Events/Artifacts
52-538: Kabankalan , officially the City of Kabankalan ( Hiligaynon : Dakbanwa sang Kabankalan ; Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Kabankalan ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Kabankalan ), is a 1st class component city in the province of Negros Occidental , Philippines . According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 323,108 people making it the second most populous city in Negros Occidental next to Bacolod . The city
104-995: A canton of the First Philippine Republic and later as a protectorate of the United States . The entity had gone by multiple names throughout its short existence: the Negros Canton ( Hiligaynon : Kanton sg Negros ; Cebuano : Kanton sa Negros ; Spanish : Cantón de Negros ) of the First Philippine Republic , and the Federal Republic of Negros ( Hiligaynon : Republikang Federal sg Negros ; Cebuano : Republikang Federal sa Negros ; Spanish : República Federal de Negros ) or Federal State of Negros ( Hiligaynon : Estadong Federal sg Negros ; Cebuano : Estadong Federal sa Negros ; Spanish : Estado Federal de Negros ) under U.S. protection . According to Gregorio Zaide ,
156-511: A constituent assembly to draft a constitution. Motivated by either economic interests or sheer realpolitik , the hacendero -led cantonal government surrendered to U.S. forces on March 4, 1899, following the outbreak of hostilities between the nascent First Philippine Republic and the U.S. military government which had been established during the Spanish–American War , and came under U.S. protection on April 30, 1899 as
208-522: A Western Bisayan language, while Capiznon is a Central Bisayan language closely related to Hiligaynon. Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron ('to forgive') [from patawad , 'forgiveness'] but not patawadon , and tagadiín ('from where') [from diín , 'where'] but not tagariín . There are four main vowels: /a/ , /i ~ ɛ/ , /o ~ ʊ/ , and /u/ . [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i ) are allophones , with [i] in
260-655: A chartered city on August 2, 1997, under Republic Act No. 8297. Kabankalan occupies the central portion of the Southern Negros Island and its geographically located at 10° north and 122° east. It is bounded on the north by the Himamaylan , on the northwest by Panay Gulf , on the southwest by the municipality of Ilog and on the southeast by the province of Negros Oriental . It is 88 kilometres (55 mi) away from Bacolod City, 127 kilometres (79 mi) from Dumaguete, and 99 kilometres (62 mi) from
312-540: A dog. When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two. Example: Ido nga itom 'black dog' Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng , as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga , '(the) good morning', and maayong aga ,
364-473: A hub of business and trade in southern Negros. With the growth of the sugar industry, banks and other financial institutions and commercial establishments put up branches and offices in Kabankalan. The establishment of two sugar mills in the 1960s and early 1970s gave the town a boost into the list of the top improving towns of Negros. The town of Kabankalan was declared by then President Fidel V. Ramos as
416-594: A territory separate from the Philippine Islands. A constitution for a Federal Republic of Negros, which proposed two governors, a U.S. military governor and a civil governor elected by the voters of Negros, was framed by a committee sitting in Bacólod and sent to General Otis in Manila and was proclaimed to take effect on October 2, 1899. The Negros government operated smoothly under this constitution until
468-463: Is 26 °C (80 °F). Kabankalan City is politically subdivided into 32 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Major languages are Hiligaynon , followed by Cebuano (both of those languages are used interchangeably in to day-to-day activities) with English and Filipino being used as second languages. The city is the only place where the Karol-an language
520-508: Is applying for a Highly Urbanized City (HUC). Kabankalan is also the second city with the highest gross and net income in Negros Occidental next to Bacolod. In terms of land area, Kabankalan City is the largest city in the province of Negros Occidental and is the second largest city in the entire Negros Island next to Bayawan of Negros Oriental with a total area of 697.35 square kilometers. The city hosts three major festivals:
572-613: Is beautiful.' 'Sara is beautiful' (English) There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively. Example: Manamì mangín manggaránon. 'It is nice to become rich.' The Spanish copula estar ('to be') has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have changed compared to its Spanish meaning, however. In Hiligaynon it
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#1732783384552624-568: Is composed of three sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon), Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon (which incorporated some Cebuano and other languages due to the mass influx of migrants from Cebu , Bohol , Siquijor and Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao reside in the Soccsksargen area). Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon dialects of Hiligaynon. However, linguists have classified Kinaray-a as
676-746: Is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas ( Iloilo , Capiz , and Guimaras ), Negros Island Region ( Negros Occidental ), and Soccsksargen ( South Cotabato including General Santos , Sultan Kudarat , and North Cotabato ). It is spoken in other neighboring provinces , such as Antique and Aklan in Western Visayas, Negros Oriental in Negros Island Region, Masbate in Bicol Region , and southern parts of Mindoro , Romblon and Palawan in Mimaropa . It
