Kaga-Bandoro (formerly Fort-Crampel and Crampel ) is a market town and capital of the Nana-Grébizi prefecture of the Central African Republic . It represents the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaga–Bandoro . The town has been renamed twice.
146-415: In March 1897, Émile Gentil established a post in what is known as Kaga-Bandoro. On the next year, the post was named Fort-Crampel. Two French colonial officials executed a deserter by dynamite on 14 July 1903 to celebrate Bastille Day and warn the locals not to rebel against the colonial government. This egregious incident led to the scandal known as Fort Crampel Affair . On 23 January 1961, Fort-Crampel
292-671: A 'gathering of the mob ,' a walking and golf cart parade, and a mock beheading of the King and Queen . Portland, Oregon , has celebrated Bastille Day with crowds up to 8,000, in public festivals at various public parks, since 2001. The event is coordinated by the Alliance Française of Portland. Seattle 's Bastille Day celebration, held at the Seattle Center , involves performances, picnics, wine and shopping. Sacramento, California , conducts annual "waiter races" in
438-653: A captain, a knight, eight squires and ten crossbowmen, the Bastille was encircled with ditches fed by the River Seine , and faced with stone. The fortress had four sets of drawbridges, which allowed the Rue Saint-Antoine to pass eastwards through the Bastille's gates while giving easy access to the city walls on the north and south sides. The Bastille overlooked the Saint-Antoine gate, which by 1380
584-751: A celebration annually, hosted by the French Cultural Center for 40 years. The street festival occurs in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood, near the Cultural Center's headquarters. The celebration includes francophone musical performers, dancing, and French cuisine . New York City has numerous Bastille Day celebrations each July, including Bastille Day on 60th Street hosted by the French Institute Alliance Française between Fifth and Lexington Avenues on
730-403: A circular public space with colonnades . Director-General of Finance Jacques Necker , having examined the cost of running the Bastille, amounting to well over 127,000 livres in 1774, proposed closing the institution on the grounds of economy alone. Similarly, Pierre-François de Rivière du Puget, the Bastille's lieutenant de roi , submitted reports in 1788 suggesting that the authorities close
876-696: A competition for the "Best Baguette of the Twin Cities ." Montgomery, Ohio , has a celebration with wine, beer, local restaurants' fare, pastries, games and bands. St. Louis , Missouri , has annual festivals in the Soulard neighborhood, the former French village of Carondelet, Missouri , and in the Benton Park neighborhood. The Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion in the Benton Park neighborhood, holds an annual Bastille Day festival with reenactments of
1022-561: A crowd besieged the Hôtel des Invalides for firearms, muskets, and cannons stored in its cellars. That same day, another crowd stormed the Bastille , a fortress-prison in Paris that had historically held people jailed on the basis of lettres de cachet (literally "signet letters"), arbitrary royal indictments that could not be appealed and did not indicate the reason for the imprisonment, and
1168-663: A crowd on 14 July 1789, in the French Revolution , becoming an important symbol for the French Republican movement . It was later demolished and replaced by the Place de la Bastille . The castle was built to defend the eastern approach to the city from potential English attacks during the Hundred Years' War . Construction was underway by 1357, but the main construction occurred from 1370 onwards, creating
1314-496: A document on their release, promising not to talk about the Bastille or their time within it, but by the 1780s this agreement was frequently broken. Prisoners leaving the Bastille could be granted pensions on their release by the Crown, either as a form of compensation or as a way of ensuring future good behaviour – Voltaire was granted 1,200 livres a year, for example, while Latude received an annual pension of 400 livres. During
1460-494: A dramatic account of his detention, explaining that, despite being innocent, he had been abused and left to rot in one of the Bastille's cachot dungeons, enchained next to a corpse. More criticism followed in 1719 when the Abbé Jean de Bucquoy ( fr ) , who had escaped from the Bastille ten years previously, published an account of his adventures from the safety of Hanover . He gave a similar account to Renneville's and termed
1606-724: A family-friendly Bastille Day party at the French Legation , the home of the French representative to the Republic of Texas from 1841 to 1845. Chicago , Illinois , has hosted a variety of Bastille Day celebrations in a number of locations in the city, including Navy Pier and Oz Park . The recent incarnations have been sponsored in part by the Chicago branch of the French-American Chamber of Commerce and by
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#17327717341741752-406: A protest in 1380, when Parisians shouted the phrase outside the castle, or because it was used to house prisoners who had more freedom to walk around the castle than the typical prisoner. Puits tower contained the castle well, while Coin formed the corner of the Rue Saint-Antoine. The main castle courtyard, accessed through the southern gateway, was 120 feet long by 72 feet wide (37 m by 22 m), and
1898-546: A scandal or a public trial over their misdemeanours, and the secrecy that surrounded detention at the Bastille allowed personal and family reputations to be quietly protected. The Bastille was considered one of the best prisons for an upper-class prisoner to be detained at, because of the standard of the facilities for the wealthy. In the aftermath of the notorious " Affair of the Diamond Necklace " of 1786, involving Queen Marie Antoinette and accusations of fraud, all
2044-399: A short period in 1703. These prisoners were mainly from the upper classes, and those who could afford to pay for additional luxuries lived in good conditions, wearing their own clothes, living in rooms decorated with tapestries and carpets or taking exercise around the castle garden and along the walls. By the late 17th century, there was a rather disorganised library for the use of inmates in
2190-712: A strong fortress with eight towers that protected the strategic gateway of the Porte Saint-Antoine heading out to the east. The innovative design proved influential in both France and England and was widely copied. The Bastille figured prominently in France's domestic conflicts, including the fighting between the rival factions of the Burgundians and the Armagnacs in the 15th century, and the Wars of Religion in
2336-556: A surprise attack into Paris, almost resulting in the capture of the king. The Bastille was being used to hold prisoners once again by the reign of Louis XI , who began to use it extensively as a state penitentiary. An early escapee from the Bastille during this period was Antoine de Chabannes , Count of Dammartin and a member of the League of the Public Weal , who was imprisoned by Louis and escaped by boat in 1465. The captains of
2482-432: A symbol of arbitrary despotism. Two authors were particularly influential during that period. The first was Simon-Nicholas Linguet , who was arrested and detained at the Bastille in 1780, after publishing a critique of Maréchal Duras . After his release, he published his Mémoires sur la Bastille in 1783, a damning critique of the institution. Linguet criticised, sometimes inaccurately, the physical conditions in which he
2628-562: A useful facility for the police authorities. The Bastille was a preferred location for holding prisoners who needed extensive questioning or where a case required the analysis of extensive documents. The Bastille was also used to store the Parisian police archives; public order equipment such as chains and flags; and illegal goods, seized by order of the crown using a version of the lettre de cachet , such as banned books and illicit printing presses. Throughout this period, but particularly in
