A walled garden is a garden enclosed by high walls , especially when this is done for horticultural rather than security purposes, although originally all gardens may have been enclosed for protection from animal or human intruders. In temperate climates , especially colder areas, such as Scotland , the essential function of the walling of a garden is to shelter the garden from wind and frost , though it may also serve a decorative purpose. Kitchen gardens were very often walled, which segregated them socially, allowing the gardeners, who were usually expected to vanish from the "pleasure gardens" when the occupants of the house were likely to be about, to continue their work. The walls, which were sometimes heated, also carried fruit trees trained as espaliers .
55-836: Kailzie Gardens is a walled garden near Kirkburn in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland , in the Tweed valley, 2.5 miles (4 km) east of Peebles , off the B7062. The garden dates from 1812. The present owners are Steve and Susan Plag. Places in the vicinity include Cardrona , the Cardrona Forest , Horsburgh Castle and the Glentress Forest . Garden Ospreys 55°38′06″N 3°08′42″W / 55.6349°N 3.1449°W / 55.6349; -3.1449 This garden-related article
110-410: A fuel . Deposits of this substance can interfere with the airflow and more importantly, they are combustible and can cause dangerous chimney fires if the deposits ignite in the chimney. Heaters that burn natural gas drastically reduce the amount of creosote buildup due to natural gas burning much cleaner and more efficiently than traditional solid fuels. While in most cases there is no need to clean
165-582: A wellhead or pool at the centre, dates back to the very earliest gardens of Persia . The hortus conclusus or "enclosed garden" of High Medieval Europe was more typically enclosed by hedges or fencing, or the arcades of a cloister ; though some protection from weather and effective protection from straying animals was afforded, these were not specifically walled gardens. In the United Kingdom, many country houses had walled kitchen gardens which were distinct from decorative gardens. One acre of
220-613: A cap and be insulated if they service solid fuel appliances, but following the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Aluminum and galvanized steel chimneys are known as class A and class B chimneys. Class A are either an insulated, double wall stainless steel pipe or triple wall, air-insulated pipe often known by its genericized trade name Metalbestos. Class B are uninsulated double wall pipes often called B-vent, and are only used to vent non-condensing gas appliances. These may have an aluminum inside layer and galvanized steel outside layer. Concrete flue liners are like clay liners but are made of
275-591: A concrete windshield with a number of flues on the inside. The 300 m (980 ft) high steam plant chimney at the Secunda CTL 's synthetic fuel plant in Secunda, South Africa consists of a 26 m (85 ft) diameter windshield with four 4.6 metre diameter concrete flues which are lined with refractory bricks built on rings of corbels spaced at 10 metre intervals. The reinforced concrete can be cast by conventional formwork or sliding formwork. The height
330-399: A downdraft of smoke and wind down the chimney. An H-style cap is a chimney top constructed from chimney pipes shaped like the letter H. It is an age-old method of regulating draft in situations where prevailing winds or turbulences cause downdraft and back-puffing. Although the H cap has a distinct advantage over most other downdraft caps, it fell out of favor because of its bulky design. It
385-662: A flue liner. Chimneys built without a liner can usually have a liner added, but the type of liner needs to match the type of appliance it services. Flue liners may be clay or concrete tile, metal, or poured in place concrete. Clay tile flue liners are very common in the United States, although it is the only liner that does not meet Underwriters Laboratories 1777 approval and frequently they have problems such as cracked tiles and improper installation. Clay tiles are usually about 2 feet (0.61 m) long, available in various sizes and shapes, and are installed in new construction as
440-668: A gas chimney on an annual basis that does not mean that other parts of the chimney cannot fall into disrepair. Disconnected or loose chimney fittings caused by corrosion over time can pose serious dangers for residents due to leakage of carbon monoxide into the home. Thus, it is recommended—and in some countries even mandatory—that chimneys be inspected annually and cleaned on a regular basis to prevent these problems. The workers who perform this task are called chimney sweeps or steeplejacks . This work used to be done largely by child labour and, as such , features in Victorian literature . In
