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52-792: It linked the Livingstone - Sesheke road ( M10 road ; which connects to the Trans–Caprivi Highway at Katima Mulilo and forms part of the Walvis Bay Corridor ) to the main north–south highway of Botswana through Francistown and Gaborone to South Africa , and also to the Kasane - Victoria Falls road through Zimbabwe . It served the international road traffic of three countries directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana) and of three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa and DR Congo ). Whether Botswana and Zambia actually shared

104-491: A bridge into Zambia at Katima Mulilo about 150 km (93 mi) upriver. The bridge provides a direct connection between Zambia and Botswana. However, there is still no direct connection between Namibia and Zimbabwe, nor is one planned. Traffic from Namibia to Zimbabwe has to cross to Zambia at Katimo Mulilo, and then from Zambia into Zimbabwe at the Victoria Falls; or over Ngoma bridge into Botswana, and thence at

156-428: A hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ) with hot and rainy wet seasons and very hot pre-wet seasons and mild dry seasons with large temperature differences between day and night. The city is served by Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport , which receives domestic flights from Lusaka and connects with various international cities, including Johannesburg , Cape Town , Mbombela & Nairobi . The city

208-470: A British colonial settlement sprang up there and around 1897 it became the first municipality in the country; it is sometimes referred to as 'Old Livingstone'. Its proximity to mosquito breeding areas caused deaths from malaria , so after 1900 the Europeans moved to higher ground known as Constitution Hill or Sandbelt Post Office, and as that area grew into a town it was named Livingstone in honour of

260-536: A Polish consular post was established there. As the British government began publicly discussing independence, and news of the large scale massacres of white colonials in nearby Belgian Congo was heard, many white residents feared abandonment by the British colonial government. Consequently, many began making moves to migrate south toward Southern Rhodesia or South Africa. When Northern Rhodesia obtained independence as Zambia, many more whites continued to leave. At

312-721: A commercial timber industry and for which the Mulobezi Railway was built. The provincial capital is Choma. Until 2011, the provincial capital was Livingstone City . The Batonga are the largest ethnic group in the Province. A rail line and the Lusaka-Livingstone road form the principal transport axis of the province, running through its centre and its farming towns: Kalomo , Choma , Pemba , Monze , and Mazabuka . In addition to maize, other commercially important activities include sugar cane plantations at

364-465: A common border, or whether the ferry was illegally crossing into Namibian or Rhodesian territory, was the subject of dispute. In 1970, South Africa (which at the time occupied Namibia) informed Botswana that there was no common border between Botswana and Zambia, claiming that a quadripoint existed. As a result, South Africa claimed, the Kazungula Ferry, which links Botswana and Zambia at

416-514: A net-exporter of maize to food insecure neighboring countries, such as Zimbabwe and Malawi which have been hit more severely by the weather. As of 2004, the province had 995 basic schools, 45 high schools and the number of school children out of school in ages between 7 and 15 stood at 995. The unemployment rate was 7 per cent and the general unemployment rate for youth stood at 6 per cent as of 2008. The province had 50 doctors as of 2005. There were 344 Malaria incidence for every 1,000 people in

468-699: A strong Jewish community. Livingstone has various museums, like the Livingstone Museum (archaeology, ethnography and history and contains a collection of memorabilia relating to David Livingstone ), the Maramba Cultural Museum (featuring traditional dancing, singing, costumes), the Railway Museum of the Mulobezi Railway and the Victoria Falls Field Museum (featuring geology and archaeology around

520-467: Is also home to the "Sweetest Town in Zambia", Mazabuka, where sugarcane farming and sugar processing are a major business. The total area of crops planted during the year 2014 in the province was 360,160.32 hectares which constituted 18.98% of the total area cultivated in Zambia. The net production stood at 688,122 metric tonnes, which formed 16.89% of the total agricultural production in the country. Sorghum

572-555: Is home to Zambia's premier tourist attraction, Mosi-oa-Tunya ( Victoria Falls ), shared with Zimbabwe . The centre of the province, the Southern Plateau, has the largest area of commercial farmland of any Zambian province, and produces most of the maize crop. The Zambezi River is the province's southern border, and Lake Kariba , formed by the Kariba Dam , lies along the province's south-eastern edge. The eastern border