2774-451: A wider range of social backgrounds than the upper-class Calvinists detained under Louis XIV; historian Monique Cottret argues that the decline of the Bastille's social "mystique" originates from this phase of detentions. By Louis XVI, the background of those entering the Bastille and the type of offences they were detained over had changed markedly. Between 1774 and 1789, the detentions included 54 people accused of robbery; 31 of involvement in
2920-471: A wooden walkway for the use of the guards, known as "la ronde", or the round. An outer court had grown up around the south-west side of the Bastille, adjacent to the Arsenal. This was open to the public and lined with small shops rented out by the governor for almost 10,000 livres a year, complete with a lodge for the Bastille gatekeeper; it was illuminated at night to light the adjacent street. The Bastille
3066-508: A year. Louis used the Bastille to hold not just suspected rebels or plotters but also those who had simply irritated him in some way, such as differing with him on matters of religion. The typical offences that inmates were accused of were espionage, counterfeiting and embezzlement from the state; a number of financial officials were detained in this way under Louis, most famously including Nicolas Fouquet , his supporters Henry de Guénegaud , Jeannin and Lorenzo de Tonti . In 1685 Louis revoked
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#17327717341743212-559: A year: Bastille Day. The single day of celebration evolved into the major Heiva i Tahiti festival in Papeete Tahiti, where traditional events such as canoe races, tattooing, and fire walks are held. The singing and dancing competitions continue with music composed with traditional instruments such as the nasal flute and ukulele. Within the UK, London has a large French contingent, and celebrates Bastille Day at various locations across
3358-466: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bastille Day Bastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries to the national day of France , which is celebrated on 14 July each year. It is referred to, both legally and commonly, as le 14 juillet ( French: [lə katɔʁz(ə) ʒɥijɛ] ) in French, though la fête nationale is also used in
3504-623: Is a traditional festival dance of the French consul that draws large crowds, and many unofficial events over the city celebrate the relationship between France and the city of Liège. Vancouver , British Columbia holds a celebration featuring exhibits, food and entertainment. The Toronto Bastille Day festival is also celebrated in Toronto , Ontario . The festival is organized by the French-Canadian community in Toronto and sponsored by
3650-448: Is credited with beginning the modern transformation of the Bastille into a more formal organ of the French state, further increasing its structured use as a state prison. Richelieu broke with Henry IV's tradition of the Bastille's captain being a member of the French aristocracy, typically a Marshal of France such as François de Bassompierre , Charles d'Albert or Nicolas de L'Hospital , and instead appointed Père Joseph 's brother to run
3796-744: Is held annually in the Bishop Arts District of the North Oak Cliff neighborhood, southwest of downtown just across the Trinity River . Dallas' French roots are tied to the short lived socialist Utopian community La Réunion , formed in 1855 and incorporated into the City of Dallas in 1860. Miami 's celebration is organized by "French & Famous" in partnership with the French American Chamber of Commerce,
3942-502: Is live music, street performers, and traditional French games played. The United States has over 20 cities that conduct annual celebrations of Bastille Day. The different cities celebrate with many French staples such as food, music, games, and sometimes the recreation of famous French landmarks. Baltimore , Maryland , has a large Bastille Day celebration each year at Petit Louis in the Roland Park area of Baltimore. Boston has
4088-497: Is provided throughout the festival. The French Consulate in South Africa also celebrates their national holiday with a party for the French community. Activities also include dressing up in different items of French clothing. Following colonial rule, France annexed a large portion of what is now French Polynesia . Under French rule, Tahitians were permitted to participate in sport, singing, and dancing competitions one day
4234-847: Is sponsored by the Institut de France . The festival is hosted along the Danube River , with streets filled with music and dancing. There are also local markets dedicated to French foods and wine, mixed with some traditional Hungarian specialties. At the end of the celebration, a fireworks show is held on the river banks. Bastille Day is celebrated with great festivity in Pondicherry , a former French colony. The Embassy of France in Ireland organizes several events around Dublin , Cork and Limerick for Bastille Day; including evenings of French music and tasting of French food. Many members of
4380-677: Is the French military parade that has been held in the morning, every year in Paris, since 1880. While previously held elsewhere within or near the capital city, since 1918 it has been held on the Champs-Élysées , with the participation of the Allies as represented in the Versailles Peace Conference, and with the exception of the period of German occupation from 1940 to 1944 (when the ceremony took place in London under
4526-568: Is usually between 11 and 14 July. It acts as an event that marks the relinquish of the EU presidency from France to the Czech Republic. Traditional selections of French produce, including cheese, wine, meat, bread and pastries, are provided by the market. Throughout the event, live music is played in the evenings, with lanterns lighting up the square at night. The amusement park Tivoli celebrates Bastille Day. Budapest 's two-day celebration
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4672-671: The Champs-Élysées in Paris in front of the President of France , along with other French officials and foreign guests. In 1789, tensions rose in France between reformist and conservative factions as the country struggled to resolve an economic crisis. In May, the Estates General legislative assembly was revived, but members of the Third Estate broke ranks, declaring themselves to be the National Assembly of
4818-678: The Day of the Barricades on 12 May 1588, when hard-line Catholics rose up in revolt against the relatively moderate Henry III . After a day's fighting had occurred across the capital, Henry III fled and the Bastille surrendered to Henry I, Duke of Guise , the leader of the Catholic League , who appointed Bussy-Leclerc as his new captain. Henry III responded by having the Duke and his brother murdered later that year, whereupon Bussy-Leclerc used
4964-501: The FACA and their Russian allies entered the city of Kaga-Bandoro. This has caused the fleeing of the rebel forces previously occupying the town to the north towards Kabo and Batangafo . Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical wet and dry (Aw). 7°00′N 19°11′E / 7.000°N 19.183°E / 7.000; 19.183 This Central African Republic location article
5110-697: The French Consulate-General in Chicago. Milwaukee 's four-day street festival begins with a "Storming of the Bastille" with a 43-foot replica of the Eiffel Tower . Minneapolis , Minnesota , has a celebration with wine, French food, pastries, a flea market, circus performers and bands. Also in the Twin Cities area, the local chapter of the Alliance Française has hosted an annual event for years at varying locations with
5256-686: The Fronde and the Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine , which was fought beneath its walls in 1652. Louis XIV used the Bastille as a prison for upper-class members of French society who had opposed or angered him including, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes , French Protestants . From 1659 onwards, the Bastille functioned primarily as a state penitentiary; by 1789, 5,279 prisoners had passed through its gates. Under Louis XV and XVI ,