495-707: A kitchen garden is. Productivity depended upon the suitability of the situation, and successful gardens depended on the availability of water, manure, heat, wall space, storage space, workrooms, and most importantly, a dedicated team of gardeners. British examples of walled gardens can be found at Alnwick Castle , Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens , Fulham Palace , Goodnestone Park , Luton Hoo , Osborne House , Polesden Lacey , Shugborough Hall , and Trengwainton Garden in England; Bodysgallen Hall (Wales); Edzell Castle , Muchalls Castle and Myres Castle (Scotland). The walled kitchen garden at Croome Court , Worcestershire
550-424: A kitchen garden was expected to provide enough produce to feed twelve people, and these gardens ranged in size from one acre up to twenty or thirty acres depending on the size of the household. The largest gardens served extremely large households, for example, the royal kitchen garden at Windsor was built for Queen Victoria in 1844 and initially occupied twenty two acres, but was enlarged to thirty one acres to supply
605-430: A metal flue. Bracing or strapping old masonry chimneys has not proven to be very effective in preventing damage or injury from earthquakes. It is now possible to buy "faux-brick" facades to cover these modern chimney structures. Other potential problems include: Several chimneys with observation decks were built. The following possibly incomplete list shows them. At several thermal power stations at least one smokestack
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#1732794411430660-532: A micro-climate! A number of walled gardens in Britain have a hot wall or fruit wall , a hollow wall with a central cavity, or openings in the wall on the side facing towards the garden, so that fires could be lit inside the wall to provide additional heat to protect the fruit growing against the wall. Heat would escape into the garden through these openings, and the smoke from the fires would be directed upwards through chimneys or flues . This kind of hollow wall
715-507: A noncombustible wall thimble allows a vent pipe to run directly through the external wall. On a pitched roof where a chimney penetrates a roof, flashing is used to seal up the joints. The down-slope piece is called an apron, the sides receive step flashing and a cricket is used to divert water around the upper side of the chimney underneath the flashing. Industrial chimneys are commonly referred to as flue-gas stacks and are generally external structures, as opposed to those built into
770-413: A refractory cement and are more durable than the clay liners. Poured in place concrete liners are made by pouring special concrete into the existing chimney with a form. These liners are highly durable, work with any heating appliance, and can reinforce a weak chimney, but they are irreversible. A chimney pot is placed on top of the chimney to expand the length of the chimney inexpensively, and to improve
825-412: A short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits. As a result of the limited ability to handle transverse loads with brick, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each floor of
880-473: A variety of climate zones ranging from mountainous to Mediterranean are grown within a few acres: The garden is protected from sudden changes in weather conditions and from harsh winds, thanks to its hollowed out terraces and the big trees .... The gardeners make the most of the northern or southern exposures and the permanently shady areas of this little, sheltered valley. Within just a few metres, temperatures can range from 15 to 20 degrees C, what one would call
935-473: A wall was considered a praiseworthy method of famine relief for the rich, and many walls round the grounds of country houses in the British Isles date to the famine years of the 1840s . The horticultural, and also social, advantages of a walled garden meant that kitchen gardens often form or formed a walled compand within a larger walled compound. Sometimes this was for the security of the plants; in
990-563: A water tank on their structure. This combination has the advantage that the warm smoke running through the chimney prevents the water in the tank from freezing. Before World War II such structures were not uncommon, especially in countries influenced by Germany. Chimneys can carry antennas for radio relay services, cell phone transmissions, FM-radio and TV on their structure. Also long wire antennas for mediumwave transmissions can be fixed at chimneys. In all cases it had to be considered that these objects can easily corrode especially when placed near
1045-490: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Scottish Borders location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Walled garden Historically, and still in many parts of the world, nearly all urban houses with any private outside space have high walls for security, and any small garden was thus walled by default. The same was true of many rural houses and other buildings, for example religious ones. In palaces and most country houses,
