Eduard Dallmann (11 March 1830 – 23 December 1896) was a German whaler, trader, and Polar explorer.
60-547: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland ("Emperor William's Land") formed part of German New Guinea ( German : Deutsch-Neuguinea ), the South Pacific protectorate of the German Empire . Named in honour of Wilhelm I , who reigned as German Emperor ( Kaiser ) from 1871 to 1888, it included the northern part of present-day Papua New Guinea . From 1884 until 1920 the territory was a protectorate ( German : Schutzgebiet ) of
120-703: A German protectorate in 1885. The Caroline Islands , Palau , and the Mariana Islands (except for Guam ) were bought from Spain in 1899. German New Guinea annexed the formerly separate German Protectorate of Marshall Islands , which also included Nauru , in 1906. German Samoa , though part of the German colonial empire, was not part of German New Guinea. Following the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and nearby islands fell to Australian forces , while Japan occupied most of
180-704: A German protectorate in the New Britain Archipelago and north-eastern New Guinea. In 1885 and 1887, Johann Flierl established missionary stations in Simbang and Timba Island . After malaria epidemics in 1889 and again in 1891 killed almost half of the European settlers on the coast in Finschhafen, many of the Europeans moved toward Friedrich Wilhelmshafen (now Madang ). Flierl established
240-659: A Mission station at the Sattelberg, 700 metres (2,297 ft) in the highlands. In 1890 and 1891, he built the Sattelberg Mission Station there and constructed a road approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) between the station and the Finsch harbour ( Finschhafen ), which cut the travelling time from three days to five hours. German colonial rule in New Guinea lasted for a period of thirty years, For
300-818: A Queensland Police Magistrate in March 1883 to proclaim the annexation on behalf of the Queensland government of New Guinea east of the Dutch boundary at 141E. When news of this reached London, the Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Derby promptly repudiated the act. When the matter came before Parliament, Lord Derby advised that the British Imperial Government “were not ready to annex New Guinea in view of its vast size and unknown interior,
360-517: A colonial policy. The most important ones were the Kolonialverein of 1882 and the Society for German Colonization ( Gesellschaft für Deutsche Kolonisation ) founded in 1884. The reasons for Bismarck's lack of enthusiasm when it came to the subject of Germany's colonial possessions is reflected in his curt response in 1888 to the procolonial, expansionist remarks of Eugen Wolf , reflected in
420-428: A matter of forced mobilisation. The government enforced new laws that required the tribes to furnish four weeks of labour per person annually and payment of a poll tax in cash, thereby forcing reluctant local inhabitants into the work force. The government did explore the choice of voluntary recruitment of labourers from China, Japan, and Micronesia, but only a few hundred came. After 1910 the government tried to ameliorate
480-596: A political party "considered to represent the interests of the plantation owners in Queensland", drew it to the attention of the Queensland governor together with the general situation in New Guinea and urged annexation of the island. He also instructed the London Agent for Queensland to urge the Imperial Colonial Office to an act of annexation. "Impatient with the lack of results from this procedure" Premier McIlwraith on his own authority ordered
540-454: A protectorate and were administered from German New Guinea. The Marshall Islands , which had been a German protectorate since 1885, were annexed to German New Guinea in 1906. To expand the highly profitable plantations, the Germans needed more workers. The government sent military expeditions to take direct control of more areas from 1899 to 1914. Instead of voluntary recruitment it became
600-447: A state of war existed between Germany, and England, France and Russia. During this time Detzner continued surveying and avoiding allied forces. On 11 November 1918, Detzner was advised that the war had ended and surrendered himself at Finschafen complete with sword and sun helmet. He was interned at Sydney and returned to Germany. In 1918, Kaiser Wilhelmsland and the other territories that comprised German New Guinea (New Pomerania and
660-637: A summary of the article under the heading "German annexation of New Guinea". The argument lifted from the German paper began by stating that New Guinea fell into the Australian sphere but had been neglected; although the Portuguese had explored in the 16th century, it was the Dutch from the 17th century "who seemed better satisfied with the country than other European nations had been" but they had over-reached themselves and had fallen back towards Java , Sumatra and Celebes . Recent explorations had given
