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64-433: Kabaddi ( / k ə ˈ b æ d i / , / ˈ k ʌ b ə d i / ) is a contact team sport played between two teams of seven players, originating in ancient India . The objective of the game is for a single player on offense, referred to as a "raider", to run into the opposing team's half of the court, touch out as many of their players as possible, and return to their own half of the court, all without being tackled by

128-455: A protective cup to protect their genitalia. There has been an increasing medical, academic, and media focus on sports involving rapid contact in the late 20th to early 21st century and their relationship with sports injuries. Several sports' governing bodies began changing their rules in order to decrease the incidence of serious injuries and avoid lawsuits. In some countries, new laws have been passed, particularly in regard to concussions. At

192-431: A "super raid". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out ("All Out"), they earn two additional points and then all the opposition players are placed back in the game. In the event of a tie, PKL rules stipulate (for playoff matches) that each team is to perform five raids on the other team, with no time limits involved, no players being dismissed or revived, and the baulk line being simultaneously treated as

256-453: A bonus line. There are four major forms of Indian kabaddi recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani Kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out. The game is played over 40 minutes with a five-minute break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent's side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on each side and

320-433: A bonus point (the bonus point is only scored if the raider's trailing foot is in the air while they step over the line). If the raider is successfully stopped (tackled), the opposite team earns a point instead. All players tagged or tackled are taken out of the game, but one is "revived" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle. However, bonus points do not revive players. In addition, players who step out of

384-498: A cant. The term kabaddi is from a Tamil word composed of "Kai" and "Pidi", meaning "hand catch." Ronojoy Sen speculates in his book Nation At Play that kabaddi originated during the Vedic period (between 1500 BC and 500 BC). There are accounts of Gautama Buddha and Lord Krishna having played an ancient form of the sport. According to the sport's origins, Kabaddi is a sport developed centered on Jallikattu . A player going to

448-723: A competitive sport, with the first organized competitions occurring in the 1920s, their introduction to the programme of the Indian Olympic Games in 1938, the establishment of the All-India Kabaddi Federation in 1950, and it being played as a demonstration sport at the inaugural 1951 Asian Games in New Delhi . These developments helped to formalize the sport, which had traditionally been played on muddy surfaces in villages, for legitimate international competition. The first framework of rules for

512-406: A court of 10 by 13 metres (33 ft × 43 ft) in the case of men and 8 by 12 metres (26 ft × 39 ft) in the case of women. Each has five supplementary players held in reserve for substitution. The game is played with 20-minute halves with a 5-minute half time break in which the teams exchange sides. During each play, known as a "raid", a player from the attacking side, known as

576-505: A flag from a belt worn by the opponent or outlawing specific actions entirely such as in walking football . Current medical terminology in the United States uses the term contact sport and collision sport to refer to sports like rugby , American football , professional wrestling , ice hockey , lacrosse and roller derby . The term limited-contact sport is used to refer to sports such as soccer , baseball and handball , and

640-484: A player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in outing all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule, but a player who is declared out stays inside the court while play continues. For every player of

704-680: Is for players who are under 23 years old and below 80 kg (180 lb). The inaugural Yuva Kabaddi Series was conducted in Jaipur in June 2022, and was broadcast on OTT platform FanCode . It is the second-largest kabaddi tournament in India, and the largest tournament in India in terms of number of matches played per year. Four seasonal editions are held every year. Three tournaments were conducted in 2022: Summer Edition in Jaipur, Monsoon Edition at Ranchi, and Winter Edition at Pondicherry; and two in 2023:

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768-476: Is infrequent or inadvertent. A full contact sport is primarily any combat sport that allows the competitor to attempt to knock-out or otherwise defeat their opponent by physically incapacitating them. Examples of this would include most professional martial arts such as Mixed Martial Arts , Boxing and some forms of Karate and Taekwondo . Defeating an opponent generally takes place using in isolation or combination actions such as striking and grappling depending on

