Kahama Urban District is one of the five districts of the Shinyanga Region of Tanzania . Its administrative centre is the town of Kahama . It is bordered to the north and south by Kahama Rural District , to the east by Nzega District and to the west by Bukombe District .
87-512: According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Kahama Urban District was 453,654. In 2021 President Magufuli promoted Kahama from a town council to a municipal council. Kahama is now an urban area, declared and publicly known. Its recent development, which are also fascinating, are the result of Isaka dry port and mining activities which have been going on for quite some time now. The town of Kahama now
174-426: A Coronavirus breathalyzer is a pre-screening test for people who have no or mild symptoms of COVID-19. A not negative result is followed by a PCR or LAMP test. In May 2021, Reuters reported that Dutch researchers at Wageningen University had shown that trained bees could detect the virus in infected samples in seconds and this could benefit countries where test facilities are in short supply. A two-month study by
261-496: A nasopharyngeal swab , sputum (coughed up material), throat swabs, deep airway material collected via suction catheter or saliva . Drosten et al. remarked that for 2003 SARS, "from a diagnostic point of view, it is important to note that nasal and throat swabs seem less suitable for diagnosis, since these materials contain considerably less viral RNA than sputum, and the virus may escape detection if only these materials are tested." Sensitivity of clinical samples by RT-PCR
348-475: A PCR test. Because the loss of the sense of smell shows up before other symptoms, there has been a call for widespread sniff testing. Health care bureaucracies have generally ignored sniff tests even though they are quick, easy and capable of being self-administered daily. This has led some medical journals to write editorials supporting the adoption of sniff testing. Typical visible features on CT initially include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with
435-404: A computerized tomography scan is a strong tool in the diagnosis of COVID-19, it is insufficient to identify COVID-19 alone due to the poor specificity and the difficulties that radiologists may experience in distinguishing COVID-19 from other viral pneumonia on chest computerized tomography scans. The standard blood test (quick scan) taken at the emergency room measures different values. By use of
522-477: A continent where, in general, "corruption and embezzlement of public funds are a way of life" in ruling circles, according to the daily The Citizen. Magufuli's government was accused of repressing opposition to his leadership, including laws restricting opposition rallies, the suspension of the Swahili-language Mawio newspaper in 2016 for publishing "false and inflammatory" reporting regarding
609-450: A crackdown on members of the political opposition and civil society groups. Despite all the accusations, a spokesman for the ruling party assured that Magufuli would not remain in power beyond the two limits allowed by the constitution. Under his presidency, Tanzania experienced one of the strongest economic growths on the continent (6% on average per year according to the IMF) and moved from
696-419: A current infection, while positive antibody tests indicate a prior infection. Other techniques include a CT scan , checking for elevated body temperature, checking for low blood oxygen level, and detection by trained dogs . Detection of the virus is usually done either by looking for the virus's inner RNA , or pieces of protein on the outside of the virus. Tests that look for the viral antigens (parts of
783-469: A decades-old law which permitted schools to expel pregnant students, stating that he believed "After getting pregnant, you are done". Magufuli promoted COVID-19 misinformation and misinformation related to vaccination during the pandemic in Tanzania . Magufuli spoke against the possibility of closing churches, stating: "That's where there is true healing. Corona is the devil and it cannot survive in
870-543: A few hours. These tests are also referred to as molecular or genetic assays. Real-time PCR (qPCR) provides advantages including automation, higher-throughput and more reliable instrumentation. It has become the preferred method. The combined technique has been described as real-time RT-PCR or quantitative RT-PCR and is sometimes abbreviated qRT-PCR , rRT-PCR or RT-qPCR, although sometimes RT-PCR or PCR are used. The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines propose
957-493: A former foreign minister who had planned to challenge the nomination . He received the highest votes and was therefore re-elected to extend his presidency until 2025 for a second term. According to Al Jazeera , "The election was marred by allegations of arrests of candidates and protesters, restrictions on agents of political parties to access polling stations, multiple voting, pre-ticking of ballots, and widespread blocking of social media." A local elections watchdog group noted