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624-567: Is received during December. The annual rainfall is more than 700 mm (28 in) in the region. Lake Kariba is the manmade lake in Africa and the second largest manmade lake in the world and it stretches along the Southern border of the province. As per the 2010 Zambian census , Southern Province had a population of 1,589,926 accounting to 12.08% of the total Zambian population of 13,092,666. There were 779,659 males and 810,267 females, making

676-592: Is served by the operating sections of the Cape to Cairo Railway , which connect it to Lusaka in the north-east and Bulawayo in the south-east. The railway to Lusaka is also named the Zambia Railway . The Mulobezi Railway connects Livingstone to the Mulobezi timber industry in the west. The Lusaka-Livingstone road (T1 road) connects Livingstone with Kalomo , Choma and the national capital ( Lusaka ) in

728-544: Is the Kariba Gorge and Zambezi, and the north-east border is the Kafue River , forming its border with Lusaka Province . The Kafue Flats lie mostly within the province's northern border with Central Province . In the north-west lies part of the famous Kafue National Park , the largest in Zambia. The south-western border with Western Province runs through the teak forests around Mulobezi which once supported

780-2283: The Kafue Flats in the north, the Zambezi and Batoka Gorges in the south, Chobe National Park in Botswana , Kafue National Park in Zambia, and Lake Kariba on the Zimbabwe border. Tourism is a large and growing part of the Zambian economy, contributing to 7% of GDP in 2005 and receiving more than 800,000 visitors per annum by 2007. The Lwiindi Gonde festival celebrated in Monze District by Tonga tribe during July, Maliko Malindi Lwiindi festival celebrated in Sinazongwe District by Tonga tribe during August, Musumu Muyumu festival celebrated in Kalomo District by Tonga tribe during August, Sikaumba festival celebrated in Namwala District by Ila tribe during August, Lukuni Luzwa Buuka festival celebrated in Kalomo District by Toka Leya tribe during August, Kasanga Makonda festival celebrated in Kazungula District by Nkoya tribe during September, Guta Bweenza Bwe festival celebrated in Kazungula District by Tonga tribe during September, Shimunenga festival celebrated in Namwala District by Ila tribe during October, Chungu festival celebrated in Kalomo District by Tonga tribe during October, Maanzi Aabila Lwiindi festival celebrated in Kalomo District by Tonga tribe during October, Lwiindi Sekute festival celebrated in Kazungula District by Toka Leya tribe during October, Bagande festival celebrated in Siavonga District by Tonga tribe during November, Koombaze Kamakonde festival celebrated in Kalomo District by Tonga tribe during November, Bene Mukuni festival celebrated in Kazungula District by Toka Leya tribe during July & December are

832-695: The Kazungula Road crossing into Zimbabwe. In practice, though, there is very little such traffic along this route, or demand. Livingstone, Zambia Livingstone is a city in Zambia . Until 1935, it served as the capital of Northern Rhodesia . Lying 10 km (6 mi) to the north of the Zambezi River , it is a tourism attraction center for the Victoria Falls and a border town with road and rail connections to Zimbabwe on

884-1166: The Zambezi as the Katima Mulilo Bridge and reaches the Katima Mulilo Border with Namibia ). This road from Livingstone to the Katima Mulilo Bridge is part of the Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road . The M10 further connects with Senanga and Mongu . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of Livingstone ( Catholic Church ), United Church in Zambia ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Mount Zion Christian Centre - Livingstone ( Pentecostal Church ), Reformed Church in Zambia ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Baptist Union of Zambia ( Baptist World Alliance ), Assemblies of God . There are also Muslim mosques and Hindu temples. Previously, Livingstone hosted

936-474: The 1970s due in part to renationalisation of industries and in part to closure of the border with Rhodesia, first by the Zambian government and later by the Rhodesian authorities. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Livingstone has experienced a resurgence in tourism and has firmly become the destination of choice when visiting the Victoria Falls. Livingstone has enjoyed a slight influx of investment in

