48-669: Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Kaimur District and Rohtas District of Bihar . It is the largest sanctuary in the state and extended in area of 1,504.96 km (581.07 sq mi) in plateaued landscape of Kaimur Range . It was established in 1979. The major forest types are Tropical Dry Mixed Deciduous, Dry Sal Forests, Boswellia Forests and Dry Bamboo Brakes. It is home to rare and endangered flora and fauna . Rohtasgarh Fort and Shergarh Fort are also located in these forests. It also has numerous Megaliths, Rock painting of prehistoric age and stone inscription from
96-666: A bygone era. The Government of Bihar has planned to developed it into Tiger Reserve . This Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Rohtas Plateau and Kaimur plateau of Kaimur Range in the south-western part of Bihar . In the valley portions there are several waterfalls of which the finest are Karkat Waterfall , Manjhar Kund , Dhua Kund , Tutla Bhawani waterfall , Geeta ghat waterfall, Kashish Waterfall , and Telhar . There are several Dams and lakes, including Anupam Lake , Karamchat dam and Kohira Dam. Nature has endowed Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary with many seasonal streams. During
144-714: A family of giant, primitive, python-like snakes, was around until 50,000 years ago in Australia, represented by genera such as Wonambi . Recent molecular studies support the monophyly of the clades of modern snakes, scolecophidians, typhlopids + anomalepidids, alethinophidians, core alethinophidians, uropeltids ( Cylindrophis , Anomochilus , uropeltines), macrostomatans, booids, boids, pythonids and caenophidians. While snakes are limbless reptiles, evolved from (and grouped with) lizards, there are many other species of lizards that have lost their limbs independently but which superficially look similar to snakes. These include
192-661: A minor component of the North American fauna, but during the Miocene, the number of species and their prevalence increased dramatically with the first appearances of vipers and elapids in North America and the significant diversification of Colubridae (including the origin of many modern genera such as Nerodia , Lampropeltis , Pituophis , and Pantherophis ). There is fossil evidence to suggest that snakes may have evolved from burrowing lizards, during
240-414: A positive cladistical correlation, although some of these features are shared with varanids. Genetic studies in recent years have indicated snakes are not as closely related to monitor lizards as was once believed—and therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, more evidence links mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmented remains found from
288-520: A short tail remains of the caudal vertebrae. However, the tail is still long enough to be of important use in many species, and is modified in some aquatic and tree-dwelling species. Many modern snake groups originated during the Paleocene , alongside the adaptive radiation of mammals following the extinction of (non-avian) dinosaurs . The expansion of grasslands in North America also led to an explosive radiation among snakes. Previously, snakes were
336-492: Is 14 km southward from the Bhabua Road railway station. The famous Mundeshawari Devi Temple (the 'oldest functional' temple of world) is about 10 km south to Bhabua and about 25 km south to the railway station. If someone wants to visit the temple then he should arrive at Bhabua Road station first then he may take a direct bus to Mundeshawari Devi temple or may first take bus to Bhabua and then an auto/tempo to
384-420: Is a finer one, barely visible; the cavities are connected internally, separated only by a membrane with nerves that are extraordinarily attuned to detecting temperature changes between. As in the overlapping vision fields of human eyes, the forward-facing pit on either side of the face combined produces a field of vision: a pit viper can distinguish between objects and their environments, as well as accurately judge
432-415: Is adapted for burrowing and its stomach indicates that it was preying on other animals. It is currently uncertain if Tetrapodophis is a snake or another species, in the squamate order, as a snake-like body has independently evolved at least 26 times. Tetrapodophis does not have distinctive snake features in its spine and skull. A study in 2021 places the animal in a group of extinct marine lizards from
480-476: Is associated with DNA mutations in the Zone of Polarizing Activity Regulatory Sequence (ZRS), a regulatory region of the sonic hedgehog gene which is critically required for limb development. More advanced snakes have no remnants of limbs, but basal snakes such as pythons and boas do have traces of highly reduced, vestigial hind limbs. Python embryos even have fully developed hind limb buds, but their later development
528-461: Is based on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial DNA sequence similarity. Alethinophidia is sometimes split into Henophidia and Caenophidia , with the latter consisting of "colubroid" snakes ( colubrids , vipers , elapids , hydrophiids , and atractaspids ) and acrochordids, while the other alethinophidian families comprise Henophidia. While not extant today, the Madtsoiidae ,