728-597: Is more commonly used, which has rarely or never been used by other dialects of the language. Another example, amó iní , ('this is it') in Standard Hiligaynon can be simplified in Urban Hiligaynon and become 'mó'ní . Some of the other widely recognized dialects of the language, aside from Standard Hiligaynon and Urban Hiligaynon, are Bacolodnon Hiligaynon ( Metro Bacolod dialect), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial Negros Occidental dialect that
780-525: Is no officially recognized standard orthography for the language and different writers may follow different conventions. It is common for the newer generation, however, to write the language based on the current orthographic rules of Filipino. A noticeable feature of the Spanish-influenced orthography absent in those writing following Filipino's orthography is the use of "c" and "qu" in representing /k/ (now replaced with "k" in all instances) and
832-504: Is pronounced as istar and means 'to live (in)/location' (Compare with the Hiligaynon word puyô ). Example: Nagaistar ako sa tabuk suba. 'I live in tabuk suba'. Tabuk suba translates to 'other side of the river' and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo. To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used. Example: May EXIST idô dog (a)ko 1SG May idô (a)ko EXIST dog 1SG I have
884-688: Is spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique , Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan , Capiznon speakers in Capiz , Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental , and spoken and understood by native speakers of Maguindanaon , Cebuano, Ilocano , Blaan , Tboli and other settler and indigenous languages in Soccsksargen in Mindanao . There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of
936-659: Is the subject and which is the object ; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the ang -marked noun is always the topic. In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics , karí , meaning 'to come to the speaker', and kadto , meaning 'to go yonder'. Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion ay of Tagalog/Filipino or hay of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo ) are written without any marker or copula. Examples: Si Sara ay maganda (Tagalog) Si Sara matahum / Gwapa si Sara (Hiligaynon) = 'Sara
988-675: Is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages , and it is more distantly related to other Philippine languages . It also has one of the largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines , despite it not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012. Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil , but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code. Hiligaynon
1040-404: Is used medially to indicate the glottal stop san-o 'when' gab-e 'evening; night'. It is also used in reduplicated words: adlaw-adlaw 'daily, every day', from adlaw 'day, sun'. This marking is not used in reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in pispis 'bird'. Hyphens are also used in words with successive sounds of /g/ and /ŋ/ , to separate
1092-477: Is used. Due to its geographical area of usage, the Karol-an language is classified as a vulnerable language, making its conservation a top priority, as it is vital to the culture and arts of Kabankalan natives. Kabankalan City, along with the cities of Sipalay, Escalante, Cadiz, Sagay and San Carlos and the municipalities of Hinoba-an, Don Salvador Benedicto, La Castellana, Moises Padilla, Toboso and Calatrava, are
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#17327833845521144-767: The Kabankalan Sinulog every third Sunday of January (celebrated together with Cebu City ), Udyakan sa Kabankalan and the Charter Anniversary . Kabankalan is also known for its Mag-aso Falls and the Balicaocao Resort . Also located in the city is the main campus of the Central Philippines State University (CPSU). Kabankalan City won the major award as the "Best Performing City" in Region VI in
1196-505: The Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency. Aside from Hiligaynon , the language is also referred to as Ilonggo , also spelled Ilongo , as it originated in Iloilo. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, that this is an incorrect usage of the word Ilonggo . In precise usage, these people opine that Ilonggo should be used only in relation to
1248-672: The 2011 Regional Search for Excellence in Local Governance (EXCEL). The award was given during the Pagdayaw 2011 program held at the Iloilo Grand Hotel in December 2011. According to historians, the first inhabitants of Kabankalan were people who came from neighboring towns. They derived the name Kabankalan from the word "bangkal" ( Nauclea orientalis ), a tree that is abundant in the place. The settlers established
1300-536: The Americans returned to the island to aid Filipino soldiers under the Commonwealth Army and Constabulary, and the recognized guerrillas, they helped the people be freed from Japanese occupation. Post war era concentrated on rehabilitation efforts that saw the establishment of two Sugar Mills-Dacongcogon and SONEDCO-placing Kabankalan at the crossroad of agro industrial development and setting the ground as
