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100-508: Kagerō Nikki ( 蜻蛉日記 , The Mayfly Diary ) is a work of classical Japanese literature, written around 974, that falls under the genre of nikki bungaku , or diary literature. The author of Kagerō Nikki was a woman known only as the Mother of Michitsuna . Using a combination of waka poems and prose, she conveys the life of a noblewoman during the Heian period . In English Kagerō Nikki

200-443: A Phrygian princess and seduced him, only to later reveal herself as a goddess and inform Anchises that she will bear him a son named Aeneas and warns him not to tell anyone that he lay with a goddess. Anchises does not heed this speaking taboo and later brags about his encounter with Aphrodite, and as a result, he is struck in the foot with a thunderbolt by Zeus. Thereafter, he is lame in that foot so that Aeneas has to carry him from

300-445: A grasshopper , to jump into water and drown. Mayflies are involved in both primary production and bioturbation . A study in laboratory simulated streams revealed that the mayfly genus Centroptilum increased the export of periphyton , thus indirectly affecting primary production positively, which is an essential process for ecosystems. The mayfly can also reallocate and alter the nutrient availability in aquatic habitats through

400-438: A chapter about taboos of the people of Gabon. As an example, it was considered a misfortune for twins to be born, and they would be subject to many rules not incumbent on other people. According to Joseph Campbell , taboos are used in religion and mythology to test a person's ability to withhold from violating a prohibition given to them. Should one fail the test and violate a taboo, they will be subsequently punished or face

500-427: A cleft in the earth and abducted Persephone as she was gathering flowers in a field. When Demeter , Persephone's mother, finds out of her daughter's abduction, she forbids the earth to produce (or she neglects the earth) and, in the depth of her despair, causes nothing to grow. Zeus , pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish, forced Hades to return Persephone. It

600-429: A great quantity of organic matter as nymphs and transfer a lot of phosphates and nitrates to terrestrial environments when they emerge from the water, thus helping to remove pollutants from aqueous systems. Along with caddisfly larvae and gastropod molluscs , the grazing of mayfly nymphs has a significant impact on the primary producers , the plants and algae, on the bed of streams and rivers. The nymphs are eaten by

700-526: A large hatch was observed at midday in June. The soft-bodied subimagos are very attractive to predators. Synchronous emergence is probably an adaptive strategy that reduces the individual's risk of being eaten . The lifespan of an adult mayfly is very short, varying with the species. The primary function of the adult is reproduction; adults do not feed and have only vestigial mouthparts , while their digestive systems are filled with air. Dolania americana has

800-559: A mayfly or the shimmering heat on a summer's day," yet she played a crucial role in this legacy. In modern times, Kagerō Nikki is often considered by the academia as the first autobiography written by a woman. Despite Michitsuna’s Mother’s portrayal of herself as someone who is ordinary and has little significance, the impact that her work has on Japanese literature would disagree with her sentiment. Mayfly See text Mayflies (also known as shadflies or fishflies in Canada and

900-503: A pair of cerci , with or without a third central caudal filament . The final moult of the nymph is not to the full adult form, but to a winged stage called a subimago that physically resembles the adult, but which is usually sexually immature and duller in colour. The subimago, or dun, often has partially cloudy wings fringed with minute hairs known as microtrichia; its eyes, legs and genitalia are not fully developed. Females of some mayflies (subfamily Palingeniinae) do not moult from

1000-420: A particular culture or organization. Taboos are often meant to protect the individual, but there are other reasons for their development. An ecological or medical background is apparent in many, including some that are seen as religious or spiritual in origin. Taboos can help use a resource more efficiently, but when applied to only a subsection of the community they can also serve to suppress said subsection of

1100-644: A scarcity of predacious nymphs can result in an over-abundance of their prey species. Fish that feed on mayfly nymphs that have bioaccumulated heavy metals are themselves at risk. Adult female mayflies find water by detecting the polarization of reflected light. They are easily fooled by other polished surfaces which can act as traps for swarming mayflies. The threat to mayflies applies also to their eggs. "Modest levels" of pollution in rivers in England are sufficient to kill 80% of mayfly eggs, which are as vulnerable to pollutants as other life-cycle stages; numbers of

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1200-488: A skilled poet. In Book 3 of Kagerō Nikki , Michitsuna asks his mother to create poems that can help him court the woman that he was trying to pursue. Another instance was when Michitsuna’s Mother passed on her knowledge of literary excellence by teaching her adopted daughter calligraphy and waka. In addition, to reject the advances of an older man who was trying to court her daughter, the author also produced poems in response to his courtship. Michitsuna’s Mother lived during

1300-633: A stag and turned his dogs upon him. Actaeon was torn apart and ravaged by his loyal dogs who did not recognize their former master. Possibly the most famous eating taboo (if not taboo, in general) is in the story of Adam and Eve in the Abrahamic religions . In the Judeo-Christian telling, found in Genesis 3 , Adam and Eve are placed in the Garden of Eden by God and are told not to eat from