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#1732780540278576-652: Is home to more than 70 species of resident birds, which stay here all year around. The number increases in the migratory season i.e. during the winters, when there is an influx of birds from the Central Asian region. Common birds species are peafowl , grey partridge , quail , Malabar, pied hornbill , swallow , nightjar , drongo , paradise flycatcher , kingfisher , bulbul , mynas , pigeon , wood pigeon , blue jay , owl , falcon , kites , eastern imperial eagle , greater spotted eagle , white-tailed eagle , Pallas's fish eagle , grey-headed fish eagle , and
624-459: Is not universal (see Amphisbaenia , Dibamidae , and Pygopodidae ). Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, and the islands of New Zealand, as well as many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific oceans. Additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout
672-624: Is potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction . The English word snake comes from Old English snaca , itself from Proto-Germanic * snak-an- ( cf. Germanic Schnake 'ring snake', Swedish snok 'grass snake'), from Proto-Indo-European root * (s)nēg-o- 'to crawl to creep', which also gave sneak as well as Sanskrit nāgá 'snake'. The word ousted adder , as adder went on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English næddre
720-585: Is relatively poor because snake skeletons are typically small and fragile making fossilization uncommon. Fossils readily identifiable as snakes (though often retaining hind limbs) first appear in the fossil record during the Cretaceous period. The earliest known true snake fossils (members of the crown group Serpentes) come from the marine simoliophiids , the oldest of which is the Late Cretaceous ( Cenomanian age) Haasiophis terrasanctus from
768-816: Is stopped by the DNA mutations in the ZRS. There are about 3,900 species of snakes, ranging as far northward as the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and southward through Australia. Snakes can be found on every continent except Antarctica, as well as in the sea, and as high as 16,000 feet (4,900 m) in the Himalayan Mountains of Asia. There are numerous islands from which snakes are absent, such as Ireland , Iceland , and New Zealand (although New Zealand's northern waters are infrequently visited by
816-562: Is the Western-southern district of Bihar, Western-southern point of Bihar called Chand is situated on the Bhabua–Chandauli road. The district has 18 colleges, 58 high schools, 146 middle schools, and 763 primary schools. The district has a total of 1699 villages. The district also has 120 post offices and 151 panchayat, and is well connected with NH-2(Grand trunk road). Which is accomplished by Bhabhua Road (BBU) railway station it
864-458: Is the main route which connects Sealdah to Mumbai via Gaya junction. The most spoken languages are Hindi and Bhojpuri. Due to its close proximity to eastern Uttar Pradesh, people here have Purvanchali tinge in their language. Kaimur district was established on 17 March 1991 when it was split off from Rohtas district . It was called Bhabua district until 1994, when it was renamed to its current name. The earliest evidence of human habitation in
912-424: Is the part of attraction of tourism. Kaimur district occupies an area of 3,362 square kilometres (1,298 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Russia's Vaygach Island . Geographically, the district can be divided into two parts viz. (i) Hilly area and (ii) Plain area. The hilly area is Kaimur plateau (also known as Rohtas plateau). The plain area on the western side is flanked by the rivers Karmanasa and
960-479: The Cretaceous Period . An early fossil snake relative, Najash rionegrina , was a two-legged burrowing animal with a sacrum , and was fully terrestrial . Najash , which lived 95 million years ago, also had a skull with several features typical for lizards, but had evolved some of the mobile skull joints that define the flexible skull in most modern snakes. The species did not show any resemblances to
1008-658: The Durgavati . The Kudra river lies on it eastern side. The district of Buxar of Bihar State and the district of Ghazipur of U.P. State bound it on the North. On the south is the district of Rohtas of Bihar State and on the West is the district of Chandauli and Mirzapur of the U.P. State. On the East is district of Rohtas of Bihar State. Kaimur district has a large forest cover, measuring roughly 106,300 hectares which contains
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#17327805402781056-558: The Jurassic and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may potentially refute either hypothesis. Both fossils and phylogenetic studies demonstrate that snakes evolved from lizards , hence the question became which genetic changes led to limb loss in the snake ancestor. Limb loss is actually very common in extant reptiles and has happened dozens of times within skinks , anguids , and other lizards. In 2016, two studies reported that limb loss in snakes
1104-632: The Jurassic period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 Ma ago. The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene epoch ( c. 66 to 56 Ma ago, after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event ). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus . Most species of snake are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom that
1152-613: The Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary , home to tigers, leopards and chinkaras . Waterfalls like Karkat Waterfall and Telhar are present here. Agriculture is the main component of the economy in the district. Rice, wheat, telhan , dalhan and maize are the main crops. Industries located in the district include Vanaspati Oil Ltd., ACC Limited and the Power Grid Corporation of India 's high voltage direct current (HVDC) grid station at Pusauli. In 2006