988-664: The 2006-10 period and is clearly shown in the African Development Fund project map. This matches the US Department of State Office of the Geographer depiction in Google Earth . The planned route for the new bridge crosses this boundary without entering Zimbabwe or Namibia. Zimbabwe already has a bridge into Zambia at Victoria Falls , 70 km (43 mi) from Kazungula. Namibia already has

1040-727: The Baleya. The Subiya paid tribute to the Lozi of Barotseland but in 1838 the Kololo , a Sotho tribe from South Africa displaced by Zulu wars , migrated north and conquered the Lozi . The Kololo placed chiefs of their subordinate Subiya people of Sesheke over the Tokaleya. In 1855 Scottish missionary traveller David Livingstone became the first European to be shown the Zambezi in Livingstone vicinity, to see Victoria Falls by

1092-480: The Falls). Secondary schools in the area include Hillcrest Technical Secondary School and Linda Secondary School . Livingstone is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Livingstone at Wikimedia Commons 17°51′S 25°52′E  /  17.850°S 25.867°E  / -17.850; 25.867 Southern Province, Zambia Southern Province is one of Zambia 's ten provinces . It

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1144-541: The Subiya-Kololo Chief Sekeletu. In the 1890s Cecil Rhodes 's British South Africa Company established the British rule north of the Zambezi and launched a wave of mineral prospecting and exploration activity and as well, ventured into other natural resources such as timber, ivory and animal skins in a territory called North-Western Rhodesia . The main crossing point of the Zambezi was above

1196-674: The capital was moved to Lusaka in 1935 to be closer to the economic heartland of the Copperbelt , industries based on timber, hides, tobacco , cotton (including textiles) and other agricultural products grew. A hydroelectric plant was built taking water from the Eastern Cataract of the Falls. The town of Victoria Falls in Southern Rhodesia had the tourist trade, but many supplies were bought from Livingstone. Of all

1248-539: The country lies in the frontier formed between the continental divide separating the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, which traverses from DR Congo to the south of Tanzania . There are three major seasons: a cool dry season from April to August, a hot dry season from August to November and a warm wet season from November to April. The maximum heat is experienced during November, while the maximum rainfall

1300-490: The district headquarters and has provincial local government officers and auditors. Each council is responsible for raising and collecting local taxes and the budgets of the council are audited and submitted every year after the annual budget. The elected members of the council do not draw salaries, but are paid allowances from the council. Southern is a predominantly rural district and hence there are no city or municipal councils. The government stipulates 63 different functions for

1352-419: The district headquarters are the same as the district names. There are fifteen councils in the province, each of which is headed by an elected representative, called councilor. Each councilor holds office for three years. The administrative staff of the council is selected based on Local Government Service Commission from within or outside the district. The office of the provincial government is located in each of

1404-473: The edge of the Kafue Flats , and cattle ranching. Southern Province has the only large source of fossil fuel in Zambia, the Maamba coal mine in the Zambezi valley, served by a branch line of the railway. Southern Province is bordered along Zimbabwe in the south divided by Victoria Falls, Central in the north, Western Province in the west and Lusaka Province in the northeast. The general topography of

1456-563: The end of British rule in 1964, Africans were handed a country in which there were only 100 black college graduates, almost all in social sciences from the University of Fort Hare in South Africa. In 1968, a one party state had been established which seized most remaining non-black property, especially those of whites. Consequently, most of the remaining Northern Rhodesians left after an official policy of nationalisation in Zambia

1508-505: The explorer. In the mid-1890s Rhodesia Railways had reached Bulawayo in Southern Rhodesia spurring industrial development there, fueled by the coal mines at Hwange (then named Wankie ) just 110 km (68 mi) south-east of Mosi-oa-Tunya. The railway was extended to Hwange for the coal, but Rhodes's vision was to keep pushing north to extend the British Empire , and he would have built it to Cairo if he could. In 1904

1560-573: The export industry is limited due to high transport costs linking processed sugar to export markets. Nationally, the sugar industry in Mazabuka contributes to around 4% of GDP each year. The sugar industry in Mazabuka made international news in 2013 when it was discovered that Zambia Sugar , the biggest sugar company in the country, had paid nothing in corporate taxes to Zambia in the previous 5 years. Southern Province and Eastern Province are