1400-641: A strong code of taboos, known as fady , constantly change and are formed from new experiences. Each region, village or tribe may have its own fady . The word taboo gained popularity at times, with some scholars looking for ways to apply it where other English words had previously been applied. For example, J. M. Powis Smith , in his book The American Bible (editor's preface 1927), used taboo occasionally in relation to Israel's Tabernacle and ceremonial laws, including Exodus 30:36 , Exodus 29:37 ; Numbers 16:37–38 ; Deuteronomy 22:9 , Isaiah 65:5 , Ezekiel 44:19 and Ezekiel 46:20 . Albert Schweitzer wrote

1500-400: A subimago state into an adult stage and are sexually mature while appearing like a subimago with microtrichia on the wing membrane. Oligoneuriine mayflies form another exception in retaining microtrichia on their wings but not on their bodies. Subimagos are generally poor fliers, have shorter appendages, and typically lack the colour patterns used to attract mates. In males of Ephoron leukon ,

1600-440: A thing is forbidden. The term was translated to him as "consecrated, inviolable, forbidden, unclean or cursed". Tapu is usually treated as a unitary, non- compound word inherited from Proto-Polynesian * tapu . It also exists in other Oceanic languages outside Polynesian, such as Fijian tabu , or Hiw (Vanuatu) toq . Those words descend from an etymon * tabu in the ancestral Proto-Oceanic language , whose meaning

1700-404: A thoracic shield (expanded part of the prothorax ) or the developing wing pads. In most taxa up to seven pairs of gills arise from the top or sides of the abdomen, but in some species they are under the abdomen, and in a very few species the gills are instead located on the coxae of the legs, or the bases of the maxillae. The abdomen terminates in slender thread-like projections, consisting of

1800-438: A thought to how readers might judge her actions.” Another characteristic of the work is the unique way in which the author labels people in her life. For example, in one entry she writes "that 'splendid' personage of Machi Alley" when referring to the woman with whom Kaneie is having an affair. The sarcastic tone reflects the author’s attitude to the person in question: "This method of labeling people shows how very egocentric she

1900-633: A tree lest they die, but Eve is promptly tempted by a serpent (often identified as Satan in disguise) to eat from the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil because they will surely not die, rather, they might become "like God ". Eve violates the eating taboo and eats from the forbidden fruit of the tree, shortly giving some fruit to her companion, Adam. After eating the forbidden fruit, Adam and Eve are aware of their nakedness and cover themselves with fig leaves and hide from God. God realizes that they are hiding and interrogates them about having eaten from

2000-452: A very short time and is known as a subimago, or to fly fishermen as a dun. Mayflies at the subimago stage are a favourite food of many fish, and many fishing flies are modelled to resemble them. The subimago stage does not survive for long, rarely for more than 24 hours. In some species, it may last for just a few minutes, while the mayflies in the family Palingeniidae have sexually mature subimagos and no true adult form at all. Often, all

2100-427: A wide range of predators and form an important part of the aquatic food chain . Fish are among the main predators, picking nymphs off the bottom or ingesting them in the water column, and feeding on emerging nymphs and adults on the water surface. Carnivorous stonefly , caddisfly , alderfly and dragonfly larvae feed on bottom-dwelling mayfly nymphs, as do aquatic beetles, leeches, crayfish and amphibians . Besides

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2200-439: Is a social group 's ban, prohibition, or avoidance of something (usually an utterance or behavior) based on the group's sense that it is excessively repulsive, offensive, sacred, or allowed only for certain people. Such prohibitions are present in virtually all societies. Taboos may be prohibited explicitly, for example within a legal system or religion , or implicitly, for example by social norms or conventions followed by

2300-428: Is a tendency for the eggs and nymphs to get washed downstream. To counteract this, females may fly upriver before depositing their eggs. For example, the female Tisza mayfly , the largest European species with a length of 12 cm (4.7 in), flies up to 3 kilometres (2 mi) upstream before depositing eggs on the water surface. These sink to the bottom and hatch after 45 days, the nymphs burrowing their way into

2400-595: Is credited with creating "a new form of self-expression and psychological exploration that expanded the potential of kana prose writing and influenced subsequent woman's writing, including The Tale of Genji ." She achieves this raw, intimate expression by exploiting the first-person point of view allowed by the diary genre. Edward Seidensticker characterized the diary as “a remarkably frank personal confession” that describes “a disturbed state of mind.” Donald Keene has described Kagerō Nikki as “a self-portrait devastating in its honesty,” one “written passionately and without

2500-480: Is likely that Fujiwara no Kaneie , her husband, asked the Mother of Michitsuna to create such a collection for their family. However, because she decided to add her own experiences along with the poems that she and Kaneie exchanged, Kagerō Nikki emerged. From the outset, the Mother of Michitsuna reveals her concerns by exploring the reality of her condition. It is commonly believed that Michitsuna’s Mother began writing