832-616: Is the second-most popular sport in India, with the Pro Kabaddi League being watched by hundreds of millions of people each year. The governing body for kabaddi in Pakistan is Pakistan Kabaddi Federation. In Bangladesh , Kabaddi is known with a different name called "Ha-du-du". Ha-du-du has no definite rules and is played with different rules in different areas. Kabaddi is the national sport of Bangladesh, given official status in 1972. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh

896-599: The 1920 Antwerp Olympics . As part of this movement, a provisional Indian Olympic Association (IOA) came about by 1924, and the Indian Olympic Games were held in Feb 1924 in Delhi to select Indian competitors for the 1924 Paris Olympics . IOA Secretary Dr. Noehren wrote about these games as follows: "The All India Athletic Carnival, the greatest and most representative gathering of its kind ever to be held in India,

960-754: The Asian Beach Games . The Indoor kabaddi variant is played in two 15-minute halves by two teams of five players and is a shorter variant of standard style kabaddi. It is played at an international level in competitions such as the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . The Kabaddi World Cup is an outdoor international standard style kabaddi competition conducted by the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF), contested by men's and women's national teams. The competition has been previously contested in 2004, 2007 and 2016. All

1024-483: The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) can relax the general rule. In practice, the games were often held at three to four year intervals in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. In recent editions, an emphasis has been placed on including and promoting traditional Indian games such as kho-kho and sqay . In recent times, the host states of National Games have consistently featured in the top 5 in

1088-669: The Indian Premier League of Twenty20 cricket , with a large focus on marketing, the backing of local broadcaster Star Sports . The Pro Kabaddi League quickly became a ratings success on Indian television; the 2014 season was watched by at least 435 million viewers over the course of the season, and the inaugural championship match was seen by 98.6 million viewers. Bengal Warriors , Bengaluru Bulls , Patna Pirates , Tamil Thalaivas , UP Yoddhas , Gujrat Giants , Haryana Steelers , Puneri Paltan , U Mumba , Jaipur Pink Panthers , Dabang Delhi KC , and Telugu Titans are

1152-472: The Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) in 2014 revolutionised the standard style of the sport, with various rule changes being made; for example, whereas previously raids had no time limit other than the breathing capacity of the raider, the PKL rules introduced the concept of a standard 30-second time limit for every raid. In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of

1216-803: The Punjab region ; hu-tu-tu in Western India , ha-do-do in Eastern India ; chadakudu in South India ; kapardi in Nepal ; kabadi or sadugudu in Tamil Nadu ; and chakgudu in Sri Lanka . The raider is required to execute each raid on a single breath; in order to prove that they are not inhaling, they are required to repeatedly chant the word "kabaddi", in a process referred to as

1280-585: The history of India , the game was popularised as a competitive sport in the 20th century. It is the national sport of Bangladesh . It is the second most popular and viewed sport in India after cricket . It is the state game of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Karnataka , Kerala , Maharashtra , Odisha , Punjab , Tamil Nadu , Telangana , and Uttar Pradesh . There are two major disciplines: " Punjabi kabaddi ", also called "circle style", comprises traditional forms of

1344-436: The "raider", runs into the opposing team's side of the court and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. The raider must cross the baulk line into the defending team's territory, and then return to their half of the field without being tackled. (If an attacker touches a defender and hasn't yet reached the baulk line, they do not need to reach the baulk line to score points and may return to their half of

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1408-494: The 12 teams that play in the Pro Kabaddi League. The organisers of the Pro Kabaddi League change the sport's rules and its presentation to make it more suitable for a television audience. All players in the league must be strictly under 85 kg in weight. When the raider scores 10 or more raid points in a single match, it is called a super 10, and they earn an extra point. If the defender successfully manages to tackle

1472-467: The 21st century, South Korea is one of the fastest-rising nations in international kabaddi, having beaten India in the opening match of the 2016 Kabaddi World Cup . Contact sport Contact sports are categorised by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) into three main categories: contact, limited-contact and noncontact. In attempting to define relative risk for competitors in sports

1536-409: The 5th position when they hosted it in 2011. In 2015, hosts Kerala secured the second spot in the medal tally. One main reason for this trend is the higher number of participants from the host state and comparatively lesser number of participants from other states. Though National Games are supposed to be held once in 2 years, it is faltering on this schedule. It took Ahmedabad seven years to conduct