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#17328013916381044-678: A heavy deployment of military and police whose conduct created a "climate of fear". Writing in the Journal of Democracy , political scientist Dan Paget stated that "The CCM sweep was an authoritarian landslide, achieved through electoral manipulation that was unprecedented in both scale and audacity. This was accompanied by high levels of violent oppression". After taking office, Magufuli immediately began to impose measures to curb government spending, such as barring unnecessary foreign travel by government officials, using cheaper vehicles and board rooms for transport and meetings respectively, shrinking
1131-459: A homosexual who has a Facebook account, or with an Instagram account, all those who 'follow' him — it is very clear that they are just as guilty as the homosexual". Two years later, he announced that a committee of 17 members consisting of police, lawyers and doctors, had been formed to identify homosexuals. Within one day of the announcement authorities reportedly received 5,763 messages from the public, with more than 100 names. Hamisi Kigwangalla ,
1218-412: A known viral protein, buffer reagents and specific, enzyme-labeled antibodies. The result is luminescent. A chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay uses magnetic, protein-coated microparticles. Antibodies react to the viral protein, forming a complex. Secondary enzyme-labeled antibodies are added and bind to these complexes. The resulting chemical reaction produces light. The radiance is used to calculate
1305-822: A lab. These tests usually use whole blood , plasma , or serum samples. A plate is coated with a viral protein, such as a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Samples are incubated with the protein, allowing any antibodies to bind to it. The antibody-protein complex can then be detected with another wash of antibodies that produce a color/fluorescent readout. Neutralization assays assess whether sample antibodies prevent viral infection in test cells. These tests sample blood, plasma or serum. The test cultures cells that allow viral reproduction (e.g., Vero E6 cells). By varying antibody concentrations, researchers can visualize and quantify how many test antibodies block virus replication. Chemiluminescent immunoassays are quantitative lab tests. They sample blood, plasma, or serum. Samples are mixed with
1392-451: A large family and that is why they opt for birth controls and end up with one or two children only." He urged people not to listen to those advising about birth control, some of it coming from foreigners, because it has sinister motives. The statement has drawn criticism from Amnesty International and others. In July 2019, Magufuli urged women to "set your ovaries free". Despite his opinion on contraception, Magufuli had shown support for
1479-477: A peripheral or posterior distribution. COVID-19 can be identified with higher precision using CT than with RT-PCR. Subpleural dominance , crazy paving , and consolidation may develop as the disease evolves. Chest CT scans and chest x-rays are not recommended for diagnosing COVID-19. Radiologic findings in COVID-19 lack specificity. Chest X-rays, computed tomography scans and ultrasounds are all ways
1566-613: A positive result if they find only binding antibodies, these tests cannot indicate that the subject has generated protective NAbs that protect against re-infection. It is expected that binding antibodies imply the presence of NAbs and for many viral diseases total antibody responses correlate somewhat with NAb responses but this is not established for COVID-19. A study of 175 recovered patients in China who experienced mild symptoms reported that 10 individuals had no detectable NAbs at discharge, or thereafter. How these patients recovered without
1653-525: A result, many doctors felt that they were unable to officially diagnose COVID-19 out of fear of the government. Magufuli said in a January 2021 speech: "Vaccinations are dangerous. If white people were able to come up with vaccinations, a vaccination for AIDS would have been found." Instead, Magufuli urged steam inhalation and herbal medicine , neither of which is approved by the WHO for the treatment of COVID-19. However, Magufuli partially changed his position in
1740-535: A second time from 2010 to 2015. Running as the candidate of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), the country's dominant party, Magufuli won the October 2015 presidential election and was sworn in on 5 November 2015; he was re-elected in 2020 . He ran on a platform of reducing government corruption and spending while also investing in Tanzania's industries, but his rule had autocratic tendencies, as seen in restrictions on freedom of speech, restrictions on LGBTQ rights, and
1827-524: A swab of the anterior nares , or from saliva (obtained by various methods including lollipop tests for children). The sample is then exposed to paper strips containing artificial antibodies designed to bind to coronavirus antigens. Antigens bind to the strips and give a visual readout. The process takes less than 30 minutes, can deliver results at point of care, and does not require expensive equipment or extensive training. Swabs of respiratory viruses often lack enough antigen material to be detectable. This