5402-495: The Porte Saint-Denis . Marcel was subsequently removed from his post and executed in 1358. In 1369, Charles V became concerned about the weakness of the eastern side of the city to English attacks and raids by mercenaries. Charles instructed Hugues Aubriot , the new provost, to build a much larger fortification on the same site as Marcel's bastille . Work began in 1370 with another pair of towers being built behind
5548-702: The Storming of the Bastille , was to symbolize peace. The event took place on the Champ de Mars , which was located far outside of Paris at the time. The work needed to transform the Champ de Mars into a suitable location for the celebration was not on schedule to be completed in time. On the day recalled as the Journée des brouettes ("The Day of the Wheelbarrow"), thousands of Parisian citizens gathered together to finish
5694-600: The end of the feudal system ), 5 May (when the Estates-General first assembled), 27 July (the fall of Robespierre ), and 21 January (the date of Louis XVI 's execution). The government decided that the date of the holiday would be 14 July, but that was still somewhat problematic. The events of 14 July 1789 were illegal under the previous government, which contradicted the Third Republic's need to establish legal legitimacy. French politicians also did not want
5840-572: The 14 July festival. The campaign for the reinstatement of the festival was sponsored by the notable politician Léon Gambetta and scholar Henri Baudrillant . On 21 May 1880, Benjamin Raspail proposed a law, signed by sixty-four members of government, to have "the Republic adopt 14 July as the day of an annual national festival". There were many disputes over which date to be remembered as the national holiday, including 4 August (the commemoration of
5986-488: The 16th century the area around the Bastille developed further. Early modern Paris continued to grow, and by the end of the century it had around 250,000 inhabitants and was one of the most populous cities in Europe, though still largely contained within its old city walls – open countryside remained beyond the Bastille. The Arsenal , a large military-industrial complex tasked with the production of cannons and other weapons for
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6132-508: The 16th. The fortress was declared a state prison in 1417; this role was expanded further, first under the English occupiers of the 1420s and 1430s, and then under Louis XI in the 1460s. The defences of the Bastille were fortified in response to the Imperial threat during the 1550s, with a bastion constructed to the east of the fortress. The Bastille played a key role in the rebellion of
6278-453: The 1775 Famine Revolt; 11 detained for assault; 62 illegal editors, printers and writers – but relatively few detained over the grander affairs of state. Many prisoners still continued to come from the upper classes, particularly in those cases termed désordres des familles , or disorders of the family. These cases typically involving members of the aristocracy who had, as historian Richard Andrews notes, "rejected parental authority, disgraced
6424-594: The 1780s, Breteuil , the Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi , began a substantial reform of the system of lettres de cachet that sent prisoners to the Bastille: such letters were now required to list the length of time a prisoner would be detained for, and the offence for which they were being held. Meanwhile, in 1784, the architect Alexandre Brogniard proposed that the Bastille be demolished and converted into
6570-409: The 18th century, the Bastille was extensively criticised by French writers as a symbol of ministerial despotism , which ultimately resulted in reforms and plans for its abolition. The first major criticism was by Constantin de Renneville , who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for 11 years and published his accounts of the experience in 1715 in his book L'Inquisition françois . Renneville presented
6716-431: The Bastille and left the city himself. The Bastille continued to be used as a prison and a royal fortress under both Henry IV and his son, Louis XIII . When Henry clamped down on a Spanish-backed plot among the senior French nobility in 1602, for example, he detained the ringleader Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron , in the Bastille, and had him executed in the courtyard. Louis XIII's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu ,
6862-495: The Bastille as a base to mount a raid on the Parlement of Paris , arresting the president and other magistrates, whom he suspected of having royalist sympathies, and detaining them in the Bastille. They were not released until the intervention of Charles, Duke of Mayenne , and the payment of substantial ransoms. Bussy-Leclerc remained in control of the Bastille until December 1592, when, following further political instability, he
7008-458: The Bastille as a form of punishment, legally a prisoner in the Bastille was only being detained for preventative or investigative reasons: the prison was not officially supposed to be a punitive measure in its own right. The average length of imprisonment in the Bastille under Louis XIV was approximately three years. Under Louis, only between 20 and 50 prisoners were usually held at the Bastille at any one time, although as many as 111 were held for
7154-500: The Bastille at the time was Bernard-René de Launay , a conscientious but minor military officer. Tensions surrounding the Bastille had been rising for several weeks. Only seven prisoners remained in the fortress, – the Marquis de Sade had been transferred to the asylum of Charenton , after addressing the public from his walks on top of the towers and, once this was forbidden, shouting from the window of his cell. Sade had claimed that
7300-417: The Bastille became the principal entrance to the castle in 1553, the other three gateways being closed. A bastion , a large earthwork projecting eastwards from the Bastille, was built to provide additional protective fire for the Bastille and the Arsenal; the bastion was reached from the fortress across a stone abutment using a connecting drawbridge that was installed in the Bastille's Comté tower. In 1573
7446-451: The Bastille by the mid-18th century were in fact relatively benign, particularly by the standards of other prisons of the time. The typical prisoner was held in one of the octagonal rooms in the mid-levels of the towers. The calottes , the rooms just under the roof that formed the upper storey of the Bastille, were considered the least pleasant quarters, being more exposed to the elements and usually either too hot or too cold. The cachots ,
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#17327717341747592-401: The Bastille during Louis's reign. By Louis's reign, Bastille prisoners were detained using a lettre de cachet , a letter under royal seal, issued by the king and countersigned by a minister, ordering a named person to be held. Louis, closely involved in this aspect of government, personally decided who should be imprisoned at the Bastille. The arrest itself involved an element of ceremony:
7738-661: The Bastille during the period were formally imprisoned for more anti-social, rather than strictly political, offences. In particular, many of those writers detained under Louis XVI were imprisoned for their role in producing illegal pornography, rather than political critiques of the regime. The writer Laurent Angliviel de la Beaumelle , the philosopher André Morellet and the historian Jean-François Marmontel , for example, were formally detained not for their more obviously political writings, but for libellous remarks or for personal insults against leading members of Parisian society. Contrary to its later image, conditions for prisoners in