1600-454: The AAP have further defined contact sports as containing some element of intentional collision between players. They define such collision sports as being where: "athletes purposely hit or collide with each other or with inanimate objects (including the ground) with great force", while in limited-contact sports such impacts are often "infrequent and inadvertent". While contact sports are considered

1664-567: The AAP. The AAP notes Martial arts can be subclassified as judo, jujitsu, karate, kung fu, and tae kwon do; some forms are contact sports and others are limited-contact sports. As defined by the AAP. As a result of the risk of injury, some sports require the use of protective equipment , for example American football protective equipment or the gloves and helmets needed for underwater hockey . Some sports are also played on soft ground and have padding on physical obstacles, such as goal posts . Most contact sports require any male players to wear

1728-546: The Asian Games from 2002 through 2014. At the 2018 Asian Games , Iran became the first country other than India to win gold medals in kabaddi, with India's men's team winning bronze, and India's women's team being beaten by Iran to win silver. AKC 's tenth season was played in Gorgan , Iran, in 2017 in which India won its tenth gold by defeating Pakistan in the finals. The first edition of European Kabaddi Championship

1792-501: The Champions when they hosted it in 2002 winning a whopping 94 Gold Medals overall. Assam had managed to win only a single gold medal and had finished 21st position in 2001. But, in the subsequent 2007 National Games that they hosted, they were the second runners-up winning a total of 38 Gold Medals. In 2011, Assam finished 15th overall winning only 5 Gold Medals. Jharkhand had been in the 15th position in 2007 National Games. They rose to

1856-666: The Games. Like the early games, the modern games had their challenges: for example, a decision on the sixth modern National Games in Ludhiana, Punjab was delayed because the Central Government diverted funding for the first Afro-Asian Games . The National Games were normally to be held every two years, leaving those years in which the Olympic Games and Asian Games are scheduled. In exceptional cases or natural calamity,

1920-552: The IOA President Maharaja of Patiala then asked Bombay to host the games; it had just three months to organise the event. Bombay government ministers and Bombay olympic association officials then worked to hold the 1950 National Games in Bombay in early February 1950. While held at various cities, the organisation of each national games was roughly similar, with an overarching 'Jury of Honour and Appeal' comprising

1984-781: The KMP YKS in Maharashtra (which was won by Ahmednagar) and Summer Edition Mysore. For the first time in the history of Indian kabaddi, players from the North East will be playing in a tournament of this stature. Each edition is contested over several rounds, with teams eliminated in each round, and the Summit Round acting as the playoffs of the tournament and leading to the final. Several players who started off in YKS have gone on to play at higher levels of kabaddi competition, such as

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2048-642: The Pro Kabaddi League (through the New Young Player initiative) and the Junior Kabaddi World Cup. Yuva Kabaddi Series was founded by uMumba CEO Suhail Chandhok and Vikas Kumar Gautam. Kabaddi is a popular sport in the Indian subcontinent . The governing federation for kabaddi in India is the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI), which was founded in 1973 and compiled a standard set of rules. Kabaddi

2112-509: The athletes from injury. Examples of semi-contact sports include karate , kalaripayattu , Kenpo , various Korean martial arts that incorporate contact rules sparring, kendo , some types of historical European martial arts , fencing and taekwondo . As defined by the AAP, and also considered collision sports. The AAP notes Martial arts can be subclassified as judo, jujitsu, karate, kung fu, and tae kwon do; some forms are contact sports and others are limited-contact sports. As defined by

2176-406: The boundary are out. However, the boundary of the field can vary mid-raid; there are two strips on either side of the court known as "lobby areas" which only become part of the field of play in raids where the raider touches an opponent. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an "empty raid". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as

2240-491: The concept of full contact, semi-contact and noncontact (or other definitions) for both training and competitive sparring. Some categories of contact may or may not be combined with other methods of scoring, but full contact is generally considered to include the potential for victory by knockout or submission depending on the form of combat. An example of this is full contact karate and taekwondo where competitors are allowed to attempt to knock out an opponent through strikes to