2600-581: Is often called The Gossamer Years , which is the title given to the first English translation by Edward Seidensticker . The term kagerō has three possible meanings: it may mean a mayfly; a heat wave; or a thin film of cobweb, which is the meaning proposed by the English Orientalist Arthur Waley . During the Heian Period, prominent families often collected and compiled their poems in a family collection, or kashū . It

2700-590: Is represented in the fossil record by the Ypresian species N. antiqua from Washington state . Grimaldi and Engel, reviewing the phylogeny in 2005, commented that many cladistic studies had been made with no stability in Ephemeroptera suborders and infraorders; the traditional division into Schistonota and Pannota was wrong because Pannota is derived from the Schistonota. The phylogeny of

2800-564: Is sacred or forbidden based on moral judgment , religious beliefs, or cultural norms . The English term taboo comes from tapu in Oceanic languages , particularly Polynesian languages , with such meanings as "prohibited" or "forbidden". That root tapu is reflected, among others, by Tongan or Māori tapu , and by Hawaiian kapu . Its English use dates to 1777 when the British explorer James Cook visited Tonga , and referred to

2900-540: Is the dominant life history stage of the mayfly. Different insect species vary in their tolerance to water pollution, but in general, the larval stages of mayflies, stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddis flies (Trichoptera) are susceptible to a number of pollutants including sewage , pesticides and industrial effluent . In general, mayflies are particularly sensitive to acidification , but tolerances vary, and certain species are exceptionally tolerant to heavy metal contamination and to low pH levels. Ephemerellidae are among

3000-488: The Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil also belongs as the last offshoot to Permoplectoptera. The Crato outcrops otherwise yielded fossil specimens of modern mayfly families or the extinct (but modern) family Hexagenitidae. However, from the same locality the strange larvae and adults of the extinct family Mickoleitiidae (order Coxoplectoptera ) have been described, which represents

3100-660: The Neotropical realm , while the Holarctic has a smaller number of genera but a high degree of speciation. Some thirteen families are restricted to a single bioregion . The main families have some general habitat preferences: the Baetidae favour warm water; the Heptageniidae live under stones and prefer fast-flowing water; and the relatively large Ephemeridae make burrows in sandy lake or river beds. The nymph

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3200-508: The Tongans ' use of the term taboo for "any thing that is forbidden to be eaten, or made use of". Having invited some of the Tongan aristocracy to dinner aboard his ship, Cook wrote: Not one of them would sit down, or eat a bit of any thing. . . . On expressing my surprise at this, they were all taboo, as they said; which word has a very comprehensive meaning; but, in general, signifies that

3300-572: The Tree of Life and become immortal "like Him". In Islam , the story of Adam and Eve is quite different, though it contains an eating taboo: the Quran mentions that Adam ( Arabic : آدم ), as the successive authority of earth by decree of Allah, is placed in a paradisal garden (not Jannah nor the Garden of Eden ) therein along with his wife (unnamed in the Quran, though the Hadith gives her

3400-412: The blue-winged olive mayfly ( Baetis ) have fallen dramatically, almost to none in some rivers. The major pollutants thought to be responsible are fine sediment and phosphate from agriculture and sewage. The status of many species of mayflies is unknown because they are known from only the original collection data. Four North American species are believed to be extinct. Among these, Pentagenia robusta

3500-694: The divine world , convinces him and Eve to eat it. A looking taboo can be found in the Judeo-Christian telling of the story of Lot found within the Book of Genesis . In Genesis 19 , two angels in the form of men arrived in Sodom at eventide and were invited by Lot to spend the night at his home. The men of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and demanded Lot that he bring his two guests out so that they might "know" them; instead, Lot offered up his two daughters, who had not "known" man, but they refused. As dawn

3600-415: The exuviae (cast skin) and then flies upwards, and in some, the nymph climbs out of the water before transforming. Nymphs live primarily in streams under rocks, in decaying vegetation or in sediments. Few species live in lakes, but they are among the most prolific. For example, the emergence of one species of Hexagenia was recorded on Doppler weather radar by the shoreline of Lake Erie in 2003. In

3700-524: The imago . Mayflies "hatch" (emerge as adults) from spring to autumn, not necessarily in May, in enormous numbers. Some hatches attract tourists. Fly fishermen make use of mayfly hatches by choosing artificial fishing flies that resemble them. One of the most famous English mayflies is Rhithrogena germanica , the fisherman's "March brown mayfly". The brief lives of mayfly adults have been noted by naturalists and encyclopaedists since Aristotle and Pliny

3800-399: The mesothorax and metathorax , being fused. Each segment bears a pair of legs which usually terminate in a single claw. The legs are robust and often clad in bristles, hairs or spines. Wing pads develop on the mesothorax, and in some species, hindwing pads develop on the metathorax. The abdomen consists of ten segments, some of which may be obscured by a large pair of operculate gills,