7884-421: The Bastille during this period were primarily officers and royal functionaries; Philippe de Melun was the first captain to receive a salary in 1462, being awarded 1,200 livres a year. Despite being a state prison, the Bastille retained the other traditional functions of a royal castle, and was used to accommodate visiting dignitaries, hosting some lavish entertainments given by Louis XI and Francis I . During
8030-526: The Bastille into the faubourg. The faubourg was characterised by its built-up, densely populated areas, particularly in the north, and its numerous workshops producing soft furnishings. Paris as a whole had continued to grow, reaching slightly less than 800,000 inhabitants by the reign of Louis XVI, and many of the residents around the faubourg had migrated to Paris from the countryside relatively recently. The Bastille had its own street address, being officially known as No. 232, rue Saint-Antoine. Structurally,
8176-476: The Bastille the "hell of the living". Voltaire added to the notorious reputation of the Bastille when he wrote about the case of the " Man in the Iron Mask " in 1751, and later criticised the way he himself was treated while detained in the Bastille, labelling the fortress a "palace of revenge". In the 1780s, prison reform became a popular topic for French writers and the Bastille was increasingly condemned as
8322-581: The Bastille was transformed in the reign of Louis XIV. Paris' growing population reached 400,000 during the period, causing the city to spill out past the Bastille and the old city into the arable farmland beyond, forming more thinly populated faubourgs , or suburbs. Influenced by the events of the Fronde, Louis XIV rebuilt the area around the Bastille, erecting a new archway at the Porte Saint-Antoine in 1660, and then ten years later pulling down
8468-444: The Bastille was used to detain prisoners from more varied backgrounds, and to support the operations of the Parisian police, especially in enforcing government censorship of the printed media. Although inmates were kept in relatively good conditions, criticism of the Bastille grew during the 18th century, fueled by autobiographies written by former prisoners. Reforms were implemented and prisoner numbers were considerably reduced. In 1789,
8614-463: The Bastille's governor, Bernard-René de Launay , was killed by the crowd. The Bastille was demolished by order of the Committee of the Hôtel de Ville . Souvenirs of the fortress were transported around France and displayed as icons of the overthrow of despotism . Over the next century, the site and historical legacy of the Bastille featured prominently in French revolutions , political protests and popular fiction, and it remained an important symbol for
8760-435: The Bastille, although its origins remain unclear. Louis reformed the administrative structure of the Bastille, creating the post of governor, although this post was still often referred to as the captain-governor. During Louis's reign the policing of marginal groups in Paris was greatly increased: the wider criminal justice system was reformed, controls over printing and publishing extended, new criminal codes were issued and
8906-422: The Chevalier de Maisonrouge, the governor's deputy, who had fallen in love with her himself. By the late 18th century, the Bastille had come to separate the more aristocratic quarter of The Marais in the old city from the working class district of the faubourg Saint-Antoine that lay beyond the Louis XIV boulevard. The Marais was a fashionable area, frequented by foreign visitors and tourists, but few went beyond
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#17327717341749052-414: The Consulate General of France. The celebration includes music, performances, sport competitions, and a French Market. At the end of the festival, there is also a traditional French bal populaire. Since 2008, Prague has hosted a French market " Le marché du 14 juillet " ("Fourteenth of July Market") offering traditional French food and wine as well as music. The market takes place on Kampa Island , it
9198-406: The Edict of Nantes , which had previously granted various rights to French Protestants; the subsequent royal crackdown was driven by the king's strongly anti-Protestant views. The Bastille was used to investigate and break up Protestant networks by imprisoning and questioning the more recalcitrant members of the community, in particular upper-class Calvinists ; some 254 Protestants were imprisoned in
9344-450: The English and from the rival factions of the Burgundians and the Armagnacs . The Bastille was strategically vital during the period, both because of its role as a royal fortress and safe-haven inside the capital, and because it controlled a critical route in and out of Paris. In 1418, for example, the future Charles VII took refuge in the Bastille during the Burgundian-led "Massacre of the Armagnacs" in Paris, before successfully fleeing
9490-409: The English for the next sixteen years. Henry V appointed Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter , as the new captain of the Bastille. The English made more use of the Bastille as a prison; in 1430 there was a minor rebellion when some prisoners overpowered a sleeping guard and attempted to seize control of the fortress; this incident includes the first reference to a dedicated gaoler at the Bastille. Paris
9636-400: The French Republican movement . Almost nothing is left of the Bastille, except some remains of its stone foundation that were relocated to the side of Boulevard Henri IV. Historians were critical of the Bastille in the early 19th century, and believe the fortress to have been a relatively well-administered example of French policing and political control during the 18th century. The Bastille
9782-413: The French community in Ireland take part in the festivities. Events in Dublin include live entertainment, speciality menus on French cuisine, and screenings of popular French films. The Auckland suburb of Remuera hosts an annual French-themed Bastille Day street festival. Visitors enjoy mimes, dancers, music, as well as French foods and drinks. The budding relationship between the two countries, with
9928-426: The French defeat at the Battle of Poitiers , and in his absence the Provost of Paris , Étienne Marcel , took steps to improve the capital's defences. In 1357, Marcel expanded the city walls and protected the Porte Saint-Antoine with two high stone towers and a 78-foot-wide (24 m) ditch. A fortified gateway of this sort was called a bastille , and was one of two created in Paris, the other being built outside
10074-427: The Parisian forces to act, before she then entered the Bastille and personally ensured that the commander turned the fortress's cannon on Turenne's army, causing significant casualties and enabling Condé's army's safe withdrawal. Later in 1652, Condé was finally forced to surrender Paris to the royalist forces in October, effectively bringing the Fronde to an end: the Bastille returned to royal control. The area around
10220-411: The Porte Saint-Antoine was also altered – the drawbridges were replaced with a fixed bridge, and the medieval gatehouse was replaced with a triumphal arch . The Bastille was involved in the numerous wars of religion fought between Protestant and Catholic factions with support from foreign allies during the second half of the 16th century. Religious and political tensions in Paris initially exploded in
10366-415: The Porte-Neuve rather than the Saint-Antoine and seized the capital, including the Arsenal complex that neighboured the Bastille. The Bastille was now an isolated League stronghold, with the remaining members of the League and their allies clustering around it for safety. After several days of tension, an agreement was finally reached for this rump element to leave safely, and on 27 March du Bourg surrendered
10512-499: The Union des Français de l'Etranger and many French brands. The event gathers over 1,000 attendees to celebrate "La Fête Nationale". The location and theme change every year. In 2017, the theme was "Guinguette Party" and attracted 1,200 francophiles at The River Yacht Club. New Orleans , Louisiana , has multiple celebrations, the largest in the historic French Quarter . In Austin, Texas , the Alliance Française d’Austin usually conducts