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#1732779852455720-545: Is surrounded by jungles at its base. Near Mount Hagen, archaeologists have identified the Kuk Swamp ( 5°47′1.36″S 144°19′54.2″E / 5.7837111°S 144.331722°E / -5.7837111; 144.331722 ), one of the oldest agricultural drainage sites in Australasia ; the site has been identified as a UNESCO site, and is on the list of recommended World Heritage sites. Linguistic features suggest
780-609: The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force attacked the low-power wireless station at Bita Paka (near Rabaul) on the island of New Britain, then Neu Pommern . The Australians suffered six dead and four wounded – the first Australian military casualties of the First World War. The German forces fared much worse, with one German officer and 30 local policemen killed and one German officer and ten local policemen wounded. On 21 September all German forces in
840-677: The Bismarck Strait . Of great value as well was his charting of Anvers , Brabant , Liege , and Kaiser-Wilhelm Islands . Still on the Grönland , he spent the 1875 whaling season as expert on the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay whaling grounds. Between 1877 and 1884, on behalf of Russian financier Baron von Knoop, Dallmann made annual attempts to haul freight to the Gulf of Ob and
900-573: The Caroline , and the Marshall Islands . By the end of 1875, one German trader reported: "German trade and German ships are encountered everywhere, almost at the exclusion of any other nation". In the late 1870s and early 1880s, an active minority, stemming mainly from a right-wing National Liberal and Free Conservative background, had organised various colonial societies all over Germany to persuade Chancellor Bismarck to embark on
960-701: The Count Bismarck on a whaling cruise to the Pacific tropics and the Bering and Chukchi seas. From 1872 to 1874, when whales became more of a rarity in Arctic waters, Dallmann was commissioned to explore the Antarctic seas on the sailing-steamer Grönland . The operation was moderately successful from a whaling point-of-view, but more importantly, Dallmann made many discoveries around Antarctica —among others
1020-671: The Finisterre Range and ends in the Huon Gulf . The Huon Peninsula , named for the French explorer Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec , has raised beaches , usually created by the combination of tectonic coastal uplift and quaternary sea-level fluctuations. The Saruwaged massif , with its twin peaks of Bangeta and Saruwaged, dominate the Saruwaged Range ; rugged and steep, the massif reaches 4,000 metres (13,123 ft), and
1080-686: The German Empire . Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, the Bismarck Archipelago (including New Mecklenburg and New Pomerania ), the northern Solomon Islands , the Caroline Islands , Palau , Nauru , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the Marshall Islands comprised German New Guinea . Most of the German settlers in Kaiser-Wilhelmsland worked as plantation owners, miners, or government functionaries;
1140-617: The German Solomon Islands . Albert Hahl (1868–1945) joined the German Colonial Office in 1895 and until 1914 played a major part in New Guinea's administration. He was an imperial judge at Herbertshöhe (1896–98), deputy governor of New Guinea (1899–1901), and governor (1902–14). As a judge he made three reforms: the appointment of 'luluais' [village chiefs], attempts to integrate the Tolais people into
1200-621: The Lae Nadzab Airport ). On 4 August 1914, Britain declared war on Germany. As World War I spread to the Pacific, Australian troops invaded German New Guinea, taking the German barracks in Herbertshöhe (present day Kokopo ) and forcing the defending German colonial troops to capitulate on 21 September after their defeat at Bita Paka . On 6 August 1914, residents of the Protectorate were notified by proclamation that
1260-774: The Marianas (except for Guam ), the Marshall Islands , and Nauru . The total land area of German New Guinea was 249,500 square kilometres (96,300 sq mi). The first Germans in the South Pacific were probably sailors on the crew of ships of the Dutch East India Company : during Abel Tasman 's first voyage, the captain of the Heemskerck was one Holleman (or Holman), born in Jever in northwest Germany. Hanseatic League merchant houses were