1100-457: Is at the keep of Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire , which dates from 1185 AD, but they did not become common in houses until the 16th and 17th centuries. Smoke hoods were an early method of collecting the smoke into a chimney. These were typically much wider than modern chimneys and started relatively high above the fire, meaning more heat could escape into the room. Because the air going up
1155-433: Is called "natural draught/draft", "natural ventilation" , "chimney effect", or " stack effect ". The taller the stack, the more draught or draft is created. There can be cases of diminishing returns: if a stack is overly tall in relation to the heat being sent out of the stack, the flue gases may cool before reaching the top of the chimney. This condition can result in poor drafting, and in the case of wood burning appliances,
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#17327944114301210-439: Is combusted in a stove, oven, fireplace, hot water boiler, or industrial furnace, the hot combustion product gases that are formed are called flue gases. Those gases are generally exhausted to the ambient outside air through chimneys or industrial flue-gas stacks (sometimes referred to as smokestacks). The combustion flue gases inside the chimneys or stacks are much hotter than the ambient outside air and therefore less dense than
1265-415: Is common for the metal to become warped over time, thus further degrading the ability of the throat damper to seal. However, the advantage of a throat damper is that it seals off the living space from the air mass in the chimney, which, especially for chimneys positioned on an outside of wall of the home, is generally very cold. It is possible in practice to use both a top damper and a throat damper to obtain
1320-605: Is found at Croxteth Hall in Liverpool (England), and Eglinton Country Park and Dunmore House , both in Scotland. At Croome Court an 18th-century cavity wall had a number of small furnaces to supply gentle heat (see below). In the 1800s, such walls were lined with pipes and connected to a boiler, as at Bank Hall in Bretherton . The traditional design of a walled garden, split into four quarters separated by paths, and
1375-517: Is found mostly in marine use but has been regaining popularity due to its energy-saving functionality. The H-cap stabilizes the draft rather than increasing it. Other downdraft caps are based on the Venturi effect , solving downdraft problems by increasing the updraft constantly resulting in much higher fuel consumption. A chimney damper is a metal plate that can be positioned to close off the chimney when not in use and prevent outside air from entering
1430-483: Is reputedly the largest 18th-century walled kitchen garden in Europe. It is in private ownership and has been restored by the current owners. In about 1806, a 13 ft (4.0 m) high free-standing east–west hot wall was built, slightly off-centre, serviced by five furnaces; this is historically significant as it is one of the first such structures to be built. The walled kitchen garden at Chilton Foliat , Wiltshire,
1485-419: Is the minimum required flow area from water heater tank and A f =19.6 inch is the minimum flow area from a furnace of a central heating system. Gas fired appliances must have a draft hood to cool combustion products entering the chimney and prevent updrafts or downdrafts. A characteristic problem of chimneys is they develop deposits of creosote on the walls of the structure when used with wood as
1540-400: Is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to meet legal or other safety requirements. A flue liner is a secondary barrier in a chimney that protects the masonry from the acidic products of combustion, helps prevent flue gas from entering the house, and reduces the size of an oversized flue. Since the 1950s, building codes in many locations require newly built chimneys to have
1595-656: Is used as electricity pylon. The following possibly incomplete list shows them. Nearly all this structures exist in an area, which was once part of the Soviet Union. Although this use has the disadvantage that conductor ropes may corrode faster due to the exhaust gases, one can find such structures also sometimes in countries not influenced by the former Soviet Union. An example herefore is one chimney of Scholven Power Plant in Gelsenkirchen, which carries one circuit of an outgoing 220 kV-line. Chimneys can also carry
1650-490: The Middle Ages in some parts of Europe, a stepped gable design was developed, partly to provide access to chimneys without use of ladders. Masonry (brick) chimneys have also proven to be particularly prone to crumbling during earthquakes . Government housing authorities in cities prone to earthquakes such as San Francisco , Los Angeles , and San Diego now recommend building new homes with stud-framed chimneys around
1705-415: The closed platform in computing. The shelter provided by enclosing walls can raise the ambient temperature within a garden by several degrees, creating a microclimate that permits plants to be grown that would not survive in the unmodified local climate . Most walls are constructed from stone or brick , which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it, raising the temperature against