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#17328013916381914-537: A time per machine. RT-PCR tests are accurate but require too much time, energy and trained personnel to run the tests. "There will never be the ability on a [PCR] test to do 300 million tests a day or to test everybody before they go to work or to school," Deborah Birx , head of the White House Coronavirus Task Force , said on 17 April 2020. "But there might be with the antigen test." Samples may be collected via nasopharyngeal swab,
2001-555: A variety of healthcare settings. There are some downsides to using imaging, however. The equipment needed for computed tomography scans is not available in most hospitals, making it not as effective as some other tools used for detection of the coronavirus disease. One of the difficult tasks in a pandemic is manually inspecting each report, which takes numerous radiology professionals and time. There were several problems with early studies of using chest computerized tomography scans for diagnosing coronavirus. Some of these problems included
2088-404: Is 63% for nasal swab, 32% for pharyngeal swab, 48% for feces, 72–75% for sputum, and 93–95% for bronchoalveolar lavage . The likelihood of detecting the virus depends on collection method and how much time has passed since infection. According to Drosten tests performed with throat swabs are reliable only in the first week. Thereafter the virus may abandon the throat and multiply in the lungs. In
2175-430: Is a measure of how well a test can identify true negatives. For all testing, both diagnostic and screening, there is usually a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity, such that higher sensitivities will mean lower specificities and vice versa. A 90% specific test will correctly identify 90% of those who are uninfected, leaving 10% with a false positive result. Samples can be obtained by various methods, including
2262-614: Is a process that amplifies (replicates) a small, well-defined segment of DNA many hundreds of thousands of times, creating enough of it for analysis. Test samples are treated with certain chemicals that allow DNA to be extracted. Reverse transcription converts RNA into DNA. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) first uses reverse transcription to obtain DNA, followed by PCR to amplify that DNA, creating enough to be analyzed. RT-PCR can thereby detect SARS-CoV-2 , which contains only RNA. The RT-PCR process generally requires
2349-411: Is an urgent need for frequent surveillance and rapid availability of results. Test analysis is often performed in automated , high-throughput , medical laboratories by medical laboratory scientists . Rapid self-tests and point-of-care testing are also available and can offer a faster and less expensive method to test for the virus although with a lower accuracy. Positive viral tests indicate
2436-512: Is another economic part that has greatly contributed to the growth of the city by providing farmers with a place to sell their products. The market has been undergoing constant improvements to meet the needs of traders. Paved Trunk road T3 from Morogoro to the Rwanda border passes through Kahama Urban District from east to west. The city of Kahama is easily accessible from all the cities of Tanzania by paved roads and there are daily bus trips from all
2523-476: Is contained in a unit of convalescent plasma, for COVID-19 treatment, or to verify if a given vaccine generates an adequate immune response. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies' potency and protective period have not been established. Therefore, a positive antibody test may not imply immunity to a future infection. Further, whether mild or asymptomatic infections produce sufficient antibodies for a test to detect has not been established. Antibodies for some diseases persist in
2610-617: Is detected a median 14 days after symptom onset. IgG levels significantly decline after two or three months. Genetic tests verify infection earlier than antibody tests. Only 30% of those with a positive genetic test produced a positive antibody test on day 7 of their infection. RDTs typically use a small, portable, positive/negative lateral flow assay that can be executed at point of care. RDTs may process blood samples, saliva samples, or nasal swab fluids. RDTs produce colored lines to indicate positive or negative results. ELISAs can be qualitative or quantitative and generally require
2697-550: Is enjoying the employment from Barrick Gold in the newly operating site of Buzwagi Gold Mine situated in between Kahama and Mwendakulima along Isaka road. Also manufacturing activities are now part of the town which is already connected to 2010 water project from Lake Victoria which for decades was one of the problems the people of Kahama were facing. It has now grown to the extent it is connected to all Kahama wards of Nyihogo, Malunga, Shunu, Nyahanga, Igomelo, Nyakato, Mbulu, Bukondamoyo, Mhungulamwime, Majengo, Nyashimbi which made
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2784-435: Is especially true for asymptomatic patients who have little if any nasal discharge . Viral proteins are not amplified in an antigen test. A Cochrane review based on 64 studies investigating the efficacy of 16 different antigen tests determined that they correctly identified COVID-19 infection in an average of 72% of people with symptoms, compared to 58% of people without symptoms. Tests were most accurate (78%) when used in