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#17327798524551320-786: The New Guinea campaign ) when it was merged with the Australian territory of Papua to become the Territory of Papua and New Guinea , which eventually became modern Papua New Guinea . The islands north of the equator became the Japanese League of Nations Mandate for the South Seas Islands . After Japan's defeat in World War II, the former Japanese mandate islands were administered by the United States as
1380-609: The Treaty of Versailles of 1919, Germany lost all its colonial possessions, including German New Guinea. In 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees. Other lands south of the equator became the Territory of New Guinea , a League of Nations Mandate Territory under Australian administration until 1949 (interrupted by Japanese occupation during
1440-766: The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , a United Nations trust territory . In 1914 a series of drafts were made for proposed coats of arms and flags for the German colonies . However, World War I broke out before the designs were finished and implemented, and the symbols were never actually put into use. Following its defeat in the war, Germany lost all its colonies, and the prepared coats of arms and flags were therefore never used. 4°12′S 152°11′E / 4.200°S 152.183°E / -4.200; 152.183 Eduard Dallmann Dallmann
1500-635: The Yenisei Gulf , to be exchanged for grain and other cargoes brought down the great Siberian rivers by means of barges. Owing to the ice conditions in the Kara Sea , only four out of seven attempts were successful. Finally, von Knoop stopped the difficult venture so as to cut his losses. Despite the few failures, Dallmann had received the rare opportunity to explore many of the Kara Sea-islands and shores seen by few Europeans. After leaving
1560-577: The Arctic waters forever, Dallmann became the captain of steamer Samoa in 1884. His ship brought the " Otto Finsch Scientific Expedition to the then-little-explored northern coast of New Guinea. Between 1887 and 1893, he continued his exploration of New Guinea's northern coast on behalf of the German New Guinea Company . Numerous islands and straits in the area were named by him. Dallmann died in Blumenthal on 23 December 1896 at
1620-434: The European economy, and the protection of village lands, which led him to recommend the ending of all alienation of indigenous land. After 1901 Hahl attempted to apply his system to the whole of New Guinea, and although his success was limited, exports rose from one million marks in 1902 to eight million in 1914. He was forced to retire because of disagreements with Berlin officials, and became an active writer on New Guinea and
1680-754: The Imperial Colonial Office appointed Hermann Detzner to lead an expedition to survey the border between the British protectorate, called Papua , and the German territory and to survey and map the interior. Detzner was a military surveyor. The expedition set off along the Langimar-Watut divide, and travelled by raft down the Watut River to its junction with the Markham River , and on to the Lutheran Mission station at Gabmadzung (near
1740-563: The Imperial German Government mounted an expedition to explore and map the interior. Lutheran missionaries were frequently the first Europeans to explore the interior and to examine the different fauna and flora. Following the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, Australian troops quickly overran the German protectorate (September to November, 1914) and it came under Australian military administration. In accordance with
1800-504: The Sokehs leader had surrendered. Following the outbreak of World War I , Australian troops captured Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the nearby islands in 1914, after a short resistance led by Captain Carl von Klewitz and Lt. Robert "Lord Bob" von Blumenthal , while Japan occupied most of the remaining German possessions in the Pacific. The only significant battle occurred on 11 September 1914 when
1860-441: The basis for reconsideration: it "is considered useful by geology and biology people as holding in its forests the key to solve problems... a profitable field for cultivation" but London had only sent missionaries to save souls. "As we Germans have learnt a little about conducting colonial policy, and as our wishes and plans turn with a certain vivacity towards New Guinea... according to our opinion it might be possible to create out of
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1920-680: The border essential. In the 1870s and 1880s German commercial firms began to site trading stations in New Guinea . Agents of J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn reached the Bismarck Archipelago from the Caroline Islands in 1872. In 1875 Hernsheim & Company moved to the Archipelago. In 1884, the German New Guinea Company was founded in Berlin by Adolph von Hansemann and a syndicate of German bankers for