1352-797: The Barangay form of government, with which every group has its own leader, called the Capitan. In 1566 the Christianization of the Island of Negros began with the foundation of the mission of Binalbagan (1575), Tanjay (1580) and Ilog (1584) by the Augustinian missionaries. In 1622, at the request of Bishop Pedro de Arce of Cebu, the Recollects came to evangelize Negros. The spiritual administration of Binalbagan including that of Kabankalan
1404-451: The Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech. (**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using fewer Spanish loan words. The case markers do not determine which noun
1456-691: The Jesuits from the Philippines in 1767, the Dominican missionaries came to continue the spiritual administration of Negros with Father Manuel Diez assigned in Kabankalan in 1769. During the Spanish regime, Spaniards taught the people the Spanish language and introduced to them the Roman Catholic religion. In 1830, the three Capitanes- Polito Moreno, Vicente Rojas and Mariano Vingal-petitioned
1508-547: The Katipunan and others arming themselves. By mid-1896, arms were unloaded in Binicuil, Kabankalan for the hacienderos of Kabankalan, Ilog, Himamaylan, Su-ay and Cauayan but they refrained to join the revolt knowing that they were not prepared and had no confidence in victory. It was not until November 7, 1898, that Kabankalan took up arms after Bacolod was taken over from the Spanish authorities. The Cantonal Republic of Negros
1560-551: The Second World War, Kabankalan was made a garrison town by Japanese Imperial Forces. Sugar mills were destroyed, school buildings were demolished and houses razed to ground. During this time, a recognized guerrilla unit and the local troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army were formed to oppose the foreign aggression and many people fled to the mountains to avoid Japanese military abuse. When
1612-428: The Spanish artillery for a long time. They disbanded only when a stray bullet killed Manyabog. Seeing their leader killed, they set themselves on fire with their houses. The tribal suicide resulted in the deaths 300 of Manyabog's men, while seven died on the opposite side. Prior to the actual revolt in 1898, clandestine activities had already been in the offing, the leaders of the revolution such as Aniceto Lacson joining
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1664-401: The Spanish colonizers called Arayas , which may be a Spanish misconception of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya , or the current and more popular version Karay-a ('highlanders' – people of Iraya / highlands ). Similar to many languages in the Philippines , very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Standard Hiligaynon, is the dialect that is used in
1716-408: The absence of the letter "w" ("u" was formerly used in certain instances). The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an uppercase and lowercase variety. The apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and hyphen ⟨-⟩ also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters. The hyphen, in particular,
1768-489: The beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable. Hiligaynon is written using the Latin script . Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthographic conventions. Nowadays there
1820-519: The ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in that place, including their language. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople. Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among
1872-489: The government to transfer their barangay located at the Hilabangan River towards the area of Orong and established a town. They elected a migrant from Tigbauan, Iloilo-Leocadio Tayum y Gregorio- their new head, who served for one year. In 1856, 500 commissaries and policeman of Governor Emilio Saravia stationed in the poblacion attacked the stronghold “made of trunk” of the local chief Manyabog at Carol-an who endured
1924-409: The greeting for 'good morning'. The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun. Republic of Negros (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The Republic of Negros ( Hiligaynon : Republika sang Negros ; Cebuano : Republika sa Negros ; Spanish : República de Negros ) was a short-lived revolutionary entity which had existed on the island of Negros first as
1976-498: The houses. However, the people of Kabankalan quickly recovered and rebuilt the town from the destruction caused by the dissidents. Lorenzo Zayco was elected Municipal President in a special election and took his oath of office, along with other elected officials on January 2, 1908. Pre War-Kabankalan saw the emerging development of the sugar industry. Sugar mills were put up in Hacienda Bearin and Hacienda San Isidro. During
2028-512: The letters with the digraph NG. Like in the word gin-gaan 'was given'; without the hyphen, it would be read as gingaan /gi.ŋaʔan/ as opposed to /gin.gaʔan/ . In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words. Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive , ergative , and oblique . These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people, and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though
2080-410: The municipality of Cavancalan was merged to Ilog. On March 14, 1907, Philippine Commission passed Act. No. 1612 increasing the number of municipalities in Negros Occidental from 21 to 22 by separating from Ilog the former municipality of Cavancalan and reconstituting the same under the name Kabankalan. In mid-1907, a group of rebels called " Pulahanes " led by Papa Isio, raided the town and burned down all
