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56-646: The territory of the Khanate comprised the Muslim Bulgar -populated lands of the Bolğar , Cükätäw , Kazan , and Qaşan duchies and other regions that originally belonged to Volga Bulgaria . The Volga , Kama and Vyatka were the main rivers of the khanate, as well as the major trade ways. The majority of the population were Kazan Tatars . Their self-identity was not restricted to Tatars; many identified themselves simply as Muslims or as "the people of Kazan". Islam

112-464: A cabinet council, or Diwan . The nobility comprised the ranks of bäk ( beg ), ämir ( emir ), and morza . Military estates consisted of the uğlan ( ulan ), bahadir , içki ( ichki ). Muslim clergy also played a major role. They were divided into säyet (seid), şäyex ( sheikh ), qazí ( qazi ), and imams . The ulema , or clergy, played a judicial role and maintained the madrassas (schools) and maktabs (libraries). The majority of

168-580: A centre of agriculture and handicraft. List of Kazan khans List of Kazan khans who ruled the Khanate of Kazan before it was conquered by Russia. The First List has local spelling and dynasty. The Second List has very short biographies. This information comes from Howorth's 1880 book and is checked against the Russian Misplaced Pages. There appears to be no modern book in English on

224-574: A general Arabic term for Slavic people . Other researches tie the term to the ethnic name Scythian (or Saka in Persian ). Over time, the cities of Volga Bulgaria were rebuilt and became trade and craft centres of the Golden Horde . Some Volga Bulgars, primarily masters and craftsmen, were forcibly moved to Sarai and other southern cities of the Golden Horde. Volga Bulgaria remained

280-534: A green field, with a scarlet banner, on which the cross is also silver; the shaft is gold." A large part of the region's population included Turkic groups such as Sabirs , Esegel , Barsil , Bilars , Baranjars , and part of the obscure Burtas (by ibn Rustah ). Modern Chuvash claim to descend from Sabirs , Esegels , and Volga Bulgars . Another part comprised Volga Finnic and Magyar ( Asagel and Pascatir ) tribes, from which Bisermäns probably descend. Ibn Fadlan refers to Volga Bulgaria as Saqaliba ,

336-505: A large force of Rus' for an even larger campaign against the Bulgars. The Bulgars would send entreaties and proposals for peace but these were all rejected. Yuri travelled with his army to Omut where further entreaties for peace were received from the Bulgars however these were still rejected. However, by the time Vasilko Konstantinovich of Rostov arrived, Yuri accepted an offer of gifts and agreed to adhere to an earlier peace treaty with

392-519: A part of the Ulus Jochi , later known as the Golden Horde . It was divided into several principalities; each of them became a vassal of the Golden Horde and received some autonomy. By the 1430s, the Khanate of Kazan was established as the most important of these principalities. Volga Bulgar language was a Turkic language. The only extant member of the Oghuric group that is still spoken today

448-589: A red banner." Over time, the colour of the shield changed to green. In the Manifesto on the full coat of arms of the Empire (1800), the Bulgarian coat of arms is described as follows: "In a green field it has a white Lamb with a golden radiance near its head; in its right front paw it holds a Christian banner." The description of the coat of arms, approved in 1857: "The Bulgarian coat of arms: a silver lamb walking in

504-420: A sacred place, but had this function only, due to the emergence of Kazan as a major economic and political center in the 1430s. The architecture of the khanate is characterized by white-stone architecture and wood carvings. 55°47′N 49°09′E  /  55.783°N 49.150°E  / 55.783; 49.150 Volga Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as

560-472: A silver cross; the shaft is gold. The erroneous perception of the beast on the Bulgarian coat of Arms in the Royal Titular as a lamb is explained by the poor quality of the reproduction of the image. In the "Historical Dictionary of Russian Sovereigns ..." by I. Nekhachin (ed. by A.Reshetnikov, 1793), the Bulgarian coat of arms is described as follows: "Bulgarian, in a blue field, a silver lamb wearing

616-661: Is known that the Bulgarian coat of arms figure was used to designate the Bulgarian Kingdom and in the Great Seal of Tsar John IV. The seal was a "lion walking" (which is confirmed by the seals of the Volga Bulgarians found by archaeologists). On the coats of arms and seals of the Russian tsars, the lands of Volga Bulgaria were represented on a green field by a silver walking lamb with a red banner divided by