2304-490: The court.) While raiding, the raider must loudly chant kabaddi , confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single breath without inhaling. Each raid has a 30-second time limit. A point is scored for each defender tagged; tags can be made with any part of the raider's body and touching any part of the defender's body. If the raider steps beyond the bonus line marked in the defending team's territory when there are six or more players, they earn an additional point known as

2368-421: The defenders in 30 seconds. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are touched or tackled, but return to the game after each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle. It is popular in the Indian subcontinent and other surrounding Asian countries . Although accounts of kabaddi appear in

2432-565: The different states of India participate against each other. The country's first few Olympic Games, now renamed as National Games, were held in Lahore (now in Pakistan), Delhi , Allahabad (now Prayagraj), Patiala , Madras (now Chennai), Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Bombay (now Mumbai). In the early 1920s, the Indian chapter of the Olympic movement was born, and India participated in

2496-724: The final to retain their title. The inaugural edition of the Kabaddi Masters was held in Dubai , 22–30 June 2018. It was the first kabaddi tournament to be held in the UAE . It featured 6 teams. India won the tournament by defeating Iran in the final with a scoreline of 44–26, with the Indian Defense outperforming the Iran Defense. The Pro Kabaddi League was established in 2014. The league modeled its business upon that of

2560-433: The five raiders in a single game, it is a high 5, and the team will be awarded one extra point. [1] Additional rules are used in the Pro Kabaddi League to encourage scoring: when a defensive side has three or fewer players remaining, tackles are worth two points instead of one. Furthermore, if a team performs two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point ("do-or-die raid"), or else they will be declared out and

2624-570: The games after 2015 edition in Kerala . The 34th National Games had been postponed six times before finally opening on 12 February 2011. The 35th National Games were to be held at Thiruvananthapuram in 2012, it was then announced that it would be held from 31 January to 14 February 2015. The 36th National Games were to be held at Goa as announced at the closing ceremony of 35th National Games in Thiruvananthapuram, Goa contingent said

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2688-805: The games would be held in November 2016, then it was postponed to November 2017, however Goa has now declared it inability to host the games altogether. Uttarakhand was to host the 37th National Games. The 38th National Games were to be held after that in January 2019 in Amaravati , Andhra Pradesh. The 36th edition of the National Games was held in the year 2022 in the state of Gujarat . The 2015 National Games organised in Thiruvananthapuram were associated with green protocols. This

2752-702: The head or otherwise bringing the opponent to the floor. Full contact rules differentiate from other forms of the same sports that may otherwise restrict blows to the head and the use of elbows or knees. Such full contact sports may be defined as combat sports and require a of change equipment, alter or omit rules, and are generally differentiated from contact sports by their explicit intent of defeating an opponent in physical combat. Some contact sports have limited-contact or noncontact variations (such as flag football for American football ) which attempt to replace tackling and other forms of contact with alternative methods of interacting with an opponent, such as removing

2816-727: The main officials for the games; and other officials such as a General Manager and Managers; Referee; Official Surveyor; Judges; Starters; Clerks of the Course; Recorders; Announcers; Scorers; Marshals; and Photographers. For example, at the 11th Games in Patiala, Feb 1944, the Jury of Honor and Appeal comprised Moinul Haq (Chair), N. Ahmed, S. K. Mukherjee, S. de Noronha, Sohrab Bhoot, J. N. Khosla, Raja Birindra Singh, A. C. Dass, M. S. Ahluwalia, BR Kagal, CR Dhodapkar, Nawab Hussain, S. V. Lingras, Dr. Kailash Singh, N. N. Kunzru, and P. K. Varghese. And

2880-497: The most high risk for injury, in some sports being a major feature (such as boxing or other martial arts), limited-contact and noncontact sports are not without risk as injury or contact may come about as a result of a fall or collision with the playing area, or a piece of sporting equipment , such as being struck by a hockey stick or football or even a piece of protective wear worn by a teammate or opposition player. Some definitions of contact sports, particularly martial arts, have