2132-428: The only places in Negros Occidental who are bilingual speakers, as the people in those areas can speak and understand both Cebuano (Bisaya) and Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) at the same time, due to the influx of Cebuano-speaking settlers in those areas. Poverty incidence of Kabankalan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Kabankalan is over an hour's drive south of Bacolod City by car. Public utility vehicles reach
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2184-591: The people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod (" los [naturales] de la playa ") in Iloilo, Panay, whom Spanish explorer Miguel de Loarca called Yligueynes (or the more popular term Hiligaynon , also referred to by the Karay-a people as Siná ). The term Hiligaynon came from the root word ilig ('to go downstream'), referring to a flowing river in Iloilo. In contrast, the Kinaray-a has been used by what
2236-569: The place in about two hours. The city, which serves as the hub of economic activities in southern Negros, is also the take-off point for various destinations down south, and links the province to Dumaguete , the capital of Negros Oriental , via the Kabankalan-Mabinay Highway . Currently under construction, the Kabankalan City Domestic Airport , once opened, will be the second active airport in
2288-484: The plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + mga (a contracted spelling for /maŋa/ ), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon. (*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite , while sang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the ; however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replaced by sang . It appears in conservative translations of
2340-987: The protectorate had been annexed to the Philippine Islands as simply the Republic of Negros. From November 3 to 6, 1898, the Negrenses rose in revolt against the Imperial Spanish authorities headed by the politico-military governor, Colonel Isidro de Castro. The Spaniards decided to surrender upon seeing armed troops marching in a pincer movement towards Bacólod , the main city of the island. The revolutionaries, led by Generals Juan Araneta , from Bago and Aniceto Lacson , from Talisay , were actually carrying fake arms consisting of rifles carved out of palm fronds and cannons of rolled bamboo mats painted black. On 5 November, Spanish officials surrendered themselves to native leaders. A provisional government
2392-637: The province (after the Bacolod-Silay International Airport ). Hiligaynon language Hiligaynon , also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisayâ/Bisayâ nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo , is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas , Negros Island Region , and Soccsksargen , most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people . It
2444-512: The province of Iloilo , primarily in the northern and eastern portions of the province. It has a more traditional and extensive vocabulary, whereas the Urban Hiligaynon dialect spoken in Metro Iloilo has a more simplified or modern vocabulary. For example, the term for 'to wander,' 'to walk,' or 'to stroll' in Urban Hiligaynon is lágaw , which is also widely used by most of the Hiligaynon speakers, whereas in Standard Hiligaynon, dayán
2496-552: The province of Occidental Negros was established on April 20, 1901, and annexed to the Philippine Islands by the United States as the "Republic of Negros". The leaders of the short-lived republic were: November 5, popularly referred to by the Negrenses as Cinco de Noviembre , has been officially observed since 1989 as a special non-working holiday in Negros Occidental. The republic itself has been commemorated in
2548-484: The southernmost town of Hinoba-an . With an area of 697.95 square kilometers, it is the largest city in Negros Occidental and the second largest in the whole Negros Island, after Bayawan (which has an area of 699.08 square kilometers). Under the Coronas climate classification system , Kabankalan falls under Type III. Dry season is from December to May, while the rainy season is from June to November. Average temperature
2600-408: Was ceded to them. When the mission of Ilog was turned over to the Jesuits, it had four towns, Ilog being the chief town. The next was Kabankalan which already appears in a document dated 1630 as the center of encomienda of Admiral Cristobal de Lugo y Montalvo. The third was either Jima or Sima. The fourth was probably Su-ay. The Jesuits who served Kabankalan were Fr. Esteban Jayme. After the expulsion of
2652-563: Was declared on November 5, 1898. When the Americans came, they introduced a democratic form of government. During this time, a lot of improvements came to the town and new modern techniques of farming were introduced by the Americans to the local farmers that improved their products. On April 2, 1903, the Philippine Commission passed Act No. 716 reducing the 34 municipalities of the Province of Negros Occidental to 21 whereby
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#17327833845522704-473: Was then established with Aniceto Lacson as President, and a notice of this was sent by Melecio Severino to Emilio Aguinaldo on Luzón . On November 27, 1898, the unicameral Congress of Deputies ( Spanish : Congreso de Diputados ) met in Bacólod and declared the establishment of the Republican Canton of Negros ( Spanish : Cantón Republicano de Negros ). The Congress of Deputies acted as
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