from the JDA, following the completion of initial tests in December 2004. Four of these engines equipped the first flight test aircraft. The Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC)-equipped F7 engine had

2183-558: The TACCO operator to the optimal flight course to attack a submarine. A large bomb bay housed within the main fuselage, similar in size to that of the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod 's, contains the bulk of the aircraft's munitions. The bomb bay is supplemented by eight external hardpoints mounted on the wings. Weapons available on the P-1 include torpedoes , mines , depth charges , air-to-surface missiles (ASMs), such as

2242-589: The UK announced it would buy the Boeing P-8 Poseidon instead of the Kawasaki P-1. New Zealand requested information on the P-1 and Kawasaki C-2 to meet the country's patrol and transport aircraft needs. This request was met with unclassified information in September 2016 and a more detailed proposal including purchase price, manufacturing arrangements, and maintenance complete by mid-2017. This put

2301-513: The US-built Harpoon , or bombs. Armaments are managed by a Smith Aerospace -built stores management system, which includes a newly developed Universal Stores Control Unit (USCU), capable of accommodating hundreds of different munitions, including future ones and precision weapons. Multiple radar warning receivers provide all-round awareness of missile threats, which is combined with a defensive countermeasures suite. In August 2007,

2360-574: The United States. In response to encouragement from the Japanese government, during 1957, Kawasaki joined in a joint venture , participating along with various other Japanese aerospace companies, including Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , Fuji Heavy Industries , Shin Meiwa , Showa Aircraft Industry Company and Japan Aircraft Industry Company in the development and manufacturing what would become

2419-515: The advantage of commonality for their patrol and transport aircraft. In July 2018, New Zealand selected the P-8 Poseidon instead. Japanese officials have claimed that the P-1 is a more capable, albeit more expensive, aircraft than the Boeing P-8 Poseidon . In comparison to the P-8, the P-1 has a greater range, a larger bomb bay, and is purpose-built for the maritime patrol mission. Prior to 2015,

Kawasaki Ki-28 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2478-457: The aircraft to the UK, a pair of P-1s, one of Air Development Squadron 51 and one of Air Patrol Squadron 3 were present for the 2015 Royal International Air Tattoo . One aircraft performed a flying display, while the other was on static display. This was the first time that any Japanese military aircraft had performed in a European flight display. After its UK appearance, the P-1s proceeded to

2537-540: The commercial aviation business, KHI has been involved in the joint international development and production of multiple large passenger aircraft. It is involved in joint development and production of the Boeing 767 and Boeing 777 with The Boeing Company , and the 170, 175, 190 and 195 jets with Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica (Embraer). The company is also involved in the joint international development and production of turbofan engines for passenger aircraft such as

2596-509: The craft, including the fuel tank and central part of the fuselage. In response, modifications to reinforce the affected areas were planned. By October 2012, the problems had been reportedly resolved. On 26 March 2013, Japan's Maritime Self-Defense Force took delivery of its first pair of P-1s, ahead of a planned two years of test flights. In May 2013, these aircraft were grounded after one developed an unstable combustion condition in some of its engines during mid-flight. During efforts to sell

2655-601: The development of a new rotorcraft; under the terms of this agreement, the two corporations merged their previously separate projects to produce twin-engined general purpose helicopters, these being the Bo 107 by MBB and the KH-7 from Kawasaki. Separate elements were assigned to each company; MBB were responsible for developing the rotors (these were based on the rigid rotor system previously used on MBB's Bo 105 ), tailboom, flight controls and hydraulic system while Kawasaki undertook

2714-448: The development of the landing gear , airframe , main transmission, electrical system and other minor components. Each company established their own final assembly lines on which they produced the rotorcraft to meet demands within their respective local markets. During the 1970s and 1980s, Kawasaki developed an indigenous intermediate jet trainer and liaison aircraft, the T-4 . Manufacture

2773-571: The different roles of the two aircraft, they remain distinctly separate. The sharing of development resources had allowed for a large reduction in overall development costs which, when including the C-2, were reported as being 345 billion Yen ($ 3 billion) in 2007. On 30 June 2016, the C-2 airlifter formally entered service with the Japan Air Self-Defense Force . Kawasaki produced the AgustaWestland AW101 ,