2871-438: Is needed. The body responds to a viral infection by producing antibodies that help neutralize the virus. Blood tests (also called serology tests or serology immunoassays ) can detect the presence of such antibodies. Antibody tests can be used to assess what fraction of a population has once been infected, which can then be used to calculate the disease's mortality rate . They can also be used to determine how much antibody
2958-470: Is not advised for routine screening of COVID-19. Patients with asymptomatic to mild symptoms are not recommended to be tested via chest computerized tomography scans. However, it is still crucial to use, particularly when determining complications or disease progression. Chest imaging also is not always the first route to take with patients who have high risk factors for COVID. High risk patients that had mild symptoms, chest imaging findings were limited. Although
3045-564: Is not as available as chest x-ray, but still only takes about 15 minutes per patient. Computerized tomography has been a known routine scanning for pneumonia diagnosis, therefore can also be used to diagnose coronavirus disease. Computerized tomography scans may help with ongoing illness monitoring throughout treatment. Patients who had low-grade symptoms and high body temperatures revealed significant lung indications on their chest computed tomography scans. They emphasized how important chest computerized tomography scans are for determining how serious
3132-631: The Uhuru Stadium in Dar es Salaam on 20 March. His state funeral was held two days later at the Jamhuri Stadium in Dodoma, and he was buried in his hometown of Chato on 26 March. He was married to Janeth Magufuli , a primary school teacher, with whom he had seven children. He was a devout Catholic . COVID-19 testing COVID-19 testing involves analyzing samples to assess
3219-485: The 22nd anniversary of the Rwandan genocide . In July 2016, Tanzania banned shisha smoking, with Magufuli citing its health effects among youth as the reason. In March 2017, Tanzania banned the export of unprocessed ores, in an effort to encourage domestic smelting . In January 2018, Magufuli issued a directive ordering the suspension of registration for foreign merchant ships, following recent incidents surrounding
3306-513: The IMF), the Tanzanian government is embarking on a vast programme of infrastructure development, particularly rail infrastructure. The small fishing port of Bagamoyo , to which US$ 10 billion of investment has been allocated, is expected to become the largest port in Africa by 2030. Magufuli's government worked on various infrastructure projects targeting economic development. Projects include
3393-883: The Katoke Seminary in Biharamulo for his secondary education from 1975 to 1977 before relocating to Lake Secondary School in 1977 and graduating in 1978. He joined Mkwawa High School for his Advanced level studies in 1979 and graduated in 1981. That same year he joined Mkwawa College of Education (a constituent college of the University of Dar es Salaam ) for a Diploma in Education Science, majoring in chemistry, Mathematics, and Education. Magufuli earned his Bachelor of Science in education degree, majoring in Chemistry and Mathematics as teaching subjects from
3480-716: The US FDA granted an emergency use authorization for a saliva test developed at Yale University that gives results in hours. On 4 January 2021, the US FDA issued an alert about the risk of false results, particularly false negative results, with the Curative SARS-Cov-2 Assay real-time RT-PCR test. Viral burden measured in upper respiratory specimens declines after symptom onset. Following recovery, many patients no longer have detectable viral RNA in upper respiratory specimens. Among those who do, RNA concentrations three days following recovery are generally below
3567-574: The University of Dar es Salaam in 1988. He also earned his master's degree, and doctorate degrees in chemistry from the University of Dar es Salaam in 1994 and 2009, respectively. In late 2019, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Dodoma for improving the economy of the country. Magufuli ventured into elective politics after a short period as a teacher at The Sengerema Secondary School between 1982 and 1983. He taught chemistry and mathematics. Later on, he quit his teaching job and
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3654-474: The ability to reduce reinfection severity. Sudden loss of smell can be used to screen people on a daily basis for COVID-19. A study by the National Institutes of Health showed that those infected with SARS-CoV-2 could not smell a 25% mixture of ethanol and water. Because various conditions can lead to the loss of the sense of smell, a sniff test would not be definitive but indicate the need for
3741-605: The addition of half a dozen Air Tanzania planes as a way of reviving the national carrier, the expansion of Terminal III of Julius Nyerere International Airport , construction of Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway , Mfugale Flyover, Julius Nyerere Hydropower Station , Ubungo Interchange, new Selander Bridge , Kigongo-Busisi Bridge , Huduma Bora Za afya, Vituo Bora Za Afya, expansion of Port of Dar es Salaam , Dodoma Bus Terminal, liquefied natural gas plant, water project, wind farm project, Uhuru Hospital project, gold refinery plant, and Magufuli Bus Terminal . Magufuli received