3900-504: The pedophilia taboo to ephebophilia ; prohibitions on alcohol , tobacco , or psychopharmaceutical consumption (particularly among pregnant women ), also sexual harassment and sexual objectification are increasingly becoming taboo in recent decades. Incest itself has been pulled both ways, with some seeking to normalize consensual adult relationships regardless of the degree of kinship (notably in Europe) and others expanding

4000-454: The spiracles on the abdomen don't have closing muscles. Uniquely among insects, mayflies possess paired genitalia, with the male having two aedeagi (penis-like organs) and the female two gonopores (sexual openings). Mayflies are hemimetabolous (they have "incomplete metamorphosis "). They are unique among insects in that they moult one more time after acquiring functional wings; this last-but-one winged ( alate ) instar usually lives

4100-492: The thorax , which bears the forewings, is enlarged to hold the main flight muscles. Adults have short, flexible antennae, large compound eyes, three ocelli and non-functional mouthparts. In most species, the males' eyes are large and the front legs unusually long, for use in locating and grasping females during the mid-air mating. In the males of some families, there are two large cylindrical "turban" eyes (also known as turbanate or turbinate eyes) that face upwards in addition to

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4200-630: The Elder in classical antiquity . The German engraver Albrecht Dürer included a mayfly in his 1495 engraving The Holy Family with the Mayfly to suggest a link between heaven and earth. The English poet George Crabbe compared the brief life of a daily newspaper with that of a mayfly in the satirical poem "The Newspaper" (1785), both being known as "ephemera". Immature mayflies are aquatic and are referred to as nymphs or naiads. In contrast to their short lives as adults, they may live for several years in

4300-651: The Ephemeroptera was first studied using molecular analysis by Ogden and Whiting in 2005. They recovered the Baetidae as sister to the other clades. Mayfly phylogeny was further studied using morphological and molecular analyses by Ogden and others in 2009. They found that the Asian genus Siphluriscus was sister to all other mayflies. Some existing lineages such as Ephemeroidea , and families such as Ameletopsidae, were found not to be monophyletic , through convergence among nymphal features. The following traditional classification, with two suborders Pannota and Schistonota ,

4400-508: The Mother of Michitsuna devoted her life to her children, and Michitsuna later was able to attain the position of Major Counselor. The Mother of Michitsuna was known for her skill in waka , classical thirty-one-syllable poems, as indicated by the inclusion of some of her poems in Fujiwara no Teika's anthology Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (or One Hundred Poets, One Hundred Poems , c. 1235) and in

4500-446: The abdomen tilted upwards. Females fly into these swarms, and mating takes place in the air. A rising male clasps the thorax of a female from below using his front legs bent upwards, and inseminates her. Copulation may last just a few seconds, but occasionally a pair remains in tandem and flutters to the ground. Males may spend the night in vegetation and return to their dance the following day. Although they do not feed, some briefly touch

4600-415: The age of monogatari, or “tale” or “romance” literature. While this is so, the author depicts her life story as one that does not have its own happy ending. Instead, she writes about the realities of marriage during her time—one that is driven by politics. While both sons and daughters are important to marriage politics, women are regarded as having a more crucial role to this system as they are regarded as

4700-622: The bearers of the next generation. This is the reason why Michitsuna’s mother bemoaned having a son instead of a daughter in Book 3. In a society in which kana writing was considered a women's activity, inferior to the Chinese writing of educated men, Heian women produced what are today known as some of the most enduring and classical works in Japanese literature. The Mother of Michitsuna speculated that her work would be as ephemeral as "the diary of

4800-426: The community. A taboo acknowledged by a particular group or tribe as part of their ways aids in the cohesion of the group, helps that particular group to stand out and maintain its identity in the face of others and therefore creates a feeling of "belonging". The meaning of the word taboo has been somewhat expanded in the social sciences to strong prohibitions relating to any area of human activity or custom that

4900-551: The consequences of their actions. Taboos are not societal prohibitions (such as incest); rather, the use of taboo in these stories relates to its original meaning of "prohibition": for example, a character could be prohibited from looking, eating, and speaking or uttering a certain word . An example of an eating taboo in Greek mythology could be found in the tale of the rape of Persephone . Hades , who had fallen in love with Persephone and wished to make her his queen, burst through

5000-611: The daughter of a provincial governor, Fujiwara no Tomoyasu , the Mother of Michitsuna was a lower- to mid-level member of the aristocratic class. In 954, at the age of nineteen, she married Fujiwara no Kaneie (929-990), who had recently attained the position of captain of the Right Guards. Kaneie later became the Minister of the Right and Regent after his daughter gave birth to Emperor En'yū's son. Although Kaneie continued to climb

5100-602: The degrees of prohibited contact (notably in the United States ). Although the term taboo usually implies negative connotations, it is sometimes associated with enticing propositions in proverbs such as forbidden fruit is the sweetest . In medicine, professionals who practice in ethical and moral grey areas , or fields subject to social stigma such as late termination of pregnancy , may refrain from public discussion of their practice. Among other reasons, this taboo may come from concern that comments may be taken out of