2944-573: The officials included 6 Managers for various sports, General Manager Kirpa Narain, announcers Bashir Ali Sheikh and Prem Kumar, and several judges. At the 13th Games in Lucknow, Feb. 1948, the Jury of Honour and Appeal comprised Moinul Haq (Chair), M. Sultan, Sohrab Bhoot, D. N. Sharma, M. G. Nageshkar, Raja Bhalinder Singh, B. C. Holanti, Rameshwar Dayal, S. de Noronha, P. K. Verghese, N. Ahmed, A. C. Das, Kirpa Narain, P. C. Joshi, G. D. Sondhi, Janki Das, Harbail Singh, Vasant Captain, and A. R. Khanna. And

3008-530: The officials included General Manager M. Sultan and 8 Managers for various sports; Referee G. D. Sondhi; Official Surveyors G. D. Sondhi, N. Ahmed, Sohrab Bhoot, and M. Sultan; announcer David Abraham; and several judges and other officials. At the 14th Games in Bombay, Feb 1950, the Jury of Honour and Appeal comprised G. D. Sondhi (Chair), N. Ahmed, R. Narain, Sohrab Bhoot, M. Sultan, R. Dayal, F. C. Aurora, S. S. Dhawan, Bhalinder Singh, M. G. Nageshkar, A. S. de Mello, S. K. Basu, B. C. Mahante, and C. C. Abraham. And

3072-827: The officials included Referee Moinul Haq; Manager in Chief Sohrab Bhoot; Managers Nariman Saugar and Y. A. Gole; announcer David Abraham; and judges and other officials. For several years in the mid-twentieth century, the national games were conducted on a low key note. However, the first Modern National Games on the lines of the Olympics were held in 1985 in New Delhi. Thereafter Kerala (1987), Pune, Maharashtra (1994), Bangalore, Karnataka (1997), Manipur (1999), Ludhiana, Punjab (2001), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (2002), Guwahati, Assam (2007), Ranchi, Jharkhand (2011), Trivandrum, Kerala (2015) and Ahmedabad, Gujarat (2022) hosted

3136-669: The opposing team will score a point. The inaugural edition of the IIPKL was on 13 May, 2019 at Pune , India. The title for the inaugural season was won by the Bangalore Rhinos. In May 2018, the Super Kabaddi League was first held in Pakistan, as part of a larger push to promote renewed interest in the sport in Pakistan. Yuva Kabaddi Series (YKS) is a franchise-based junior-category kabaddi tournament in India . It

3200-629: The opposition is treated like a Bull . It is like taming a bull without touching it, as it is mentioned in Sangam Literature that the game called Sadugudu was practised since ages. There are also accounts of kabaddi having been played in Iran 2,000 years ago. Modern kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in various forms under different names in the Indian subcontinent. India has been first credited with having helped to popularise kabaddi as

3264-429: The opposition touched "out", a team earns a point. Punjabi kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of 22 metres (72 ft). The Beach kabaddi variant is played in two 15-minute halves by two teams of four players who are not allowed to wear shoes and is played on levelled ground of sand either on seas shore or river banks. It is played at an international level in competitions such as

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3328-432: The overall medal tally. Kerala had become the Champions when it hosted the event in 1987. The 1997 National Games was hosted by Karnataka and they won the largest number of medals. Manipur which had finished 9th in the 1997 National Games, became the overall champions when they hosted the event two years later. In 2001, hosts Punjab became the champions. Andhra Pradesh which had won only 11 Gold Medals in 2001 went on to become

3392-730: The professional level, America's professional football league, the National Football League , implemented The Concussion Protocol in 2011, banning concussed players from re-entering the same game in which they were injured in order to reduce the risk of further injury and damage. In Canada in 2018, Rowan's Law was passed after the death of a young Canadian female athlete. Rowan Stringer died in 2013 of second-impact syndrome , "...the result of suffering multiple concussions playing rugby three times in six days." National Games of India The National Games of India consist of various disciplines in which athletes from

3456-444: The rules of the sport. Full-contact martial arts include: A semi-contact sport is typically a combat sport involving striking and containing physical contact between the combatants simulating full-power techniques. The techniques are restricted to limited power, and rendering the opponent unconscious is forbidden. Some semi-contact sports use a point system to determine the winner and use extensive protective gear to protect