3828-469: The blocking of steps in the replicative cycle up to and including membrane fusion. A non-neutralizing antibody either does not bind to the crucial structures on the virus surface or binds but leaves the virus particle infectious; the antibody may still contribute to the destruction of virus particles or infected cells by the immune system. It may even enhance infectivity by interacting with receptors on macrophages . Since most COVID-19 antibody tests return
3915-461: The blood quick scan the CoLab score is calculated with a developed algorithm based on how the coronavirus causes changes in the blood. The software is intended for use in emergency rooms to quickly rule out the presence of the disease in incoming patients. A not negative result is followed by a PCR ( polymerase chain reaction ) or LAMP ( loop-mediated isothermal amplification ) test. The breath test by
4002-680: The bloodstream for many years, while others fade away. The most notable antibodies are IgM and IgG . IgM antibodies are generally detectable several days after initial infection, although levels over the course of infection and beyond are not well characterized. IgG antibodies generally become detectable 10–14 days after infection and normally peak around 28 days after infection. This pattern of antibody development seen with other infections, often does not apply to SARS-CoV-2, however, with IgM sometimes occurring after IgG, together with IgG or not occurring at all. Generally, however, median IgM detection occurs 5 days after symptom onset, whereas IgG
4089-531: The body of Jesus," reported The Economist in March 2020. By May 2020, Magufuli and Dar es Salaam regional commissioner Paul Makonda announced that the disease had been defeated by national prayer, and called for a public celebration. "The corona disease has been eliminated thanks to God", Magufuli told the church congregation in Dodoma , the country's capital. The World Health Organization (WHO) has questioned
4176-552: The category of lower-low income countries to lower-middle income countries. Contrary to leaders elsewhere in the world, Magufuli ordered COVID-19 testing to stop and resisted calls to implement public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania . He also expressed distrust of American- and European-developed vaccines , preferring to rely on faith to protect his nation. Magufuli's approach has been characterised as COVID-19 denialism . His death on 17 March 2021
4263-428: The cities, although at the moment the area of the stand used for buses is small, there is construction of a new stand in progress. For the use of air travel Kahama is not behind there have been flights at least 3 times a week to Dar es Salaam. The airport in use belongs to the mineral mine of Buzwagi. Train transportation has existed in the city of Kahama for a long time, although it is not a popular transportation, but
4350-516: The coronavirus disease can be detected. A chest x-ray is a portable lightweight machine. This machine is typically more available than polymerase chain reaction and computerized tomography scans. it only takes approximately 15 seconds per patient. This makes chest-x ray readily accessible and inexpensive. It also has quick turnaround time and can be crucial to the clinical equipment in the detection of coronavirus disease. Computerized tomography scans involve looking at 3D images from various angles. This
4437-439: The coronavirus disease infection is. Ultrasound can be another tool to detect coronavirus disease. An ultrasound is a type of imaging exam that produces images using sound waves. Unlike computerized tomography scans and x-rays, ultrasound does not use radiation. Moreover, it is inexpensive, simple to use, repeatable, and has several additional advantages. Using a hand-held mobile machine, ultrasound examinations can be performed in
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#17328013916384524-421: The country's Independence Day festivities for 2015, in favour of a national cleanup campaign to help reduce the spread of cholera . He personally participated in the cleanup efforts, having stated that it was "so shameful that we are spending huge amounts of money to celebrate 54 years of independence when our people are dying of cholera". The cost savings were to be invested in improving hospitals and sanitation in
4611-400: The country's deputy health minister, said he supports the use of 'anal exams' to prove whether someone is having gay sex. The test is widely considered to be a violation of human rights by medical experts. In September 2018, Magufuli told a rally: "Those going for family planning are lazy ... they are afraid they will not be able to feed their children. They do not want to work hard to feed
4698-409: The country. On 10 December 2015, more than a month after taking office, Magufuli announced his cabinet . Its size was reduced from 30 ministries to 19 to help reduce costs. On 12 April 2016, Magufuli conducted his first foreign visit to Rwanda, where he met his counterpart Paul Kagame and inaugurated the new bridge and one-stop border post at Rusumo . Magufuli also attended the memorial for