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5200-530: The direct mortality caused by these predators, the behaviour of their potential prey is also affected, with the nymphs' growth rate being slowed by the need to hide rather than feed. The nymphs are highly susceptible to pollution and can be useful in the biomonitoring of water bodies. Once they have emerged, large numbers are preyed on by birds, bats and by other insects, such as Rhamphomyia longicauda . Mayfly nymphs may serve as hosts for parasites such as nematodes and trematodes . Some of these affect

5300-469: The earth wherein they will be provided habitation and provision, for a while, and “There you will live, there you will die, and from there you will be resurrected.” In the Gnostic telling of this story, the taboo is a plot by the archons to keep Adam in a state of ignorance by preventing him from eating the fruit, which allows him to attain gnosis after the serpent, who is viewed as representative of

5400-439: The end, Hermes is sent to retrieve her but, because she had tasted the food of the underworld, she was obliged to spend a third of each year (the winter months) there, and the remaining part of the year with the gods above. With the later writers Ovid and Hyginus, Persephone's time in the underworld becomes half the year. The most notable looking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of Orpheus and Eurydice . Orpheus ,

5500-916: The female submerges and places the eggs among plants or in crevices underwater, but in general, they sink to the bottom. The incubation time is variable, depending at least in part on temperature, and may be anything from a few days to nearly a year. Eggs can go into a quiet dormant phase or diapause . The larval growth rate is also temperature-dependent, as is the number of moults . At anywhere between ten and fifty, these post-embryonic moults are more numerous in mayflies than in most other insect orders. The nymphal stage of mayflies may last from several months to several years, depending on species and environmental conditions. Around half of all mayfly species whose reproductive biology has been described are parthenogenetic (able to asexually reproduce), including both partially and exclusively parthenogenetic populations and species. Many species breed in moving water, where there

5600-432: The festival of the souls’ return in the new year, and she hears a knock on her door during the late night. The visitor’s identity is never disclosed in the work. Kagerō Nikki is said to be a diary, but it is "written in a mixture of styles; the first half characterized more by memoir, the latter half by day-to-day entry." The amount of time that passes between events is sometimes weeks or months. The Mother of Michitsuna

5700-505: The fictiveness of her [Michitsuna’s Mother] telling” and described the style of the work as resembling a “stream of consciousness”. Kagerō Nikki is the first piece of literature in which Heian social relations and customs are clearly drawn out. The marriage customs in Japan at the time revolved around the idea of "duolocal residence", in which the husband lived in a separate house while the wife stayed at her parents’ residence. Although there

5800-421: The first flying insects, such as long tails and wings that do not fold flat over the abdomen . Their immature stages are aquatic fresh water forms (called "naiads" or " nymphs "), whose presence indicates a clean, unpolluted and highly oxygenated aquatic environment. They are unique among insect orders in having a fully winged terrestrial preadult stage, the subimago, which moults into a sexually mature adult,

5900-411: The first flying insects. These include long tails and wings that do not fold flat over the abdomen. Mayflies are delicate-looking insects with one or two pairs of membranous, triangular wings, which are extensively covered with veins . At rest, the wings are held upright, like those of a butterfly . The hind wings are much smaller than the forewings and may be vestigial or absent. The second segment of

6000-642: The flames of Troy. Another, albeit lesser-known, speaking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of Actaeon . Actaeon, whilst on a hunting trip in the woods, mistakenly and haplessly happened upon the bathing Artemis . When Artemis realized that Actaeon had seen her undressed, thus desecrating her chastity , she punished him for his luckless profanation of her virginity's mystery by forbidding him from speech. Whether it be due to forgetfulness or outright resistance, Actaeon defied his speaking taboo and called for his hunting dogs . Due to his failure in abiding by his speaking taboo, Artemis turned Actaeon into

6100-401: The food chain. Mayflies are distributed all over the world in clean freshwater habitats, though absent from Antarctica. They tend to be absent from oceanic islands or represented by one or two species that have dispersed from nearby mainland. Female mayflies may be dispersed by wind, and eggs may be transferred by adhesion to the legs of waterbirds. The greatest generic diversity is found in

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6200-580: The fossil sister group of modern mayflies, even though they had very peculiar adaptations such as raptorial forelegs. The oldest mayfly inclusion in amber is Cretoneta zherichini (Leptophlebiidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Siberia . In the much younger Baltic amber numerous inclusions of several modern families of mayflies have been found (Ephemeridae, Potamanthidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ametropodidae, Siphlonuridae, Isonychiidae, Heptageniidae, and Ephemerellidae). The modern genus Neoephemera

6300-417: The genus Isonychia . The nymph have forelegs that contain long bristle-like structures that have two rows of hairs. Interlocking hairs form the filter by which the insect traps food particles. The action of filter feeding has a small impact on water purification but an even larger impact on the convergence of small particulate matter into matter of a more complex form that goes on to benefit consumers later in