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1760-453: The 1630s the royal botanical garden of France (now the Jardin des plantes ), itself walled all round, had an inner walled-off tulip garden, as the bulbs were valuable and prone to thefts. Metaphorically , "walled garden" may be used in many contexts (often pejoratively) to indicate a space, usually not a literal physical location, which is or is seen as closed to outsiders. One example is
1815-413: The ambient air. That causes the bottom of the vertical column of hot flue gas to have a lower pressure than the pressure at the bottom of a corresponding column of outside air. That higher pressure outside the chimney is the driving force that moves the required combustion air into the combustion zone and also moves the flue gas up and out of the chimney. That movement or flow of combustion air and flue gas
1870-581: The benefits of both. The two top damper designs currently on the market are the Lyemance (pivoting door) and the Lock Top (translating door). In the late Middle Ages in Western Europe the design of stepped gables arose to allow maintenance access to the chimney top, especially for tall structures such as castles and great manor houses . When coal, oil, natural gas, wood, or any other fuel
1925-429: The bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts, venting caps (often called chimney pots ) with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in
1980-403: The chimney and making it onto the roof. Although the masonry inside the chimney can absorb a large amount of moisture which later evaporates, rainwater can collect at the base of the chimney. Sometimes weep holes are placed at the bottom of the chimney to drain out collected water. A chimney cowl or wind directional cap is a helmet-shaped chimney cap that rotates to align with the wind and prevent
2035-459: The chimney is built. A refractory cement is used between each tile. Metal liners may be stainless steel, aluminum, or galvanized iron and may be flexible or rigid pipes. Stainless steel is made in several types and thicknesses. Type 304 is used with firewood , wood pellet fuel , and non-condensing oil appliances, types 316 and 321 with coal, and type AL 29-4C is used with high efficiency condensing gas appliances. Stainless steel liners must have
2090-430: The chimney's draft . A chimney with more than one pot on it indicates that multiple fireplaces on different floors share the chimney. A cowl is placed on top of the chimney to prevent birds and other animals from nesting in the chimney. They often feature a rain guard to prevent rain or snow from going down the chimney. A metal wire mesh is often used as a spark arrestor to minimize burning debris from rising out of
2145-435: The cooling of the gases before emission can cause creosote to condense near the top of the chimney. The creosote can restrict the exit of flue gases and may pose a fire hazard. Designing chimneys and stacks to provide the correct amount of natural draft involves a number of design factors, many of which require iterative trial-and-error methods. As a "first guess" approximation, the following equation can be used to estimate
2200-428: The electric industry during its earliest history. The term smokestack (colloquially, stack ) is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys , and the term funnel can also be used. The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the external environment via stack effect . Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on
2255-421: The exhaust. Sometimes chimneys were converted into radio towers and are not useable as ventilation structure any more. As chimneys are often the tallest part of a factory, they offer the possibility as advertising billboard either by writing the name of the company to which they belong on the shaft or by installing advertisement boards on their structure. At some power stations, which are equipped with plants for
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2310-407: The fireplace from the chimney. The advantage of a top damper is the tight weatherproof seal that it provides when closed, which prevents cold outside air from flowing down the chimney and into the living space—a feature that can rarely be matched by the metal-on-metal seal afforded by a throat damper. Additionally, because the throat damper is subjected to intense heat from the fire directly below, it
2365-518: The gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney effect . The space inside a chimney is called the flue . Chimneys are adjacent to large industrial refineries , fossil fuel combustion facilities or part of buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the United States , the term smokestack industry refers to the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels by industrial society, including