10658-662: The United States. In Washington D.C. , food, music, and auction events are sponsored by the Embassy of France . There is also a French Festival within the city, where families can meet period entertainment groups set during the time of the French Revolution. Restaurants host parties serving traditional French food. In Dallas , Texas , the Bastille Day celebration, "Bastille On Bishop", began in 2010 and
10804-654: The Upper East Side of Manhattan , Bastille Day on Smith Street in Brooklyn , and Bastille Day in Tribeca . There is also the annual Bastille Day Ball, taking place since 1924. Philadelphia 's Bastille Day, held at Eastern State Penitentiary , involves Marie Antoinette throwing locally manufactured Tastykakes at the Parisian militia , as well as a re-enactment of the storming of the Bastille. (This Philadelphia tradition ended in 2018. ) In Newport, Rhode Island,
10950-538: The advance of the royalist forces under the command of Turenne . Condé's forces became trapped against the city walls and the Porte Saint-Antoine, which the Parlement refused to open; he was coming under increasingly heavy fire from the Royalist artillery and the situation looked bleak. In a famous incident, La Grande Mademoiselle , the daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans , convinced her father to issue an order for
11096-580: The anniversary of the storming of the Bastille to the French city administration and the public on 9 December 1789. There were other proposals and unofficial celebrations of 14 July 1789, but the official festival sponsored by the National Assembly was called the Fête de la Fédération. The Fête de la Fédération on 14 July 1790 was a celebration of the unity of the French nation during the French Revolution. The aim of this celebration, one year after
11242-664: The annual Bastille Day celebration is organized by the local chapter of the Alliance Française. It takes place at King Park in Newport at the monument memorializing the accomplishments of the General Comte de Rochambeau whose 6,000 to 7,000 French forces landed in Newport on 11 July 1780. Their assistance in the defeat of the English in the War of Independence is well documented and is proof of the special relationship between France and
11388-489: The authorities planned to massacre the prisoners in the castle, which resulted in the governor removing him to an alternative site in early July. At de Launay's request, an additional force of 32 soldiers from the Swiss Salis-Samade regiment had been assigned to the Bastille on 7 July, adding to the existing 82 invalides pensioners who formed the regular garrison. De Launay had taken various precautions, raising
11534-450: The beheading of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI , traditional dancing, and artillery demonstrations. Carondelet also began hosting an annual saloon crawl to celebrate Bastille Day in 2017. The Soulard neighborhood in St. Louis , Missouri celebrates its unique French heritage with special events including a parade, which honors the peasants who rejected the monarchy . The parade includes
11680-483: The campaign against French Protestants and the annual cost of running the Bastille rose to 232,818 livres. Between 1715 – the year of Louis's death – and 1723, power transferred to the Régence ; the regent, Philippe d'Orléans , maintained the prison but the absolutist rigour of Louis XIV's system began to weaken somewhat. Although Protestants ceased to be kept in the Bastille, the political uncertainties and plots of
11826-480: The city and the royal government fled in September, leaving a garrison of 22 men behind in the Bastille. On 11 January 1649, the Fronde decided to take the Bastille, giving the task to Elbeuf, one of their leaders. Elbeuf's attack required only a token effort: five or six shots were fired at the Bastille, before it promptly surrendered on 13 January. Pierre Broussel , one of the Fronde leaders, appointed his son as
11972-594: The city including Battersea Park , Camden Town and Kentish Town . Live entertainment is performed at Canary Wharf , with weeklong performances of French theatre at the Lion and Unicorn Theatre in Kentish Town. Restaurants feature cabarets and special menus across the city, and other celebrations include garden parties and sports tournaments. There is also a large event at the Bankside and Borough Market, where there
12118-403: The city through the Porte Saint-Antoine. The Bastille was occasionally used to hold prisoners, including its creator, Hugues Aubriot , who was the first person to be imprisoned there. In 1417, in addition to being a royal fortress, it formally became a state prison. Despite the improved Parisian defences, Henry V of England captured Paris in 1420 and the Bastille was seized and garrisoned by
12264-401: The city walls and their supporting fortifications to replace them with an avenue of trees, later called Louis XIV's boulevard, which passed around the Bastille. The Bastille's bastion survived the redevelopment, becoming a garden for the use of the prisoners. Louis XIV made extensive use of the Bastille as a prison, with 2,320 individuals being detained there during his reign, approximately 43
12410-834: The command of General Charles de Gaulle ); and 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic forced its cancellation. The parade passes down the Champs-Élysées from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Concorde , where the President of the French Republic , his government and foreign ambassadors to France stand. This is a popular event in France, broadcast on French TV, and is the oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe. Smaller military parades are held in French garrison towns, including Toulon and Belfort , with local troops. Liège celebrates Bastille Day each year since
12556-422: The commander of the Bastille, capitulated and opened the gates to avoid a mutual massacre. According to the official documents, about 200 attackers and just one defender died before the capitulation. However, possibly because of a misunderstanding, fighting resumed. In this second round of fighting, de Launay and seven other defenders were killed, as was Jacques de Flesselles , the prévôt des marchands ("provost of
12702-418: The commoners, this sum was around twice the daily wage of a labourer and provided for an adequate diet, while the upper classes ate very well: even critics of the Bastille recounted many excellent meals, often taken with the governor himself. Prisoners who were being punished for misbehaviour, however, could have their diet restricted as a punishment. The medical treatment provided by the Bastille for prisoners
12848-446: The constitution, followed by King Louis XVI . After the end of the official celebration, the day ended in a huge four-day popular feast, and people celebrated with fireworks, as well as fine wine and running nude through the streets in order to display their freedom. On 30 June 1878, a feast was officially arranged in Paris to honour the French Republic (the event was commemorated in a painting by Claude Monet ). On 14 July 1879, there
12994-489: The construction needed for the celebration. The day of the festival, the National Guard assembled and proceeded along the boulevard du Temple in the pouring rain, and were met by an estimated 260,000 Parisian citizens at the Champ de Mars. A mass was celebrated by Talleyrand , bishop of Autun . The popular General Lafayette , as captain of the National Guard of Paris and a confidant of the king, took his oath to
13140-536: The country, and on 20 June, vowed to write a constitution for the kingdom. On 11 July, Jacques Necker , the finance minister of Louis XVI , who was sympathetic to the Third Estate, was dismissed by the King, provoking an angry reaction among Parisians. Crowds formed, fearful of an attack by the royal army or by foreign regiments of mercenaries in the King's service and seeking to arm themselves. Early on 14 July,