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672-620: Is the Chuvash language . The language persisted in the Volga region up until the 13th or 14th century. Although there is no direct evidence, some scholars believe it gave rise to modern Chuvash language while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinct Oghur Turkic language. Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him,

728-655: Is the only Oghuric language that survived and it is the sole living representative of the Volga Bulgar language. Most scholars agree that the Volga Bulgars were initially subject to the Khazar Khaganate. This fragmented Volga Bulgaria grew in size and power and gradually freed itself from the influence of the Khazars. Sometime in the late 9th century, unification processes started and the capital

784-519: The Christianization of Kievan Rus' . In 921 Almış sent an ambassador to the Caliph requesting religious instruction. The next year an embassy returned with Ibn Fadlan as secretary. A significant number of Muslims already lived in the country. The Volga Bulgars attempted to convert Vladimir I of Kiev to Islam; however Vladimir rejected the notion of Rus' giving up wine, which he declared

840-740: The Golden Horde invasion. Volga Bulgaria played a key role in the trade between Europe and the Muslim world. Furs and slaves were the main goods in this trade, and the Volga Bulgarian slave trade played a significant role. People taken captive during the viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be sold to Moorish Spain via the Dublin slave trade or transported to Hedeby or Brännö in Scandinavia and from there via

896-480: The Golden Horde . It included members of four leading noble families: Arghin, Barin, Qipchaq, and Shirin. Peoples subject to the khan included the Chuvash , Mari , Mordvins , Mishar Tatars , Udmurt , and Bashkir . Some of the Komi tribes were also incorporated into the Khanate. The Mishars had arrived during the period of the Golden Horde and gradually assimilated the resident Mordvins and Burtas . Their territory

952-620: The Mari language , the Mordvin languages and the Bashkir language , likewise developed from the Bolgar and Kipchak languages . The former territories of Volga Bulgaria (Kazan Ulus or Kazan Duchy) may have regained a degree of independence within the disintegrating Golden Horde by the turn of the 15th century. The principality was self-governed and maintained a dynasty of Bolgar rulers. Whatever

1008-640: The Nogays , to aid them. In August 1552, forces of Ivan the Terrible , operating from the Russian castle of Sviyazhsk , laid siege to Kazan. The Russians defeated the Tatar inland troops and burnt Archa and some castles. On October 3, after two months of siege and destruction of the citadel walls , the Russians entered the city. Some defenders managed to escape but most were put to the sword. Yadegar Moxammad

1064-705: The Samanid slave market in Central Asia and finally via Iran to the Abbasid Caliphate . Slavic pagans were also enslaved by Vikings, Magyars , and Volga Bulgars, who transported them to Volga Bulgaria, where they were sold to Muslim slave traders and continued to Khwarezm and the Samanids, with a minor part being exported to the Byzantine Empire . This was a major trade; the Samanids were

1120-540: The Unzha River which was an important commercial route. In 1220, the Grand Duke Yuri II of Vladimir captured Ustiug and besieged the important Bulgar town of Aşlı . The consequence of this was that Vladimir-Suzdal gained access to Volga Bulgaria's northern trade routes and hindered the means of the Bulgars acquiring fur. The Nikon Chronicle also details that following this, Yuri II began amassing

1176-576: The Volga Bulgar Emirate ) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River , in what is now European Russia . Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state with large numbers of Bulgars , Finno-Ugrians , Varangians , and East Slavs . Its strategic position allowed it to create a local trade monopoly with Norse , Cumans , and Pannonian Avars . The origin of

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1232-525: The Volga trade route to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver dirham and silk, which have been found in Birka , Wollin and Dublin ; initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed via the Khazar Kaghanate , but from the early 10th century onward it went via Volga Bulgaria and from there by caravan to Khwarazm , to

1288-798: The Bulgars after Dengizich 's death. Others however, argue that the Huns continued under Ernak, becoming the Kutrigur and Utigur Hunno -Bulgars. These conclusions remain a topic of ongoing debate and controversy among scholars. The Bulgars were an Oghuric people who settled north of the Black Sea . During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe , they came under the overlordship of Khazars , leading other ethnic groups, including Finno-Ugric and Iranic as well as other Turkic peoples. In about 630 they founded Old Great Bulgaria , which