1612-485: The falls at the Old Drift, first by dugout canoe, later by an iron boat propelled by eight Lozi paddlers, or a barge towed across with a steel cable. The Batoka Gorge and the deep valley and gorges of the middle Zambezi (now flooded by the Kariba Dam ) meant there was no better crossing point between the Falls and Kariba Gorge , 483 km (300 mi) north-east. As the Old Drift crossing became more frequently used,

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1664-426: The industry from modern hotel chains like Sun International , to some modern street strip mall centers and restaurants. Apart from tourism, the other hope on Livingstone's horizon is development stimulated by the Walvis Bay Corridor with the opening of the Katima Mulilo Bridge and completion of the Trans–Caprivi Highway 200 km (120 mi) west, which funnels more trade through the town. Livingstone has

1716-627: The major festivals celebrated in the Province. Provincial administration is set up purely for administrative purposes. The province is headed by a minister appointed by the President and there are ministries of central government for each province. The administrative head of the province is the Permanent Secretary, appointed by the President. There is a Deputy Permanent Secretary, heads of government departments and civil servants at

1768-681: The north-east. The same road connects southwards, crossing into Zimbabwe via Victoria Falls Bridge (weight restrictions apply) (becoming the A8 road on the Zimbabwean side and passing through Victoria Falls Town before proceeding to Bulawayo ). The M10 road connects westwards to Kazungula (where the Kazungula Bridge , formerly the Kazungula Ferry , connects with the border into Botswana ) and to Sesheke (where it crosses

1820-466: The other side of the Victoria Falls. A historic British colonial city, its present population was enumerated at 177,393 inhabitants at the 2022 census. It is named after David Livingstone , the Scottish explorer and missionary who was the first European to explore the area. Until 2011, Livingstone was the provincial capital of Zambia's Southern Province . Mukuni, 9.6 km (6.0 mi) to

1872-523: The province as of 2005 and there were 12,403 AIDS death as of 2010. The former provincial capital of Southern Province, Livingstone , is Zambia's tourism hub and home to international tourist attraction Mosi-Oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls) . Situated across the Zambezi River from Victoria Falls Town , Zimbabwe , Livingstone competes to be a jumping off point for tourism to the region that includes other attractions such as Lochinvar National Park and

1924-528: The province is characterized by uplifted planation surfaces . The general elevation of the nation as a whole is tended towards West to East from the Kalahari Basin . The level of land falls from the upper Congo towards the Zambezi depression in the South forming a plateau. The province lies in the watershed between DR Congo and Zambezi river systems. The province along with some of the other provinces in

1976-435: The province was 2.80%. The median age in the province at the time of marriage was 20.6. The average household size was 5.4, with the families headed by females being 4.6 and 5.7 for families headed by men. The total eligible voters in the province was 64.10%. The unemployment rate of the province was 12.10%. The total fertility rate was 6.1, complete birth rate was 6.2, crude birth rate was 37.0, child women population at birth

2028-521: The province with the condition stood at 3,068. The life expectancy at birth stood at 56 compared to the national average of 51. Agriculture is the primary economic activity in Southern Province with a mix of small holder and commercial maize farms across the province. Compared to other major agricultural regions, such as Eastern Province, Southern Province has more abundant land and access to water, but receives less rainfall. Southern Province

2080-401: The provincial level. Southern Province is divided into fifteen districts , namely, Chikankata District , Chirundu District , Choma District , Gwembe District , Itezhi-Tezhi District , Kalomo District , Kazungula District , Livingstone District , Mazabuka District , Monze District , Namwala District , Pemba District , Siavonga District , Sinazongwe District and Zimba District . All

2132-474: The quadripoint, was illegal. Botswana firmly rejected both claims. There was actually a confrontation and shots were fired at the ferry; some years later, the Rhodesian Army attacked and sank the ferry, maintaining that it was serving military purposes. In 2003 the ferry was the site of a disaster when a severely overloaded Zambian truck capsized one of the pontoons and 18 people drowned. The accident