4785-500: The current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2 , the virus that cases COVID-19 and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic . The two main types of tests detect either the presence of the virus or antibodies produced in response to infection. Molecular tests for viral presence through its molecular components are used to diagnose individual cases and to allow public health authorities to trace and contain outbreaks. Antibody tests (serology immunoassays) instead show whether someone once had
4872-533: The delegation for a tour of the Commonwealth from 50 people to 4, dropping its sponsorship of a World AIDS Day exhibition in favour of purchasing AIDS medication, banning officials from flying first and business class, and discouraging lavish events and parties by public institutions (such as cutting the budget of a state dinner inaugurating the new parliamentary session). Magufuli reduced his own salary from US$ 15,000 to US$ 4,000 per month. Magufuli suspended
4959-425: The disease severity characters being different in severe and hospitalized cases. The criteria for doing a chest computerized tomography scan were not defined. There was also no characterization of positive chest computerized tomography scans results. The computerized tomography scans findings were not the same as positive computerized tomography scans findings of coronavirus. In a typical clinical setting, chest imaging
5046-660: The disease. They are less useful for diagnosing current infections because antibodies may not develop for weeks after infection. It is used to assess disease prevalence, which aids the estimation of the infection fatality rate . Individual jurisdictions have adopted varied testing protocols, including whom to test, how often to test, analysis protocols, sample collection and the uses of test results. This variation has likely significantly impacted reported statistics, including case and test numbers, case fatality rates and case demographics. Because SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurs days after exposure (and before onset of symptoms), there
5133-415: The distribution of non-governmental information on the spread of the virus had become a crime. He disputed the effectiveness of face masks and testing . In July 2020, regulations were introduced to forbid the publication of "information with regards to the outbreak of a deadly or contagious disease in the country or elsewhere without the approval of the respective authorities", with fines for breaches. As
5220-562: The dry port of Isaka has contributed significantly to the growth of this city for cargo transportation. Also, the new SGR railway will pass through the city of Kahama to the small town of Isaka. --> As of 2012, Kahama Urban District was administratively divided into 12 wards . John Magufuli John Pombe Joseph Magufuli (29 October 1959 – 17 March 2021) was the fifth president of Tanzania , serving from 2015 until his death in 2021. He served as Minister of Works, Transport and Communications from 2000 to 2005 and 2010 to 2015 and
5307-545: The final round of the primary over two opponents: Justice Minister and former United Nations Deputy Secretary-General Asha-Rose Migiro , and the African Union Ambassador to the United States, Amina Salum Ali . Although Magufuli faced a strong challenge from opposition candidate and previous CCM political party member Edward Lowassa in the election, held on 25 October 2015, Magufuli was declared
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#17328013916385394-538: The first week after symptoms first developed, likely because people have the most virus in their system in the first days after they are infected. While some scientists doubt whether an antigen test can be useful against COVID-19, others have argued that antigen tests are highly sensitive when viral load is high and people are contagious, making them suitable for public health screening. Routine antigen tests can quickly identify when asymptomatic people are contagious, while follow-up PCR can be used if confirmatory diagnosis
5481-411: The gay community. The countrywide closure of private HIV clinics began soon afterward. In late 2018, Magufuli initiated a nationwide crackdown, threatening to arrest and deport anyone campaigning for gay rights and making it difficult to find a lawyer who will defend cases of violence against LGBTQ people. Paul Makonda , Magufuli's regional commissioner for Dar es Salaam , stated in 2016: "If there's
5568-509: The government to end dispute as the first tranche of the $ 300M. However, this anti-corruption policy has also "frightened investors, who now fear they will have to deal with Tanzanian justice, and weakened growth", according to Zitto Kabwe , one of the leaders of the opposition Alliance for Change and Transparency (ACT). With one of the highest economic growth rates on the African continent (5.8% in 2018 and an estimated 6% for 2019 according to
5655-423: The government's approach to COVID-19 . Magufuli instructed security forces to blindly test coronavirus PCR test kits for quality on goats, papaya, sheep, and motor oil. All of them, he said, had been found to be positive for COVID-19. The last official data on the coronavirus in Tanzania, under President Magufuli, was published in late April 2020. Magufuli had dismissed the head of the national laboratory, and