1344-623: The Bulgars that was agreed under the rule of his father, Vsevolod the Big Nest . In September 1223 near Samara an advance guard of Genghis Khan 's army under the command of Uran , son of Subutai Bahadur , entered Volga Bulgaria but was defeated in the Battle of Samara Bend . In 1236, the Mongols returned and in five years had subjugated the whole country, which at that time was suffering from internal war . Henceforth Volga Bulgaria became

1400-509: The Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider Chuvash as an independent branch from Turkic and Mongolic. The Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for classification purposes. Definition of verbs in Volga Bulgar Volga Bulgars left some inscriptions in tombstones. There are few surviving inscriptions in

1456-523: The Golden Horde period. Later, Nogais were transplanted and replaced with Kalmyks . More recently, this area was settled by Tatars, Chuvash and Russians, who erected defensive walls to guard the southern border. Since the khanate was established, Tatar Cossack troops defended the khanate from the Nogais. Russian sources indicate that at least five languages were used in the Kazan khanate. The first and foremost

1512-700: The Kazan khan. In July 1487, Grand Duke Ivan III of Moscow occupied Kazan and seated a puppet leader, Möxämmädämin , on the Kazan throne. After that, the Kazan Khanate became a protectorate of Moscow, and Russian merchants were allowed to trade freely throughout its territory. Supporters of a union between the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate tried to exploit the population's grievances to provoke revolts (in 1496, 1500, and 1505), but with negligible results. In 1521, Kazan emerged from

1568-445: The Khanate had to pay the yasaq . The Khanate was divided into 5 daruğa : Alat, Arça, Gäreç, Cöri and Nuğay. The term daruğa translates as "direction". They replaced the "duchies" that the khanate originated from. Some feudal lords sporadically asserted independence from Kazan, but such attempts would be promptly suppressed. The military of the khanate consisted of armament and men from the darughas and subject lands, khan guards, and

1624-512: The Pious and Vsevolod III ), anxious to defend their eastern border, systematically pillaged Volga Bulgarian cities. Under Rus' pressure from the west, the Volga Bulgars had to move their capital from Bolghar to Bilär . From the beginning of the 13th century, the Volga Bulgars were subject to multiple raids from the East Slavic principalities as multiple skirmishes took place for control of

1680-594: The Volga Bulgar language and its place within the broader Turkic language family. Cases in Volga Bulgar Ivan III was also called the "Prince of Bulgaria". The mention of the Bulgarian land has been present in the royal title since 1490. This refers to Volga Bulgaria. Ivan by the grace of God is the sovereign of all Russia and the Grand Duke of Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Tver, and Yugra, and Prmsk, and Bolgar and others It

1736-697: The Volga Bulgar language, as the language was primarily an oral language and the Volga Bulgars did not develop a writing system until much later in their history. After converting to Islam, some of these inscriptions were written using Arabic letters while the use of the Orkhon script continued. Mahmud al-Kashgari provides some information about the language of the Volga Bulgars, whom he refers to as Bulghars. Some scholars suggest Hunnic had strong ties with Bulgar and to modern Chuvash and classify this grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages. However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since

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1792-561: The beginning of 1551 invited a supporter of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Şahğäli , for the second time. At the same time the lands to the west of the Volga River ( Taw yağı ) were ceded to Russia. Ütämeşgäräy, along with his mother, was sent to a Moscow prison. Şahğäli occupied the Kazan throne until February 1552. Anti-Moscow elements in the Kazan government exiled Şahğäli and invited the Astrakhan prince Yadegar Mokhammad , along with

1848-528: The documents of early Russian colonial administration (Prikaz Kazanskogo Dvortsa) were all destroyed during the Time of Troubles . During the reign of Ulugh Muhammad and his son Maxmud, Kazan forces raided Muscovy and its subject lands several times. Vasily II of Moscow engaged in the Muscovite War of Succession against his cousins, was defeated in a battle near Suzdal , and was forced to pay ransom to

1904-574: The dominance of Moscow, concluding a mutual aid treaty with the Astrakhan Khanate , the Crimean Khanate and the Nogay Horde . The combined forces of khan Muhamed Giray and his Crimean allies then attacked Muscovy. The reinforcement of Crimea displeased the pro-Moscow elements of the Kazan Khanate, and some of these noblemen provoked a revolt in 1545. The result was the deposition of Safa Giray . A Moscow supporter, Şahğäli , occupied