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2184-477: The railway reached the Falls on the southern side and construction of the Victoria Falls Bridge started. Too impatient to wait for its completion, Rhodes had the line from Livingstone to Kalomo built and operations started some months in advance of the bridge using a single locomotive which was conveyed in pieces by temporary cableway across the gorge next to the bridge building site. The city

2236-440: The sex ratio to 1,039 for every 1,000 males, compared to the national average of 1,028. The literacy rate stood at 71.20% against a national average of 70.2%. The rural population constituted 75.33%, while the urban population was 24.67%. The total area of the province was 85,283 km and the population density was 18.60 per km . The population density during 2000 Zambian census stood at 18.60. The decadal population growth of

2288-468: The small Maramba River flowing nearby) were in the east and south and were inhabited by working servants , craftsman , tradesman , as well as large numbers of non-working black families suffering under welfare dependency . Asians and people of mixed race owned businesses in the middle, on the eastern side of the centre. During World War II , 170 Polish refugees escaping from German- and Soviet-occupied Poland , were admitted in Livingstone in 1941, and

2340-718: The south-east of present-day Livingstone, was the largest village in the area before Livingstone was founded. Its Baleya inhabitants, originally from the Rozwi culture in Zimbabwe , were conquered by Chief Mukuni who came from the Congo in the 16th century. Another group of Baleya under Chief Sekute lived near the river west of the town. The predominant people in the area, though, were the Batoka under Chief Musokotwane based at Senkobo, 30 km (19 mi) north. These are southern Tonga people but are culturally and linguistically similar to

2392-564: The towns in Northern Rhodesia, colonial Livingstone took on the most British character. Surrounded by large numbers of African settlements, it had a strongly marked segregation which while not being officially enshrined as an apartheid policy, had similar practical effects. The north and western areas of the town and the town centre were reserved for the colonial government and white-owned businesses and associated residential areas, while African townships such as Maramba (named after

2444-437: The two primary breadbaskets of Zambia. Southern Province produces more than 600,000 metric tons of maize each year from a combination of commercial, which are unique to Southern Province, and smallholder farms. Despite poor rains in recent years and a strong El Nino weather cycle in 2016, Zambian maize output has been predicted to continue to grow. Growth in Southern Province and across the country has allowed Zambia to remain

2496-466: Was 807, general fertility rate was 160, gross reproduction rate was 2.5 and net reproduction rate was 1.8. The total labour force constituted 55.00% of the total population. Out of the labour force, 64.1% were men and 46.7% women. The annual growth rate of labour force was 4.4%. Tonga was the most spoken language with 74.70% speaking it. Albinism is a condition where the victims do not have any pigment in their skin, hair or eyes. The total population in

2548-513: Was announced. Some colonial civic buildings were destroyed and replaced with an African architecture, although Livingstone was used as a location for a 1950s Rhodesian town in the 1981 movie The Grass Is Singing (based on the Doris Lessing novel of that name). . At the same time, a large infusion of cash from the British government to Zambia at independence was partially used in Livingstone. Livingstone suffered economic decline in

2600-449: Was blamed on the lack of weighbridges in Zambia at the time to check the weight of trucks. In August 2007, the governments of Zambia and Botswana announced a deal to construct the Kazungula Bridge at the site to replace the ferry. The existence of a short boundary of about 150 metres (490 ft) between Zambia and Botswana was apparently agreed to during various meetings involving heads of state and/or officials from all four states in

2652-497: Was founded in 1905. The British South Africa Company moved the capital of the territory there in 1907. In 1911 the company merged the territory with North-Eastern Rhodesia as Northern Rhodesia . Livingstone prospered from its position as a gateway to trade between north and south sides of the Zambezi, as well as from farming in the Southern Province and commercial timber production from forests to its north-west. A number of colonial buildings were erected which still stand. Although

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2704-437: Was the major crop in the province with 4,695 metric tonnes, constituting 40.62% of the national output. Mazabuka grows 90% of sugar grown in Zambia with an estimated 430 tons produced annually. Sugarcane fields in Mazabuka are among the most productive in the world by hectare and low production costs allow production to compete on international markets. Around 60% of sugar is exported to Europe and other markets. However,

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