13286-403: The courtyard held the Bastille's archives. A clock was installed by Antoine de Sartine , the lieutenant general of police between 1759 and 1774, on the side of the office wing, depicting two chained prisoners. New kitchens and baths were built just outside the main gate to the Bastille in 1786. The ditch around the Bastille, now largely dry, supported a 36-foot (11 m) high stone wall with
13432-504: The drawbridge in the Comté tower and destroying the stone abutment that linked the Bastille to its bastion to prevent anyone from gaining access from that side of the fortress. The shops in the entranceway to the Bastille had been closed and the gates locked. The Bastille was defended by 30 small artillery pieces, but nonetheless, by 14 July de Launay was very concerned about the Bastille's situation. The Bastille, already hugely unpopular with
13578-465: The eleven suspects were held in the Bastille, significantly increasing the notoriety surrounding the institution. Increasingly, however, the Bastille became part of the system of wider policing in Paris. Although appointed by the king, the governor reported to the lieutenant general of police: the first of these, Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie , made only occasional visits to the Bastille, but his successor, Marquis d'Argenson , and subsequent officers used
13724-411: The end of Louis's reign. It contained ten prisoners in September 1782 and, despite a small increase at the beginning of 1788, by July 1789 only seven prisoners remained in custody. Before any official scheme to close the prison could be enacted, however, disturbances across Paris brought a more violent end to the Bastille. By July 1789, revolutionary sentiment was rising in Paris. The Estates-General
13870-639: The end of the First World War , as Liège was decorated by the Légion d'Honneur for its unexpected resistance during the Battle of Liège . The city also hosts a fireworks show outside of Congress Hall. Specifically in Liège, celebrations of Bastille Day have been known to be bigger than the celebrations of the Belgian National holiday. Around 35,000 people gather to celebrate Bastille Day. There
14016-654: The establishment of a Maori garden in France and exchange of their analyses of cave art, resulted in the creation of an official reception at the Residence of France. There is also an event in Wellington for the French community held at the Residence of France. Franschhoek 's weekend festival has been celebrated since 1993. (Franschhoek, or 'French Corner,' is situated in the Western Cape .) As South Africa's gourmet capital, French food, wine and other entertainment
14162-562: The facility extensively and took a close interest in inspections of the prison. The lieutenant general reported in turn to the secretary of the Maison du Roi , largely responsible for order in the capital; in practice together they controlled the issuing of the lettres in the king's name. The Bastille was unusual among Parisian prisons in that it acted on behalf of the king – prisoners could therefore be imprisoned secretly, for longer, and without normal judicial processes being applied, making it
14308-476: The facility. The first surviving documentary records of prisoners at the Bastille also date from this period. In 1648, the Fronde insurrection broke out in Paris, prompted by high taxes, increased food prices and disease. The Parlement of Paris , the Regency government of Anne of Austria and rebellious noble factions fought for several years to take control of the city and wider power. On 26 August, during
14454-410: The family reputation, manifested mental derangement, squandered capital or violated professional codes." Their families – often their parents, but sometimes husbands and wives taking action against their spouses – could apply for individuals to be detained at one of the royal prisons, resulting in an average imprisonment of between six months and four years. Such a detention could be preferable to facing
14600-462: The family's domestic life continued on inside the prison relatively normally. The prisoners' library had grown during the 18th century, mainly through ad hoc purchases and various confiscations by the Crown, until by 1787 it included 389 volumes. The length of time that a typical prisoner was kept at the Bastille continued to decline, and by Louis XVI's reign the average length of detention was only two months. Prisoners would still be expected to sign
14746-418: The first bastille , followed by two towers to the north, and finally two towers to the south. The fortress was probably not finished by the time Charles died in 1380, and was completed by his son, Charles VI . The resulting structure became known simply as the Bastille, with the eight irregularly built towers and linking curtain walls forming a structure 223 feet (68 m) wide and 121 feet (37 m) deep,
14892-526: The governor and the Fronde retained it even after the ceasefire that March. During the Second Fronde, between 1650 and 1653, Louis , the Prince of Condé, controlled much of Paris alongside the Parlement, while Broussel, through his son, continued to control the Bastille. In July 1652, the Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine took place just outside the Bastille. Condé had sallied out of Paris to prevent
15038-428: The height of summer or winter, although the garden in the bastion and the castle walls were also used for recreation. The governor received money from the Crown to support the prisoners, with the amount varying on rank: the governor received 19 livres a day for each political prisoner – with conseiller -grade nobles receiving 15 livres – and, at the other end of the scale, three livres a day for each commoner. Even for
15184-429: The individual would be tapped on the shoulder with a white baton and formally detained in the name of the king. Detention in the Bastille was typically ordered for an indefinite period and there was considerable secrecy over who had been detained and why: the legend of the " Man in the Iron Mask ", a mysterious prisoner who finally died in 1703, symbolises this period of the Bastille. Although in practice many were held at
15330-424: The late-18th century Bastille was not greatly changed from its 14th-century predecessor. The eight stone towers had gradually acquired individual names: running from the north-east side of the external gate, these were La Chapelle, Trésor, Comté, Bazinière, Bertaudière, Liberté, Puits and Coin. La Chapelle contained the Bastille's chapel, decorated with a painting of Saint Peter in chains. Trésor took its name from
15476-450: The local vermin. The Marquis de Sade , for example, arrived with an elaborate wardrobe, paintings, tapestries, a selection of perfume, and a collection of 133 books. Card games and billiards were played among the prisoners, and alcohol and tobacco were permitted. Servants could sometimes accompany their masters into the Bastille, as in the cases of the 1746 detention of the family of Lord Morton and their entire household as British spies:
15622-649: The merchants"), the elected head of the city's guilds, who under the French monarchy had the responsibilities of a present-day mayor. Shortly after the storming of the Bastille, late in the evening of 4 August, after a very stormy session of the Assemblée constituante , feudalism was abolished. On 26 August, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen )
15768-409: The middle of the 18th century, the Bastille was used by the police to suppress the trade in illegal and seditious books in France. In the 1750s, 40% of those sent to the Bastille were arrested for their role in manufacturing or dealing in banned material; in the 1760s, the equivalent figure was 35%. Seditious writers were also often held in the Bastille, although many of the more famous writers held in
15914-539: The midtown restaurant and shopping district, with a street festival. Bastille The Bastille ( / b æ ˈ s t iː l / , French: [bastij] ) was a fortress in Paris , known as the Bastille Saint-Antoine . It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France . It was stormed by