2420-434: The growing household. Kitchen gardens received their greatest elaboration in the second half of the nineteenth century. Many of these labor-intensive gardens fell into disuse in the twentieth century, but some have been revived as decorative gardens, and others used to produce fruits, vegetables or flowers. Susan Campbell, in a book devoted to walled kitchen gardens, mentions several factors which contribute to how productive
2475-439: The house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls. Most modern high-efficiency heating appliances do not require a chimney. Such appliances are generally installed near an external wall, and
2530-482: The immediate surroundings. The dispersion of pollutants over a greater area can reduce their concentrations and facilitate compliance with regulatory limits. Industrial chimney use dates to the Romans , who drew smoke from their bakeries with tubes embedded in the walls. However, domestic chimneys first appeared in large dwellings in northern Europe in the 12th century. The earliest surviving example of an English chimney
2585-426: The interior space, and can be opened to permit hot gases to exhaust when a fire is burning. A top damper or cap damper is a metal spring door placed at the top of the chimney with a long metal chain that allows one to open and close the damper from the fireplace. A throat damper is a metal plate at the base of the chimney, just above the firebox, that can be opened and closed by a lever, gear, or chain to seal off
2640-529: The natural draught/draft flow rate by assuming that the molecular mass (i.e., molecular weight) of the flue gas and the external air are equal and that the frictional pressure and heat losses are negligible: Q = C A 2 g H T i − T e T e {\displaystyle Q=C\,A\,{\sqrt {2\,g\,H\,{\frac {T_{i}-T_{e}}{T_{e}}}}}} where: Combining two flows into chimney: A t + A f < A , where A t =7.1 inch
2695-525: The shaft was cooler, these could be made of less fireproof materials. Another step in the development of chimneys was the use of built-in ovens which allowed the household to bake at home. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century. Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud. Since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing
2750-535: The storyline of Frances Hodgson Burnett 's children's story The Secret Garden revolves around a walled garden which has been locked for ten years. The author was inspired by Great Maytham Hall in Kent. " Rappaccini's Daughter ", a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne , takes place almost entirely within the confines of a walled garden in which Beatrice, the lovely daughter of a mad scientist, lives alongside gorgeous but lethal flowers. In The Last Enchantment ,
2805-584: The third book in Mary Stewart's novels of the Arthurian legend, Merlin constructs a heated wall for his garden at Applegarth. Chimney A chimney is an architectural ventilation structure made of masonry, clay or metal that isolates hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke produced by a boiler , stove , furnace , incinerator , or fireplace from human living areas. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that
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#17327944114302860-484: The wall of a building. They are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to them with ductwork. Today the use of reinforced concrete has almost entirely replaced brick as a structural element in the construction of industrial chimneys. Refractory bricks are often used as a lining, particularly if the type of fuel being burned generates flue gases containing acids. Modern industrial chimneys sometimes consist of
2915-468: The wall, allowing peaches , nectarines , and grapes to be grown as espaliers against south-facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland . The ability of a well-designed walled garden to create widely varying stable environments is illustrated by this description of the rock garden in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris' 5ème arrondissement , where over 2,000 species from
2970-510: The whole plot, including even a very large garden, was also walled or at least fenced, sometimes with (much more expensive) metal railings along those parts of the boundary giving the best views to show off the splendour of the residence, as at the Palace of Versailles , Buckingham Palace and many others. In some cases there was originally a fence or hedging, but a wall was added later when funds allowed. In particular, hiring local labour to build
3025-538: Was the subject of the 1987 television documentary series The Victorian Kitchen Garden . In the story of Susanna and the Elders , a walled garden is the scene of both an alleged tryst and an attempted rape. Because of the walls, the community is unable to determine which actually occurred. In John William Waterhouse 's interpretation of the myth of Cupid and Psyche , Psyche lived in Cupid 's walled garden. Much of
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