2832-421: The end of the Second World War . Shortly after the occupation of Japan started in 1945, Japan's aviation industry was intentionally dismantled and aircraft factories converted for other purposes; the ban on aircraft development was lifted during March 1954, allowing for the nation's aviation industry to be revived. During 1969, Kawasaki Kokuki Kogyo KK was restructured as a formal subsidiary of KHI. Throughout

2891-500: The event of a single engine failure. As well as greater operational survivability, the high-bypass engines provide for quiet, fuel-efficient operation. The P-1 has reduced transit times in comparison to turboprop -powered competitors. The turbofans are quieter, making it more difficult for submerged submarines to detect it acoustically. The P-1 is equipped with many newly developed technologies and features, particularly in terms of its avionics and missions systems. One such key feature

2950-536: The first all-Japanese production turbofan engine, the Ishikawajima-Harima F3-IHI-30 . According to aerospace publication Flight International , it was considered plausible for the T-4 to have been a competitive product upon the global trainer aircraft market, but such opportunities were denied by a long-standing Japanese policy that forbid military export sales. On 18 September 1992, Kawasaki

3009-417: The noted German Aerospace engineer and designer, Dr. Richard Vogt , from 1923 to 1933 to assist with design work and to train Japanese engineers. Among Vogt's pupils was Takeo Doi , the future chief designer for Kawasaki. Vogt later went on to become chief designer for German industrial corporation Blohm & Voss . Kawasaki obtained a license from Dornier for all-metal construction flying boats , and

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3068-586: The postwar era have included the Kawasaki C-1 and Kawasaki C-2 military transports, the Kawasaki KAT-1 and Kawasaki T-4 trainer aircraft, the Kawasaki OH-1 reconnaissance helicopter, and the Kawasaki P-1 maritime patrol aircraft. Kawasaki Aircraft Industries ( 川崎航空機工業株式会社 , Kawasaki Kokuki Kogyo K.K. ) was one of Japan's first aircraft companies. It was founded during 1918 as

3127-436: The radar of an optical camera system, and not a fire control system. The incident led to a diplomatic row between Japan and South Korea. In 2018, it was reported that Kawasaki was offering the P-1 to France to replace its Breguet Atlantic aircraft. In 2016, it was reported that Thailand is considering purchasing the aircraft. In 2016, there were reports that Vietnam is considering buying used P-3 Orions from either

3186-419: The use of ship-based UAVs to support maritime aviation activities. Since 2014, Japan has been making approaches to other nations for prospective export sales of the P-1. New Zealand was the first country to which the P-1 had been offered, in what was referred to by a Japanese official as a "one on one fight with Boeing's P-8 patrol plane." The P-1 was offered in conjunction with the C-2, to give New Zealand

3245-572: Was appointed by the Ministry of Defense to produce the OH-1 , an indigenously designed armed observation and light attack helicopter . It was responsible for manufacturing 50 per cent of the airframe, as well as coordinating development of its rotor system; the remaining airframe elements were manufactured by Mitsubishi and Fuji. During June 1998, after finalising a production contract and receipt of an initial order earlier that year, series production of

3304-409: Was decided that having common components to both designs would be useful. The JDA mandated that the two aircraft share identical body components; common components include the cockpit windows, outer wings, horizontal stabilizer, and other systems. Internal shared parts include the auxiliary power unit , cockpit panel, flight control system computer, anti-collision lights, and gear control unit. Due to

3363-410: Was dissolved and became a division of the reorganized Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI). Kawasaki is a major contractor for the Japanese Ministry of Defense . Although in November 1970, Kawasaki completed Japan's first domestically designed twin turbofan military transport, the C-1 , the company concentrated primarily on licensed production of derivatives of American patrol aircraft and helicopters through

3422-457: Was performed by a consortium consisting of Mitsubishi, Fuji, and Kawasaki, the latter providing leadership over the venture. The final assembly line for the type was established at Kawasaki's plant in Gifu , capable of producing a maximum of two and a half aircraft per month. In addition to economic and performance consideration, the T-4's design had to incorporate political desires as well; significant emphasis had been placed upon powering it with

3481-460: Was redesignated XP-1 at this time. By March 2010, Kawasaki Heavy Industries had delivered four XP-1 maritime patrol test aircraft to Japanese Ministry of Defense. The company stated its aim for type certification to be achieved in time for the formal delivery of the first two aircraft by the end of March 2012. In August 2011, the Japanese Ministry of Defense announced that two aircraft used for ground testing had developed tears in various parts of

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