6400-559: The humans, nymphs , and gods learnt about his sorrow and grief and wept with him. On the gods' advice, Orpheus traveled to the Underworld wherein his music softened the hearts of Hades and Persephone, who agreed to allow Eurydice to return with him to earth on one condition: he should guide her out and not look back until they both had reached the upper world. As he reached the upper world, Orpheus looked back toward Eurydice in his eagerness to reunite with her, tragically forgetting about

6500-548: The individuals in a population mature at once (a hatch), and for a day or two in the spring or autumn, mayflies are extremely abundant, dancing around each other in large groups, or resting on every available surface. In many species the emergence is synchronised with dawn or dusk, and light intensity seems to be an important cue for emergence, but other factors may also be involved. Baetis intercalaris , for example, usually emerges just after sunset in July and August, but in one year,

6600-464: The language surrounding these laws , it can be seen how the policy makers, and society as a whole, find these acts to be immoral. Common taboos involve restrictions or ritual regulation of killing and hunting; sex and sexual relationships; reproduction; the dead and their graves; as well as food and dining (primarily cannibalism and dietary laws such as vegetarianism , kashrut , and halal ) or religious ( treif and haram ). In Madagascar ,

6700-949: The large blue lake mayfly, which is a native of Australia and is listed as endangered because its alpine habitat is vulnerable to climate change . Ephemeroptera was defined by Alpheus Hyatt and Jennie Maria Arms Sheldon in 1890–1. The taxonomy of the Ephemeroptera was reworked by George F. Edmunds and Jay R Traver , starting in 1954. Traver contributed to the 1935 work The Biology of Mayflies , and has been called "the first Ephemeroptera specialist in North America". As of 2012, over 3,000 species of mayfly in 42 families and over 400 genera are known worldwide, including about 630 species in North America . Mayflies are an ancient group of winged (pterygote) insects. Putative fossil stem group representatives (e.g. Syntonopteroidea-like Lithoneura lameerrei ) are already known from

6800-596: The late Carboniferous . The name Ephemeroptera is from the Greek ἐφήμερος, ephemeros "short-lived" (literally "lasting a day", cf. English " ephemeral "), and πτερόν, pteron , " wing ", referring to the brief lifespan of adults. The English common name is for the insect's emergence in or around the month of May in the UK. The name shadfly is from the Atlantic fish the shad , which runs up American East Coast rivers at

6900-411: The lateral eyes. They are capable of detecting ultraviolet light and are thought to be used during courtship to detect females flying above them. In some species all the legs are functionless, apart from the front pair in males. The abdomen is long and roughly cylindrical, with ten segments and two or three long cerci (tail-like appendages) at the tip. Like Entognatha , Archaeognatha and Zygentoma ,

7000-592: The looking taboo given to him by Hades, and since Eurydice had not crossed into the upper world, she vanishes back into the Underworld, this time forever. A speaking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of Anchises , the father of the Trojan warrior Aeneas . Aphrodite had fallen in love with the mortal Anchises after Zeus persuaded Eros to shoot her with an arrow to cause these emergent feelings. One interpretation recounts that Aphrodite pretended to be

7100-436: The most tolerant groups and Siphlonuridae and Caenidae the least. The adverse effects on the insects of pollution may be either lethal or sub-lethal, in the latter case resulting in altered enzyme function, poor growth, changed behaviour or lack of reproductive success. As important parts of the food chain, pollution can cause knock-on effects to other organisms; a dearth of herbivorous nymphs can cause overgrowth of algae, and

7200-407: The mouth at the front. There are two large compound eyes , three ocelli (simple eyes) and a pair of antennae of variable lengths, set between or in front of the eyes. The mouthparts are designed for chewing and consist of a flap-like labrum , a pair of strong mandibles , a pair of maxillae , a membranous hypopharynx and a labium . The thorax consists of three segments – the hindmost two,

7300-666: The name Ḥawwā’, Arabic: حواء ); such a paradise this garden was, that they would never go hungry nor unclothed, nor would they ever thirst or be exposed to the sun's heat. Allah took a promise from Adam: ˹Allah said,˺ “O Adam! Live with your wife in Paradise and eat from wherever you please, but do not approach this tree, or else you will be wrongdoers.” Iblis , angered at his expulsion from Jannah for refusing to bow to Adam at his inception, decided to trick Adam and his wife into being shunned by Allah, just as he was. Allah had warned Adam and his wife about Iblis, telling them that he

7400-484: The nymphs are herbivores or detritivores , feeding on algae , diatoms or detritus , but in a few species, they are predators of chironomid and other small insect larvae and nymphs. Nymphs of Povilla burrow into submerged wood and can be a problem for boat owners in Asia. Some are able to shift from one feeding group to another as they grow, thus enabling them to utilise a variety of food resources. They process

7500-438: The nymphs of most mayfly species, the paddle-like gills do not function as respiratory surfaces because sufficient oxygen is absorbed through the integument, instead serving to create a respiratory current. However, in low-oxygen environments such as the mud at the bottom of ponds in which Ephemera vulgata burrows, the filamentous gills act as true accessory respiratory organs and are used in gaseous exchange. In most species,