1960-642: The early Bulgars is still unclear. Their homeland is believed to be situated between Kazakhstan and the North Caucasian steppes. Interaction with the Hunnic tribes , causing the migration, may have occurred there, and the Pontic–Caspian steppe seems the most likely location. Some scholars propose that the Bulgars may have been a branch or offshoot of the Huns or at least Huns seem to have been absorbed by

2016-562: The language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable. Numbers and Vocabulary in Volga Bulgar Mahmud al-Kashgari also provides some examples of Volga Bulgar words, poems, and phrases in his dictionary.. However, Mahmud al-Kashgari himself wasn't a native speaker of Volga Bulgar. Despite its limitations, Mahmud al-Kashgari's work remains an important source of information about

2072-745: The leader Asparukh moved west from the Pontic-Caspian steppes and eventually settled along the Danube River., in what is now known as Bulgaria proper, where they created a confederation with the Slavs , adopting a South Slavic language and the Eastern Orthodox faith. However, Bulgars in Idel-Ural eventually gave birth to Chuvash people. Unlike Danube Bulgars, Volga Bulgars did not adopt any language. The Chuvash language today

2128-491: The main source of Arab silver to Europe via this route, and Ibn Fadlan referred to the ruler of the Volga Bulgar as "King of the Saqaliba " because of his importance for this trade. The Rus' principalities to the west posed the only tangible military threat. In the 11th century, the country was devastated by several raids by other Rus'. Then, at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, the rulers of Vladimir (notably Andrew

2184-635: The north to Baghdad and Constantinople in the south, from Western Europe to China in the East. Other major cities included Bilär , Suar (Suwar), Qaşan (Kashan) and Cükätaw (Juketau). Modern cities Kazan and Yelabuga were founded as Volga Bulgaria's border fortresses. Some of the Volga Bulgarian cities have still not been found, but they are mentioned in old East Slavic sources. They are: Ashli (Oshel), Tuxçin (Tukhchin), İbrahim (Bryakhimov), Taw İle. Some of them were ruined during and after

2240-676: The people of Central Asia , the Caucasus , and Russia . In the 16th century, Russia became the main trading partner of Kazan, and the khanate shared the economic system of Moscow. The major markets were the Taşayaq Bazaar in Kazan and the Markiz Isle fair on the Volga River. Agricultural landownership was based on the söyurğal and hereditary estates. The khan governed the state. He based his actions on decisions and consultations of

2296-402: The population comprised qara xalıq (black people), a free Muslim population who lived on state land. The feudal lands were mostly settled by çura (serfs). Prisoners of war were usually sold to Turkey or into Central Asia . Occasionally they were sold within the Khanate as slaves ( qol ) and sometimes were settled on feudal lands to become çura later. The Muslim and non-Muslim population of

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2352-458: The population continued to resist Russian rule until 1556. Rebel governments were formed in Chalem and Mishatamaq , but as the Nogays under Ğäli Äkräm often raided the agricultural population, the coalition went to ruin. After a brutal repression against the Kazan rebels, their commanders were executed. By some estimates, the population of the former khanate declined by several thousand during

2408-411: The status of this proto-state, the founder of the khanate was Ulugh Muhammad , who assumed the title of khan and usurped the throne of Kazan with some help from local nobility in 1437 or 1438. It has been suggested that the transfer of power from the local Bolgar dynasty to Muhammad was finalized by his son Maxmud in 1445. Throughout its history, the khanate was prone to civil turmoil and struggles for

2464-405: The throne. Following that year, Moscow organized several campaigns to impose control over Kazan, but the attempts were unsuccessful. With the help of the Nogays , Safa Giray returned to the throne. He executed 75 noblemen, and the rest of his opposition escaped to Russia. In 1549 he died, and his 3-year-old son Ütämeşgäräy was recognized as khan. His regent and the de facto ruler of the khanate

2520-470: The throne. The khans were replaced 19 times in 115 years. There were a total of fifteen reigning khans , some ascending the throne multiple times. The Khan was often elected from the Gengizides by vernacular nobility and even by the citizens themselves. Regarding the history of the khanate, there is a scarcity of sources. Not only no single document of the khanate survived the Russian conquest, but even