1200-534: The West Bank , dated to between 112 and 94 million years old. Based on genomic analysis it is certain that snakes descend from lizards . This conclusion is also supported by comparative anatomy , and the fossil record. Pythons and boas —primitive groups among modern snakes—have vestigial hind limbs: tiny, clawed digits known as anal spurs , which are used to grasp during mating. The families Leptotyphlopidae and Typhlopidae also possess remnants of
1248-627: The lesser kestrel and vultures . Birds such as the lesser white-fronted goose , ferruginous duck , Baer's pochard duck and lesser adjutant , greater adjutant , black-necked stork , and Asian openbill stork migrate from Central Asia to the park during winter. Fishes are found in Anupam Lake and Kalidah near Rameshwar kund. Among snakes , cobra and kraits are of common occurrence while pythons are occasionally seen. Administered under forest division of Kaimur district and Rohtas district . The villagers are mainly engaged in
1296-479: The slowworm , glass snake , and amphisbaenians . Leptotyphlopidae Gerrhopilidae Typhlopidae Xenophidiidae Anomalepididae Aniliidae Tropidophiidae Xenopeltidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Boidae Bolyeridae Xenophidiidae Uropeltidae Anomochilidae Cylindrophiidae Acrochordidae Xenodermidae Pareidae Viperidae Homalopsidae Colubridae Lamprophiidae Elapidae The fossil record of snakes
1344-450: The suborder Serpentes ( / s ɜːr ˈ p ɛ n t iː z / ). Like all other squamates , snakes are ectothermic , amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales . Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads ( cranial kinesis ). To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of
1392-434: The yellow-bellied sea snake and the banded sea krait ). The now extinct Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 m (42 ft) in length. By comparison, the largest extant snakes are the reticulated python , measuring about 6.95 m (22.8 ft) long, and the green anaconda , which measures about 5.21 m (17.1 ft) long and is considered the heaviest snake on Earth at 97.5 kg (215 lb). At
1440-508: The Cretaceous period known as dolichosaurs and not directly related to snakes. An alternative hypothesis, based on morphology , suggests the ancestors of snakes were related to mosasaurs —extinct aquatic reptiles from the Cretaceous —forming the clade Pythonomorpha . According to this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), and
1488-584: The Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development of the thorax became dominant. As a result, the vertebrae anterior to the hindlimb buds (when present) all have the same thoracic-like identity (except from the atlas , axis , and 1–3 neck vertebrae). In other words, most of a snake's skeleton is an extremely extended thorax. Ribs are found exclusively on the thoracic vertebrae. Neck, lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are very reduced in number (only 2–10 lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are present), while only
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1536-527: The Indian and Pacific oceans. Around thirty families are currently recognized, comprising about 520 genera and about 3,900 species . They range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm-long (4.1 in) Barbados threadsnake to the reticulated python of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length. The fossil species Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long. Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during
1584-423: The capital Patna via Arrah. Apart from these, there are also a few state highways in the city. Mohania is connected to Bauxar via Ramgarh from the south and with Bhabua (district capital, Adhaura, Bhagwanpur) from the south. The State Highway 14 connects Bhabua to Mohania. Bhabua Road Railway Station is (Mohania Town) situated on Gaya–Mughalsarai section of Grand Chord Railway line. Bhabua (the district headquarters)
1632-712: The decade 2001–2011 was 27.54%. Kaimur has a sex ratio of 919 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.01%. 4.03% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 22.69% and 3.57% of the population respectively. Languages in Kaimur district (2011) At the time of the 2011 Census of India , 90.55% of the population in the district spoke Bhojpuri , 7.11% Hindi and 2.13% Urdu as their first language. 25°02′26″N 83°36′45″E / 25.040591°N 83.612409°E / 25.040591; 83.612409 Snake Snakes are elongated, limbless reptiles of
1680-578: The district consists of rock paintings in the Lehda forest that date to around 20,000 years ago. In June 2012, erotic Pala sculptures were excavated in the village of Baidyanath . It is currently a part of the Red Corridor . In the other side it is associated with belief of Hindus it is Penitential of Atri (Sanskrit: अत्रि) or Attri Rishi & one of the oldest temple in India of Ma Mundeswari which
1728-531: The ears. Some primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs, but their pelvic bones lacked a direct connection to the vertebrae. These include fossil species like Haasiophis , Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis , which are slightly older than Najash . This hypothesis was strengthened in 2015 by the discovery of a 113-million-year-old fossil of a four-legged snake in Brazil that has been named Tetrapodophis amplectus . It has many snake-like features,