7600-426: The nymphs' behaviour in such a way that they become more likely to be predated. Other nematodes turn adult male mayflies into quasi-females which haunt the edges of streams, enabling the parasites to break their way out into the aqueous environment they need to complete their life cycles. The nymphs can also serve as intermediate hosts for the horsehair worm Paragordius varius , which causes its definitive host ,

7700-493: The only two universal taboos that formed the basis of civilization. Although cannibalism , in-group murder , and incest are taboo in the majority of societies, exceptions can be found, such as marriages between brothers and sisters in Roman Egypt . Modern Western societies do not condone such relationships. These familial sexual activities are criminalised, even if all parties are consenting adults. Through an analysis of

7800-459: The process of bioturbation. By burrowing in the bottom of lakes and redistributing nutrients, mayflies indirectly regulate phytoplankton and epibenthic primary production. Once burrowing to the bottom of the lake, mayfly nymphs begin to billow their respiratory gills. This motion creates current that carries food particles through the burrow and allows the nymph to filter feed. Other mayfly nymphs possess elaborate filter feeding mechanisms like that of

7900-553: The same time as many mayflies emerge. From the Permian , numerous stem group representatives of mayflies are known, which are often lumped into a separate taxon Permoplectoptera (e.g. including Protereisma permianum in the Protereismatidae , and Misthodotidae ). The larvae of Permoplectoptera still had 9 pairs of abdominal gills, and the adults still had long hindwings. Maybe the fossil family Cretereismatidae from

8000-407: The sediment where they spend two or three years before hatching into subimagos. When ready to emerge, several different strategies are used. In some species, the transformation of the nymph occurs underwater and the subimago swims to the surface and launches itself into the air. In other species, the nymph rises to the surface, bursts out of its skin, remains quiescent for a minute or two resting on

8100-473: The shortest adult lifespan of any mayfly: the adult females of the species live for less than five minutes. Male adults may patrol individually, but most congregate in swarms a few metres above water with clear open sky above it, and perform a nuptial or courtship dance. Each insect has a characteristic up-and-down pattern of movement; strong wingbeats propel it upwards and forwards with the tail sloping down; when it stops moving its wings, it falls passively with

8200-476: The social hierarchy, the Mother of Michitsuna’s position as a secondary wife and mother of only one child left her in an unstable social position. Her tenuous relations with Kaneie drove her to consider becoming a nun, but her son and others in her family convinced her to remain in the secular world. She later adopted a daughter of Kaneie's by another woman. Not long after that, the Mother of Michitsuna's sixteen-year-long marriage came to an end. According to her diary,

8300-454: The son of Apollo , was well-renowned as a legendary musician whose music could move anything and everything, living or not, in the world. While walking among her people in tall grass at her wedding, Eurydice was set upon by a satyr . In her efforts to escape the satyr, Eurydice fell into a nest of vipers and suffered a fatal bite on her heel. Her body was discovered by Orpheus who, overcome with grief, played such sad and mournful songs that all

8400-476: The subimagos have forelegs that are short and compressed, with accordion like folds, and expands to more than double its length after moulting. After a period, usually lasting one or two days but in some species only a few minutes, the subimago moults to the full adult form, making mayflies the only insects where a winged form undergoes a further moult. Adult mayflies, or imagos , are relatively primitive in structure, exhibiting traits that were probably present in

8500-402: The surface to drink a little water before flying off. Females typically lay between four hundred and three thousand eggs. The eggs are often dropped onto the surface of the water; sometimes the female deposits them by dipping the tip of her abdomen into the water during flight, releasing a small batch of eggs each time, or deposits them in bulk while standing next to the water. In a few species,

8600-401: The third imperial waka anthology Shūi Wakashū . With her expertise on waka, Michitsuna’s Mother composed poems that facilitated social relationships and also put a stop to others. Besides making compositions using her own name, she also wrote poems on behalf of her husband and her son in order to help them advance in social hierarchy and engage in courtship, demonstrating her artistic talent as

8700-541: The tree whereupon Adam assigns the blame to Eve and Eve assigns it to the serpent. As a result, God condemns Eve with pain in childbirth and subordination to her husband, he condemns Adam to have to labor on the earth for his food and be reduced into the earth at death, and in the Christian tradition, he condemns all of humanity for this original sin . God then expels Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden lest they eat from

8800-695: The upper Midwestern United States , as Canadian soldiers in the American Great Lakes region , and as up-winged flies in the United Kingdom) are aquatic insects belonging to the order Ephemeroptera . This order is part of an ancient group of insects termed the Palaeoptera , which also contains dragonflies and damselflies . Over 3,000 species of mayfly are known worldwide, grouped into over 400 genera in 42 families . Mayflies have ancestral traits that were probably present in

