Kedatuan ( Old Malay , Philippine , and Sundanese spelling: kadatuan ; Javanese romanization : kedaton ) were historical semi-independent city-states or principalities throughout ancient Maritime Southeast Asia in the present-day Philippines , Indonesia , and Malaysia . In a modern Indonesian / Malay sense, they could be described as kingdoms or polities . The earliest written record mentioning the term kadatuan was the 7th-century Srivijayan Telaga Batu and Kota Kapur inscription from Sumatra , Indonesia .
18-802: Kedatuan and kadatuan are derived from the root word datu , which is derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian datu , with the possible reconstructed meaning of "lineage priest". Cognates in modern Austronesian languages include datu or dato in Philippine languages ; datu in Acehnese , Minangkabau , Balinese , Makassarese , Mongondow , etc.; datuk in Malay ; rato in Madurese ; ratu in Javanese and Sundanese ; ratu or latu in Maluku and
36-530: Is suggested that during its early formation, Srivijaya was a collection or some kind of federation consisting of several kadatuans (local principalities), all swearing allegiance to the central ruling kadatuan ruled by the Srivijayan maharaja . Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ( PMP ) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which is by far
54-596: The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary . Dapunta Hyang Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa ( IAST : Ḍapunta Hiyaṃ Śrī Jayanāśa ) was the first Maharaja (Great King) of Srivijaya and thought to be the dynastic founder of Kadatuan Srivijaya. His name was mentioned in the series of Srivijayan inscriptions dated from the late 7th century CE dubbed the "Siddhayatra inscriptions", describing his sacred journey to acquire blessings and also to conquer neighboring areas. He reigned around
72-601: The Kedukan Bukit inscription discovered in Palembang . However, later historians discount the interpretation of the inscriptions as being connected to the account by Yijing. The Kedukan Bukit inscription dated 605 saka (683 CE), mentioned a king titled Dapunta Hyang who performed a Siddhayatra (sacred journey) by the boat. He departed from Minanga Tamwan accompanied by 20,000 soldiers heading to Matajap and conquering several areas. Other inscriptions tell of
90-1025: The Lesser Sunda Islands ; ratu in Fijian ; rātū in Wayan (West Fijian); and lātū in Samoan . All of these have meanings related to leaders, heads of clans or ancestors, or men/women who are wealthy, respected, or skilled. In the Philippines , kadatuan either means "the domain/jurisdiction of the datu " or was an abstract noun about the rank of the datu , formed by adding the circumfix ka- -an to datu . Datu (also spelled dato ) referred to hereditary rulers of independent communities (called barangay , dulohan , pulok , banwa , etc. in various ethnic groups), as well as to paramount rulers who ruled over other datu with varying degrees of influence and prestige. They were present throughout
108-563: The Luzon Strait consisted of multi-ethnic crews rapidly settling across various locations in maritime Southeast Asia , as suggested by both archaeological and linguistic evidence. There was also a Malayo-Polynesian migration to Hainan ; Blench (2016) notes that both Hlai and Austronesian peoples use the foot-braced backstrap loom as well. Below are selected animal and plant names in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from
126-735: The Minangkabau lands , the Malay Peninsula , the Borneo coast and the Philippine archipelago. In Javanese, the term ratu is used instead of datu , thus in Java karaton , keraton , or kraton is used instead of kedaton to describe the residence of the regional leader. The term is also known in Java as kedaton , the meaning however, has shifted to an architectural term to refer to
144-423: The datu " or "the residence of the datu ". Constructed from the old Malay stem word datu with circumfix ke- -an to denote place. It is derived from datu or datuk , an ancient Austronesian title, and position for regional leader or elder that is used throughout Maritime Southeast Asia . It was mentioned in several inscriptions such as the 7th-century Srivijayan Old Malay Telaga Batu inscription and
162-460: The 14th-century Old Sundanese Astana Gede inscription . In a wider sense, the term could refer to the whole principality, while in a smaller sense however, it could refer to the palace where the datu resides. The Kota Kapur inscription mentions " manraksa yan kadatuan çrivijaya " (to protect the Kadatuan of Srivijaya), thus Srivijaya is described as a kadatuan . From a Srivijayan perspective,
180-633: The Philippines , the datu became part of the native aristocracy , the principalia . They were part of the colonial government, often serving as gobernadorcillos and cabezas de barangay (elected town and village mayors ). Among the Muslim Filipinos , the datu was part of a more centralized political system ( sultanates ) that paid obeisance to a royal family of the sultans. The term kadatuan in Old Malay means "the realm of
198-714: The Siddhayatra journey and Srivijayan conquests of surrounding areas, such as Kota Kapur discovered in Bangka island (686 CE), Karang Brahi discovered in Jambi Hulu (686 CE) and Palas Pasemah discovered in southern Lampung , all mention the same event. From all of these inscriptions, it was concluded that Dapunta Hyang established the Srivijayan empire after defeating his enemies in Jambi, Palembang, Southern Lampung, and Bangka island , and he even went further to launch
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#1732775584938216-446: The first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947). The assumed phonetic values are given in
234-835: The inner compound of the living quarter inside the keraton (palace) complex. For example, there is the kedaton complex within the central part of Keraton Surakarta Palace in Central Java. Smaller kedatuan often became subordinated to more powerful neighboring kedatuan , which in turn were subordinate to a central king ( maharaja ). The more powerful kedatuan sometimes grew to become powerful kingdoms and occasionally tried to liberate themselves from their suzerain and sometimes enjoyed times of independence, and in turn, might have subjugated neighboring kedatuan . Kedatuan , large and small, often shifted allegiance or paid tribute to more than one powerful neighbor. Some kedatuan , such as Srivijaya , rose to become empires . It
252-512: The islands, from small villages to large loosely federated thalassocracies . Paramount datu , who ruled larger city-states connected to maritime trading routes , often took on other titles like lakan or loanwords like rajah or sultan , depending on ethnic group. They were first described by Spanish colonizers in the Boxer Codex (c.1590). During the Spanish colonial period in
270-528: The largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family . Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan , as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island . The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian (" Uraustronesisch ") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan , and was therefore actually
288-535: The realm of the Kadatuan Srivijaya consisted of several wanua (settlements), each led by a datu ( datuk ), which means a community leader or elder. All of this realm was under the control of the central kadatuan , also led by a datu . The highest datu in Srivijaya was Dapunta Hyang . Kedatuan is known and widely spread in the islands of Southeast Asia , including the east coast of Sumatra ,
306-450: The table. This consonant system is quite similar to the ancestral Proto-Austronesian ( PAN ) system, but is characterized by three mergers: The Proto-Austronesian vowels *a, *i, *u, *e (*e representing /ə/) and final diphthongs *ay, *aw, *uy, *iw remained unchanged. In a study from 2016, Roger Blench has raised doubts that there was actually a single unitary Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language. Rather, Malayo-Polynesian expansion across
324-481: The turn of the late 7th century to early 8th century, more precisely in the period between 671 and 702 CE. Yijing , a Chinese Buddhist monk who visited Srivijaya and stayed for 6 months in 671, was impressed by the generosity, kindness, and hospitality demonstrated by the king of Srivijaya. The king mentioned in Yijing's report was later linked to the king mentioned in the oldest Srivijayan inscription (dated 682 CE),
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