1776-621: The external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment. This ultimately led to an animal similar to today's sea snakes . In the Late Cretaceous , snakes recolonized land, and continued to diversify into today's snakes. Fossilized snake remains are known from early Late Cretaceous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis; particularly so, as they are older than the terrestrial Najash rionegrina . Similar skull structure, reduced or absent limbs, and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to
1824-492: The field of agriculture. By road from Sasaram and Bhabua . Nearest railway station to Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary are Bhabua Road railway station and Sasaram railway station on the Howrah-New Delhi Grand chord line. Kaimur District Kaimur district is one of the 38 districts of Bihar , India. The district headquarters are at Bhabua . Before 1991, it was part of Rohtas District . Till 1764
1872-437: The head, between the nostrils and the eyes. In fact the pit looks like an extra pair of nostrils. All snakes have the ability to sense warmth with touch and heat receptors like other animals ;however, the highly developed pit of the pit vipers is distinctive. Each pit is made of a pit cavity and an inner cavity, the larger one lies just behind and generally below the level of the nostril, and opens forward. Behind this larger cavity
1920-545: The modern burrowing blind snakes, which have often been seen as the most primitive group of extant forms. One extant analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor Lanthanotus of Borneo (though it is also semiaquatic ). Subterranean species evolved bodies streamlined for burrowing, and eventually lost their limbs. According to this hypothesis, features such as the transparent , fused eyelids ( brille ) and loss of external ears evolved to cope with fossorial difficulties, such as scratched corneas and dirt in
1968-412: The monsoon season, the jungle becomes resplendent with greenery. The best time to visit is during monsoon and winter season. The main animals found at Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary are Bengal tigers , Indian leopards , Indian boars , Indian pangolins , sloth bears , sambar deers , Indian muntjacs , Four-horned antelopes , chitals , nilgais and various species of reptiles, insects and butterflies. It
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2016-759: The named Kaimur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640 ). It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).The Mudeshwari Mata Temple have a very huge potential to be developed into a religious tourism hub. Kaimur district is divided into 11 community development blocks , grouped together into 2 subdivisions, based at Bhabua and Mohania: National Highway 19 (G.T. Road) crosses through Mohania Town, Pusauli and Kudra. National Highway 319 (India) originates from Mohania and connects with
2064-575: The other end of the scale, the smallest extant snake is Leptotyphlops carlae , with a length of about 10.4 cm (4.1 in). Most snakes are fairly small animals, approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Some of the most highly developed sensory systems are found in the Crotalidae, or pit vipers—the rattlesnakes and their associates. Pit vipers have all the sense organs of other snakes, as well as additional aids. Pit refers to special infrared-sensitive receptors located on either side of
2112-515: The other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung . Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca . Lizards have independently evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs at least twenty-five times via convergent evolution , leading to many lineages of legless lizards . These resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule
2160-451: The pelvic girdle, appearing as horny projections when visible. Front limbs are nonexistent in all known snakes. This is caused by the evolution of their Hox genes , controlling limb morphogenesis . The axial skeleton of the snakes' common ancestor, like most other tetrapods, had regional specializations consisting of cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Early in snake evolution,
2208-403: The region (Kaimur district) was a part of Ghazipur District and was a part of Kamsaar Raj and later it was a part of Chainpur Estate till 1837. The district occupies an area of 3363 km and has a population of 1,626,384 (as of 2011 ) with the rank of 307th in the country. The district has a Literacy rate of 69.34% (392nd in the country). Kaimur district is a part of Patna division . It
2256-518: The temple. The nearest airport is Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport (VNS) (Babatpur, Varanasi). According to the 2011 census Kaimur district has a population of 1,626,384, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho . This gives it a ranking of 307th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 488 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,260/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over
2304-575: Was the general word for snake. The other term, serpent , is from French, ultimately from Indo-European * serp- 'to creep', which also gave Ancient Greek ἕρπω ( hérpō ) 'I crawl' and Sanskrit sarpá ‘snake’. All modern snakes are grouped within the suborder Serpentes in Linnean taxonomy , part of the order Squamata , though their precise placement within squamates remains controversial. The two infraorders of Serpentes are Alethinophidia and Scolecophidia . This separation
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