8900-443: The water. They have an elongated, cylindrical or somewhat flattened body that passes through a number of instars (stages), moulting and increasing in size each time. When ready to emerge from the water, nymphs vary in length, depending on species, from 3 to 30 mm (0.12 to 1.18 in). The head has a tough outer covering of sclerotin , often with various hard ridges and projections; it points either forwards or downwards, with

9000-595: The way her words take on a tone of inner anguish as Kaneie's visits dwindle. In an attempt to find solace, the Mother of Michitsuna makes pilgrimages to temples and mountains of religious importance. She often expresses her desire to become a nun, but the effect that act would have on her son’s future plagues her mind and prevents her from ever taking Buddhist vows. Towards the end of the diary, she finally reconciles herself to her separation from Kaneie, and determines to devote herself to caring for her son and her adopted daughter. The story ends with Michitsuna’s mother watching

9100-742: The work in around 971, when she was facing one of her marriage crises. Sonja Arntzen argued that the work also functions as a record of the death of Michitsuna’s Mother’s marriage and her struggle to find a reason for living. Kagerō Nikki unfolds around the principal relationship between Michitsuna’s Mother and her husband, Fujiwara no Kaneie, while also placing a hefty emphasis on the author’s other social relationships, such that between herself, her son, and later on her adopted daughter. The diary entries detail events of particular emotional significance, such as when Kaneie visits other women while she stays at home taking care of their son ("the boy"). The Mother of Michitsuna's deep feelings for Kaneie are apparent in

9200-459: Was reconstructed as "forbidden, off limits; sacred, due to a sentiment of awe before spiritual forces". In its current use in Tongan, the word tapu means "sacred" or "holy", often in the sense of being restricted or protected by custom or law. On the main island, the word is often appended to the end of "Tonga" as Tongatapu , here meaning "Sacred South" rather than "Forbidden South". Sigmund Freud speculated that incest and patricide were

9300-441: Was a "clear enemy". Iblis swore in the name of Allah that he was their sincere advisor, revealed unto Adam and his wife each other's nakedness, and convinced them to eat from the forbidden tree so that they may never taste death. After eating from the tree (thus breaking the eating taboo), Allah removes Adam and his wife from their paradisal garden, telling them that mankind will be condemned with some being enemies with others on

9400-477: Was breaking, Lot's visiting angels urged him to get his family and flee, so as to avoid being caught in the impending disaster for the iniquity of the city. The command was given, "Flee for your life! Do not look behind you, nor stop anywhere in the Plain; flee to the hills, lest you be swept away." Whilst fleeing, Lot's wife broke the looking taboo by turning to look back at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and

9500-408: Was explained to Demeter that Persephone would be released, so long as she did not taste the food of the dead. Hades complies with the request to return Persephone to Demeter, but first, he tricks Persephone, forcing her to break the eating taboo by giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat. In other interpretations, Persephone is seen eating the pomegranate seeds as a result of temptation or hunger. In

9600-479: Was in her dealings with others, defining them solely in relationship to herself." On the other hand, Sonja Arntzen argued in her 1997 translation that Michitsuna’s Mother “contributed a realistic mode of writing to Japanese prose” and highlights the psychological sophistication shown in Kagerō Nikki that recognizes the mutability of mental states and memories. Arntzen also praised Kagerō Nikki for its “awareness of

9700-513: Was introduced in 1979 by W. P. McCafferty and George F. Edmunds. The list is based on Peters and Campbell (1991), in Insects of Australia . Suborder Pannota Suborder Schistonota After Siphluriscidae Baetidae Baetiscidae Prosopistomatidae Coloburiscidae Leptophlebiidae Chromarcyidae Oligoneuriidae Vietnamellidae Austremerellidae Teloganodidae Taboo A taboo , also spelled tabu ,

9800-600: Was not a structured procedure for divorce, the stoppage of visits signaled the end of a relationship. In expressing her frustration with this system, the Mother of Michitsuna provides valuable insight into the life of married couples during the Heian period. There was also no taboo against the marriage of an uncle with a niece, as seen in the proposed marriage of Tōnori ("the Kami") to Kaneie's daughter (the author's brother-in-law desiring to marry her adopted daughter). Born in 935 as

9900-617: Was originally collected from the Ohio River near Cincinnati , but this species has not been seen since its original collection in the 1800s. Ephemera compar is known from a single specimen, collected from the "foothills of Colorado" in 1873, but despite intensive surveys of the Colorado mayflies reported in 1984, it has not been rediscovered. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list of threatened species includes one mayfly: Tasmanophlebia lacuscoerulei ,

10000-718: Was turned into a pillar of salt as punishment for disobeying the angels' warning. Communist and materialist theorists have argued that taboos can be used to reveal the histories of societies when other records are lacking. Marvin Harris explains taboos as a consequence of ecologic and economic conditions. Some argue that contemporary Western multicultural societies have taboos against tribalisms (for example, ethnocentrism and nationalism ) and prejudices ( racism , sexism , homophobia , extremism and religious fanaticism ). Changing social customs and standards also create new taboos, such as bans on slavery ; extension of

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