2576-493: The troops of the nobility. The number of soldiers was never constant, ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 in number. Often, troops from Nogay , the Crimea and Russia also served the Kazan khans. Firearms (arquebuse) were used for defending the walls of Kazan. In general, the culture of the Kazan Khanate descended from that of Volga Bulgaria . Cultural elements of the Golden Horde were also present in noble circles. A large part of

2632-478: The urban population was literate. Large libraries were present in mosques and madrassahs . Kazan became a center of science and theology. Although Islamic influence predominated, lay literature also developed. The most prominent Old Tatar language poets were Möxämmädyar , Ömmi Kamal , Möxämmädämin , Ğärifbäk , and Qolşärif . Möxämmädyar renovated the traditions of Kazan poetry, and his verses were very popular. The city of Bolghar retained its position as

2688-669: The wars. The administration, known as the Kazan Palace's Office undertook the forced Russification and Christianization of the Tatars and other peoples. The term Tsardom of Kazan was in use until 1708 when the Kazan Governorate was formed. The Khanate's urban population produced clay ware, wood and metal handiworks, leather, armor, ploughs and jewels. The major cities included Qazan , Arça , Cükätaw , Qaşan , Çallı, Alat and Cöri. The urban population also traded with

2744-425: Was destroyed by the Khazars in 668. Kotrag , following the death of his father, began to extend the influence of his Bulgars to the Volga River . He is remembered as the founder of Volga Bulgaria. They reached Idel-Ural in the eighth century, where they became the dominant population at the end of the 9th century, uniting other tribes of different origin who lived in the area. However, some Bulgar tribes under

2800-409: Was established at Bolghar (also spelled Bulgar) city, 160 km south of modern Kazan . However, complete independence was reached after Khazaria's destruction and conquest by Sviatoslav in the late 10th century; thus, Bulgars no longer paid tribute to it. Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur named the Volga Bulgar people as Ulak . Volga Bulgaria adopted Islam as a state religion in 922 – 66 years before

2856-485: Was governed by former steppe Tatars. Some Mishar duchies were never controlled from Kazan and instead gravitated towards the Qasim Khanate or Muscovite Russia . Most of the khanate territory was covered by forests, and only the southern part adjoined the steppe . The main population of the steppes were the nomadic Manghites, also known as Nogais, who sometimes recognized the rule of the Kazan khan, but more often raided agricultural Tatars and Chuvash, as they had done in

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2912-400: Was his mother Söyembikä . The administration of the ulan Qoşçaq gained a degree of independence under her rule. At that time Safa Giray's relatives (including Devlet I Giray ) were in Crimea . Their invitation to the throne of Kazan was vitiated by a large portion of vernacular nobility. Under Qoşçaq's government relations with Russia continued to worsen. A group of disgruntled noblemen at

2968-503: Was imprisoned and the population was slaughtered. After the fall of Kazan, territories such as Udmurtia and Bashkortostan joined Russia without a conflict. The administration of the khanate was wiped out; pro-Moscow and neutral nobles kept their lands, but others were executed. Tatars were then resettled far away from rivers, roads and Kazan. Free lands were settled by Russians and sometimes by pro-Russian Tatars. Orthodox bishops such as Germogen forcibly baptized many Tatars. Part of

3024-411: Was the Tatar language , including the Middle dialect of the Kazan Tatars and the Western dialect of the Mishars. Its written form ( Old Tatar language ) was the favoured language of the state. The Chuvash language was a descendant of the Bolgar language , spoken by the pagan Chuvash people . The Bolgar language also strongly influenced the Middle dialect of Tatar language. The other three were probably

3080-410: Was the "very joy of their lives". Commanding the Volga River in its middle course, the state controlled much of trade between Europe and Asia prior to the Crusades (which made other trade routes practicable). Bolghar , was a thriving city, rivalling in size and wealth the greatest centres of the Islamic world. Trade partners of Bolghar included from Vikings , Bjarmland , Yugra and Nenets in

3136-404: Was the state religion. The local feudal nobility consisted of ethnic Bulgars, but the court and bodyguard of the Kazan khans were composed of steppe Tatar ( Kipchaks , and later of Nogais ) that lived in Kazan. According to the Ginghizide tradition, the local Turkic tribes were also called Tatars by the steppe nobility and, later, by the Russian elite. Part of the higher nobility hailed from

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