5742-480: The help of NAbs and whether they were at risk of re-infection was not addressed. An additional source of uncertainty is that even if NAbs are present, viruses such as HIV can evade NAb responses. Studies have indicated that NAbs to the original SARS virus (the predecessor to the current SARS-CoV-2) can remain active for two years and are gone after six years. Nevertheless, memory cells including memory B cells and memory T cells can last much longer and may have
5829-398: The next month. After months of discouraging their use, he publicly asked Tanzanians to put on face masks as a precautionary measure against COVID-19. At the same time, he conditioned that only Tanzanian-made masks should be used. Magufuli had not been seen in public since 27 February 2021, leading to speculation over his health. His death on 17 March 2021 at 6 p.m. EAT (15:00 UTC )
5916-399: The nickname "The Bulldozer" in reference to his roadworks projects, but the term was also used about his moves to reduce spending and corruption within the government. Following Magufuli's initial rounds of cuts post-inauguration, the hashtag "#WhatWouldMagufuliDo" was used by Twitter users to demonstrate their own austerity measures inspired by the president. His policies are unusual on
6003-639: The nullification of election results in Zanzibar, threatening to shut down radio and television stations that did not pay licence fees, and a 2018 bill requiring blogs and other forms of online content providers to hold government licences with content restrictions. Magufuli's ban on opposition rallies stood for six years until January 2023. His government was publicly criticized by the Tanzania Episcopal Conference (TEC) for taking measures that suppress constitutional freedoms and, in
6090-474: The number of antibodies. This test can identify multiple types of antibodies, including IgG, IgM, and IgA . Most if not all large scale COVID-19 antibody testing looks for binding antibodies only and does not measure the more important neutralizing antibodies (NAb). A NAb is an antibody that neutralizes the infectivity of a virus particle by blocking its attachment to or entry into a susceptible cell; enveloped viruses, like e.g. SARS-CoV-2, are neutralized by
6177-659: The point-of-care or as self-tests. Self-tests are rapid tests that can be taken at home or anywhere, are easy to use, and produce rapid results. Antigen tests can be performed on nasopharyngeal, nasal swab, or saliva specimens. Antigen tests that can identify SARS-CoV-2 offer a faster and less expensive method to test for the virus. Antigen tests are generally less sensitive than real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and other nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). Antigen tests may be one way to scale up testing to much greater levels. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests can process only one sample at
6264-538: The range in which replication-competent virus has been reliably isolated. No clear correlation has been described between length of illness and duration of post-recovery shedding of viral RNA in upper respiratory specimens. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests also amplify the virus's genome. They are faster than PCR because they do not involve repeated heating and cooling cycles. These tests typically detect DNA using fluorescent tags , which are read out with specialized machines. CRISPR gene editing technology
6351-439: The right to renegotiate or terminate them in the event of proven fraud. The new legislation also removes the right of mining companies to resort to international arbitration. The tax dispute with Acacia Mining , accused of having significantly undervalued its gold production for years, finally resulted in an agreement: Tanzania obtains 16% of the shares in the mines held by the multinational. In May 2020, Acacia Mining paid $ 100M to
6438-615: The second week, sputum or deep airways collection is preferred. Collecting saliva may be as effective as nasal and throat swabs, although this is not certain. Sampling saliva may reduce the risk for health care professionals by eliminating close physical interaction. It is also more comfortable for the patient. Quarantined people can collect their own samples. A saliva test's diagnostic value depends on sample site (deep throat, oral cavity, or salivary glands). Some studies have found that saliva yielded greater sensitivity and consistency when compared with swab samples. On 15 August 2020,
6525-404: The seizure of overseas shipments of illegal goods (particularly drugs and weapons) being transported under the flag. Tanzania and Zanzibar had gained reputations for being flags of convenience . In the same year, Magufuli introduced a free education for all the government schools in 2016 without paying fees. The country has amended the laws governing the award of mining contracts, giving itself
6612-414: The term RT-qPCR , but not all authors adhere to this. Average sensitivity for rapid molecular tests depend on the brand. For ID NOW, the average sensitivity was 73.0% with an average specificity of 99.7%; for Xpert Xpress the average sensitivity was 100% with an average specificity of 97.2%. In a diagnostic test, sensitivity is a measure of how well a test can identify true positives and specificity