3520-838: The sport that are played on a circular field outdoors, and the "standard style", on a rectangular court indoors, is played in major professional leagues and international competitions such as the Asian Games . This game is known by numerous names in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, such as: kabaddi or chedugudu in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ; kabaddi in Maharashtra , Karnataka and Kerala ; kabaddi , komonti or ha-du-du in West Bengal and Bangladesh ; baibalaa in Maldives , kauddi or kabaddi in

3584-545: The sport was prepared in Maharashtra in the 1920s, with English sports serving as a model for this formalisation. One of the earliest modern tournaments of the sport, the All India Kabaddi Tournament in 1923, was played according to these amended rules. After being demonstrated again at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi , kabaddi was added to the Asian Games programme beginning in 1990. The advent of

3648-539: The sports organising body of the nation, mooted the concept of the National Games to promote the development of sports and of the Olympic movement in India, and was responsible for host city selection. Each games was organised by the host city sports association, and each had its unique challenges. For example, in late 1949, the Bengal Provincial Olympic Association, whose turn it was to hold the next national games, could not do so, and

3712-678: The term noncontact sport to sports like badminton , running and swimming . The American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement was revised in 2008 to include the following definition: In collision sports (e.g. boxing , ice hockey, American football, lacrosse, and rodeo ), athletes purposely hit or collide with each other or with inanimate objects (including the ground) with great force. In contact sports (e.g. basketball), athletes routinely make contact with each other or with inanimate objects but usually with less force than in collision sports. In limited-contact sports (e.g. softball and squash), contact with other athletes or with inanimate objects

3776-511: The tournaments have been won by India. India defeated Iran by 38–29 in the final of the championship game to clinch the title of 2016. After the establishment of a new kabaddi organization named World Kabaddi Federation in 2005, a 2019 Kabaddi World Cup was held in April 2019 at Malacca , Malaysia . It was the largest world cup in kabaddi history, consisting of 32 men's teams and 24 women's teams. The inaugural Junior Kabaddi World Championship

3840-668: Was formed in 1973. Kabaddi is among the national sports of Nepal. Kabaddi is played and taught in most primary schools beginning in about the third grade in most Nepali schools. Kabaddi was also played by the British Army for fun, to keep fit and as an enticement to recruit soldiers from the British Asian community. Kabaddi was brought to the United Kingdom by its South Asian diaspora ( Bangladeshi , Indian , Pakistani , Nepali and Sri Lankan immigrants.) In

3904-549: Was held in Kish island , Iran, 11–14 November 2019. It featured 13 teams. Iran won the tournament by defeating Kenya in the final, 42–22. Team India did not participate in this tournament. Kabaddi was played as a demonstration event at the First Asian Games in 1951, and again in 1982, before becoming a medal event for the first time in 1990. The Indian national team won every men's and women's kabaddi competition in

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3968-637: Was held in Scotland in 2019. The final match was between Poland and Holland , Poland won the tournament. Final score was Poland 47–27 Holland. The second edition was held in Cyprus in 2021 which was organized by World Kabaddi Federation . Poland retained their title by beating hosts Cyprus in the final, 29-15. Italy was set to host the third edition in 2022, but it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic , eventually happening in 2023. Poland beat England in

4032-416: Was initiated by Suchitwa Mission that aimed for "zero-waste" venues. Waste Management programmes were implemented at the 29 venues. To make the event "disposable-free", there was ban on the usage of disposable water bottles. The event witnessed the usage of reusable tableware and stainless steel tumblers. Athletes were provided with refillable steel flasks. It is estimated that these green practices stopped

4096-488: Was recently celebrated in Delhi...Seventy athletes, representing practically every province and State in the Empire, comprising Hindus, Muslims, Anglo-Indians and Sinhalese, ate their food around the same table and mingled intimately in the cramped and uncomfortable quarters provided." The games were then held every two years, and were renamed as National Games during the 9th Games in Bombay in 1940. Indian Olympic Association,

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