16060-446: The nearby faubourg Saint-Antoine, but also including some mutinous soldiers and local traders. The crowd had gathered in an attempt to commandeer the gunpowder stocks known to be held in the Bastille, and at 10:00 am de Launay let in two of their leaders to negotiate with him. Just after midday, another negotiator was let in to discuss the situation, but no compromise could be reached: the revolutionary representatives now wanted both
16206-521: The period kept the prison busy and 1,459 were imprisoned there under the Regency, an average of around 182 a year. During the Cellamare conspiracy , the alleged enemies of the Regency were imprisoned in the Bastille, including Marguerite De Launay . While in the Bastille, de Launay fell in love with a fellow prisoner, the Chevalier de Ménil; she also infamously received an invitation of marriage from
16352-478: The period known as the First Fronde, Anne ordered the arrest of some of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris; violence flared as a result, and the 27 August became known as another Day of the Barricades . The governor of the Bastille loaded and readied his guns to fire on the Hôtel de Ville , controlled by the parliament, although the decision was eventually taken not to shoot. Barricades were erected across
16498-404: The period, and the most important fortification in late medieval Paris. The Bastille's design was highly innovative: it rejected both the 13th-century tradition of more weakly fortified quadrangular castles , and the contemporary fashion set at Vincennes , where tall towers were positioned around a lower wall, overlooked by an even taller keep in the centre. In particular, building the towers and
16644-599: The period, such as Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, Simon Schama and Monique Cottret ( fr ) , concur that the actual treatment of prisoners in Bastille was much better than the public impression left through those writings. Nonetheless, fuelled by the secrecy that still surrounded the Bastille, official as well as public concern about the prison, and the system that supported it, also began to mount, prompting reforms. As early as 1775, Louis XVI's minister Malesherbes had authorised all prisoners to be given newspapers to read, and to be allowed to correspond with their family and friends. In
16790-431: The police archives; and the capitaine des portes , who ran the entrance to the Bastille. Four warders divided up the eight towers between them. From an administrative perspective, the prison was generally well run during the period. These staff were supported by an official surgeon, a chaplain and could, on occasion, call upon the services of a local midwife to assist pregnant prisoners. A small garrison of " invalides "
16936-414: The post of the Parisian lieutenant general of police was created in 1667, all of which would enable the Bastille's later role in support of the Parisian police during the 18th century. By 1711, a 60-strong French military garrison had been established at the Bastille. It continued to be an expensive institution to run, particularly when the prison was full, such as during 1691 when numbers were inflated by
17082-449: The press. French National Day is the anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, a major event of the French Revolution , as well as the Fête de la Fédération that celebrated the unity of the French people on 14 July 1790. Celebrations are held throughout France. One that has been reported as "the oldest and largest military parade in Europe" is held on 14 July on
17228-488: The prison, demolish the fortress and sell the real estate off. In June 1789, the Académie royale d'architecture proposed a similar scheme to Brogniard's, in which the Bastille would be transformed into an open public area, with a tall column at the centre surrounded by fountains, dedicated to Louis XVI as the "restorer of public freedom". The number of prisoners held in the Bastille at any one time declined sharply towards
17374-474: The reign of Henry IV, when it had contained the royal treasury. The origins of the name of Comté tower are unclear; one theory is that the name refers to the County of Paris. Bazinière was named after Bertrand de La Bazinière, a royal treasurer who was imprisoned there in 1663. Bertaudière was named after a medieval mason who died building the structure in the 14th century. Liberté tower took its name either from
17520-535: The reign of Louis XV and only 306 under Louis XVI up until the Revolution, annual averages of around 23 and 20 respectively. A second trend was a slow shift away from the Bastille's 17th-century role of detaining primarily upper-class prisoners, towards a situation in which the Bastille was essentially a location for imprisoning socially undesirable individuals of all backgrounds – including aristocrats breaking social conventions, criminals, pornographers, thugs – and
17666-447: The revolutionary crowds, was now the only remaining royalist stronghold in central Paris, in addition to which he was protecting a recently arrived stock of 250 barrels of valuable gunpowder. To make matters worse, the Bastille had only two days' supply of food and no source of water, making it impossible to withstand a long siege. On the morning of 14 July around 900 people formed outside the Bastille, primarily working-class members of
17812-448: The royal armies, was established to the south of the Bastille by Francis I, and substantially expanded under Charles IX . An arms depot was later built above the Porte Saint-Antoine, all making the Bastille part of a major military centre. During the 1550s, Henry II became concerned about the threat of an English or Holy Roman Empire attack on Paris, and strengthened the defences of the Bastille in response. The southern gateway into
17958-473: The royal government's financial crisis and the formation of the National Assembly gave rise to a swelling of republican sentiments among city-dwellers. On 14 July, the Bastille was stormed by a revolutionary crowd, primarily residents of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine who sought to commandeer the valuable gunpowder held within the fortress. Seven remaining prisoners were found and released and
18104-437: The sole foundation of their national holiday to be rooted in a day of bloodshed and class-hatred as the day of storming the Bastille was. Instead, they based the establishment of the holiday as both the celebration of the Fête de la Fédération, a festival celebrating the anniversary of the Republic of France on 14 July 1789, and the storming of the Bastille. The Assembly voted in favor of the proposal on 21 May, and 8 June. The law
18250-419: The underground dungeons, had not been used for many years except for holding recaptured escapees. Prisoners' rooms each had a stove or a fireplace, basic furniture, curtains and in most cases a window. A typical criticism of the rooms was that they were shabby and basic rather than uncomfortable. Like the calottes , the main courtyard, used for exercise, was often criticised by prisoners as being unpleasant at
18396-405: The walls and towers 78 feet (24 m) high and 10 feet (3.0 m) thick at their bases. Built to the same height, the roofs of the towers and the tops of the walls formed a broad, crenellated walkway all the way around the fortress. Each of the six newer towers had underground cachots , or dungeons , at its base, and curved calotte , literally "shell", rooms in their roofs. Garrisoned by
18542-428: The walls of the Bastille at the same height allowed the rapid movement of forces around the castle, as well as giving more space to move and position cannons on the wider walkways. The Bastille design was copied at Pierrefonds and Tarascon in France, while its architectural influence extended as far as Nunney Castle in south-west England. During the 15th century the French kings continued to face threats both from
18688-472: Was a soldier who was imprisoned in the Bastille following a sequence of complex misadventures, including the sending of a letter bomb to Madame de Pompadour , the King's mistress. Latude became famous for managing to escape from the Bastille by means of climbing up the chimney of his cell and then descending the walls with a home-made rope ladder, before being recaptured in Amsterdam by French agents. Latude