6699-414: The urbanized area to grow rapidly. The auction held every Sunday behind the municipal sports field famously known as 'Uwanja wa Taifa' has contributed to a large extent to the growth of the city of Kahama, the auction held for more than 25 years has been a part of the culture of this city. The auction that sells all kinds of products such as clothes and household needs such as utensils. The farmers' market
6786-517: The view of bishops, represent a threat to national unity. Additionally, he condemned the attempted assassination of opposition leader Tundu Lissu in 2017 and said he was praying for his recovery. People in Tanzania have been arrested for cyberbullying the president. People convicted of same-sex liaisons in Tanzania can be jailed for up to 30 years. In October 2016, the government banned HIV/AIDS outreach projects and closed U.S.-funded programs that provide HIV testing, condoms, and medical care to
6873-566: The viral surface. In the case of a coronavirus , these are usually proteins from the surface spikes . SARS-CoV-2 antigens can be detected before onset of COVID-19 symptoms (as soon as SARS-CoV-2 virus particles) with more rapid test results, but with less sensitivity than PCR tests for the virus. COVID-19 rapid antigen tests are lateral flow immunoassays that detect the presence of a specific viral antigen , which indicates current viral infection. Antigen tests produce results quickly (within approximately 15–30 minutes), and most can be used at
6960-579: The virus) are called antigen tests . There are multiple types of tests that look for the virus by detecting the presence of the virus's RNA. These are called nucleic acid or molecular tests, after molecular biology . As of 2021 , the most common form of molecular test is the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Other methods used in molecular tests include CRISPR , isothermal nucleic acid amplification , digital polymerase chain reaction , microarray analysis , and next-generation sequencing . Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
7047-559: The winner by the National Electoral Commission (NEC) on 29 October; he received 58% of the vote. His running mate, Samia Suluhu , was also declared vice-president. He was sworn in on 5 November 2015. In July 2020, Magufuli was nominated as the CCM's presidential candidate in elections scheduled for October 2020. His nomination was not opposed after the expulsion from the party earlier in the year of Bernard Membe ,
7134-539: Was announced in a statement read out by vice-president Samia Suluhu Hassan , who was sworn in as his successor two days later. He was the only Tanzanian president to die in office. 14 days of national mourning were declared, with flags flying at half-mast nationwide. The government attributed his death to a heart condition accompanied by a decade-long chronic atrial fibrillation , although opposition figures and some media sources alleged that Magufuli had contracted COVID-19. Magufuli's remains were laid in state at
7221-526: Was attributed by the government to a long-standing heart issue. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Samia Suluhu . John Magufuli was born in 1959 in northwestern Tanzania (then Tanganyika), on the shores of Lake Victoria, into a poor family. He lived in a small thatched house, looking after the cattle and selling milk and fish to support his family. Magufuli started his education at the Chato Primary School from 1967 to 1974 and went on to
7308-549: Was chairman of the Southern African Development Community from 2019 to 2020. First elected as a Member of Parliament in 1995, he served in the Cabinet of Tanzania as Deputy Minister of Works from 1995 to 2000, Minister of Works from 2000 to 2005, Minister of Lands and Human Settlement from 2006 to 2008, Minister of Livestock and Fisheries from 2008 to 2010, and as Minister of Works for
7395-415: Was employed by The Nyanza Cooperative Union Limited as an industrial chemist. He remained there from 1989 to 1995, when he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) representing Chato district. He was appointed Deputy Minister for Works in his first term as MP. He retained his seat in the 2000 election and was promoted to a full ministerial position under the same docket. After President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
7482-530: Was modified to perform the detection: if the CRISPR enzyme attaches to the sequence, it colors a paper strip. The researchers expect the resulting test to be cheap and easy to use in point-of-care settings. The test amplifies RNA directly, without the RNA-to-DNA conversion step of RT-PCR. An antigen is the part of a pathogen that elicits an immune response . Antigen tests look for antigen proteins from
7569-401: Was requested to take office, he moved John Joseph Magufuli to the post of Minister of Lands and Human Settlement on 4 January 2006. Subsequently, he served as Minister of Livestock and Fisheries from 2008 to 2010 and again as Minister of Works from 2010 to 2015. On 12 July 2015, Magufuli was nominated as CCM's presidential candidate for the 2015 election , after winning a majority vote in
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