18834-537: Was a strong, square building with turrets and protected by two drawbridges of its own. Charles V chose to live close to the Bastille for his own safety and created a royal complex to the south of the fortress called the Hôtel Saint-Pol , stretching from the Porte Saint-Paul up to the Rue Saint-Antoine. Historian Sidney Toy has described the Bastille as "one of the most powerful fortifications" of
18980-594: Was another feast, with a semi-official aspect. The day's events included a reception in the Chamber of Deputies, organised and presided over by Léon Gambetta (a military reviewer at Longchamp), and a Republican Feast in the Pré Catelan . All throughout France, Le Figaro wrote, "people feasted much to honour the storming of the Bastille". In 1880, the government of the Third Republic wanted to revive
19126-423: Was appointed in 1749 to guard the interior and exterior of the fortress; these were retired soldiers and were regarded locally, as Simon Schama describes, as "amiable layabouts" rather than professional soldiers. The role of the Bastille as a prison changed considerably during the reigns of Louis XV and XVI. One trend was a decline in the number of prisoners sent to the Bastille, with 1,194 imprisoned there during
19272-546: Was approved on 27 and 29 June. The celebration was made official on 6 July 1880. In the debate leading up to the adoption of the holiday, Senator Henri Martin , who wrote the National Day law, addressed the chamber on 29 June 1880: Do not forget that behind this 14 July, where victory of the new era over the Ancien Régime was bought by fighting, do not forget that after the day of 14 July 1789, there
19418-423: Was believed to hold a cache of ammunition and gunpowder. As it happened, at the time of the attack, the Bastille held only seven inmates, none of great political significance. The crowd was eventually reinforced by the mutinous Régiment des Gardes Françaises ("Regiment of French Guards"), whose usual role was to protect public buildings. They proved a fair match for the fort's defenders, and Governor de Launay ,
19564-510: Was built in response to a threat to Paris during the Hundred Years' War between England and France. Prior to the Bastille, the main royal castle in Paris was the Louvre , in the west of the capital, but the city had expanded by the middle of the 14th century and the eastern side was now exposed to an English attack. The situation worsened after the imprisonment of John II in England following
19710-709: Was convened in May and members of the Third Estate proclaimed the Tennis Court Oath in June, calling for the king to grant a written constitution. Violence between loyal royal forces, mutinous members of the royal Gardes Françaises and local crowds broke out at Vendôme on 12 July, leading to widespread fighting and the withdrawal of royal forces from the centre of Paris. Revolutionary crowds began to arm themselves during 13 July, looting royal stores, gunsmiths and armourers' shops for weapons and gunpowder. The commander of
19856-413: Was divided from the smaller northern yard by a three-office wing, built around 1716 and renovated in 1761 in a modern, 18th-century style. The office wing held the council room that was used for interrogating prisoners, the Bastille's library, and servants' quarters. The upper stories included rooms for the senior Bastille staff, and chambers for distinguished prisoners. An elevated building on one side of
20002-441: Was excellent by the standards of the 18th century; the prison also contained a number of inmates suffering from mental illnesses and took, by the standards of the day, a very progressive attitude to their care. Although potentially dangerous objects and money were confiscated and stored when a prisoner first entered the Bastille, most wealthy prisoners continued to bring in additional luxuries, including pet dogs or cats to control
20148-539: Was finally recaptured by Charles VII of France in 1436. When the French king re-entered the city, his enemies in Paris fortified themselves in the Bastille; after a siege, they eventually ran out of food, surrendered and were allowed to leave the city after the payment of a ransom. The castle remained a key Parisian fortress, but was successfully seized by the Burgundians in 1464, when they convinced royal troops to surrender: once taken, this allowed their faction to make
20294-496: Was forced to surrender the castle to Charles and flee the city. It took Henry IV several years to retake Paris. By the time he succeeded in 1594, the area around the Bastille formed the main stronghold for the Catholic League and their foreign allies, including Spanish and Flemish troops. The Bastille itself was controlled by a League captain called du Bourg. Henry entered Paris early on the morning of 23 March, through
20440-426: Was kept, but went further by capturing in detail the more psychological effects of the prison regime upon an inmate. Linguet also encouraged Louis XVI to destroy the Bastille, publishing an engraving depicting the king announcing to the prisoners "may you be free and live!", a phrase borrowed from Voltaire. Linguet's work was followed by another prominent autobiography, Henri Latude's Le despotisme dévoilé . Latude
20586-402: Was proclaimed. As early as 1789, the year of the storming of the Bastille, preliminary designs for a national festival were underway. These designs were intended to strengthen the country's national identity through the celebration of the events of 14 July 1789. One of the first designs was proposed by Clément Gonchon, a French textile worker, who presented his design for a festival celebrating
20732-446: Was released in 1777, but was rearrested following his publication of a book entitled Memoirs of Vengeance . Pamphlets and magazines publicised Latude's case until he was finally released in 1784. Latude became a popular figure with the Académie française , or French Academy, and his autobiography, although inaccurate in places, did much to reinforce the public perception of the Bastille as a despotic institution. Modern historians of
20878-642: Was renamed to Crampel . Thirteen years later, Crampel was renamed to Kaga-Bandoro on 6 August 1974. On 25 December 2012 rebels from Séléka coalition took control of Kaga-Bandoro. On 14 December 2015 rebels announced independence of Republic of Logone in Kaga-Bandoro. In September 2016 Kaga-Bandoro was reported to be under joint control of MPC and FPRC armed groups. In December 2019 four armed groups were reportedly present in Kaga-Bandoro: MPC, FPRC, Anti-balaka and UPC . On 10 April 2021,
21024-399: Was run by the governor, sometimes called the captain-governor, who lived in a 17th-century house alongside the fortress. The governor was supported by various officers, in particular his deputy, the lieutenant de roi , or lieutenant of the king, who was responsible for general security and the protection of state secrets; the major, responsible for managing the Bastille's financial affairs and
21170-538: Was the day of 14 July 1790 (...) This [latter] day cannot be blamed for having shed a drop of blood, for having divided the country. It was the consecration of the unity of France (...) If some of you might have scruples against the first 14 July, they certainly hold none against the second. Whatever difference which might part us, something hovers over them, it is the great images of national unity, which we all desire, for which we would all stand, willing to die if necessary. The Bastille Day military parade
21316-479: Was used to support police operations, particularly those involving censorship, across Paris. Despite these changes, the Bastille remained a state prison, subject to special authorities, answering to the monarch of the day and surrounded by a considerable and threatening reputation. Under Louis XV, around 250 Catholic convulsionnaires , often called Jansenists , were detained in the Bastille for their religious beliefs. Many of these prisoners were women and came from
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