1980-413: The century. Most German surveying efforts had focused on coastal regions and river basins, where Germans had established plantations. The boundary between Papua and Kaiser Wilhelmsland had been established by a joint British-German expedition in 1909; the interior had not been mapped. Since then, Papuan gold prospectors had crossed into German territory which, from the German perspective, made the accuracy of
2040-582: The certainty of native objections and administrative expense”. On his return to Germany from his 1879–1882 Pacific expedition, Otto Finsch joined a small, informal group interested in German colonial expansion into the South Seas led by the banker, Adolph von Hansemann . Finsch encouraged them to pursue the founding of a colony on the north-east coast of New Guinea and the New Britain Archipelago even providing them with an estimate of
2100-675: The change in German colonial policy: annexations would now proceed but by grants of charters to private companies. The edition of 27 November 1882 of the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung carried an article which the Colonial Secretary of the British colony of New South Wales drew to the attention of the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald and, on 7 February 1883, the paper published
2160-756: The colonial administration and the locals. The latter, at first, rejected European customs and norms of social behaviour, with few embracing Christianity. In 1921, the Rhenish Mission territory was handed over to the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia. Missionaries sponsored by the Catholic Church in Germany had better resources and influence, and proved more successful. They put more emphasis on tradition and less on modernisation, and were more in line with
2220-412: The colony in 1899, its over-riding objective was rapid economic development, based on a German-controlled plantation economy. In April 1911, Dr Wegener, director of the Meteorological Observatory in Apia , stated he was on his way to German New Guinea, to make preliminary arrangements for a series of journeys by balloon across the mainland, the purpose of which was to make aerial surveys. In late 1913,
2280-635: The colony surrendered. However, Lieutenant (later Hauptmann) Hermann Detzner , a German officer, and some 20 local policemen evaded capture in the interior of New Guinea for the entire war. Detzner was on a surveying expedition to map the border with Australian-held Papua at the outbreak of war, and remained outside militarised areas. Detzner claimed to have penetrated the interior of the German portion (Kaiser Wilhelmsland) in his 1920 book Vier Jahre unter Kannibalen ("Four Years Among Cannibals"). These claims were heavily disputed by various German missionaries, and Detzner recanted most of his claims in 1932. After
2340-427: The costs of such a venture. In 1884, the New Guinea Company was founded in Berlin by Adolph von Hansemann and a syndicate of German bankers for the purpose of colonizing and exploiting resources on Neuguinea (German New Guinea). On 3 November 1884, under the auspices of the Deutsche Neuguinea-Compagnie ( New Guinea Company ), the German flag was flown over Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , the Bismarck Archipelago and
2400-421: The east of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, on annexation, were renamed the Bismarck Archipelago (formerly the New Britannia Archipelago) and the two largest islands renamed Neupommern ('New Pomerania ', today's New Britain ) and Neumecklenburg ('New Mecklenburg ', now New Ireland ). Due to their accessibility by water, however, these outlying islands were, and have remained, the most economically viable part of
2460-402: The first fifteen years the colony was administered under imperial charters by a private company, in the manner of the old British and Dutch East India company , but with far less success. From 1899 to 1914, the Imperial Government administered German New Guinea through a governor, who was assisted after 1904 by a nominated Government Council. When the Imperial Government took over the running of
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2520-502: The first to establish footholds in the South Pacific: Johann Cesar Godeffroy & Sohn of Hamburg , headquartered at Samoa from 1857, operated a South Seas network of trading stations especially dominating the copra trade and carrying German immigrants to various South Pacific settlements; in 1877 another Hamburg firm, Hernsheim and Robertson, established a German community on Matupi Island, in Blanche Bay (the north-east coast of New Britain) from which it traded in New Britain ,
2580-417: The impact by ending the recruitment of women in some areas and entirely closing other areas to recruiting. The planters protested German forced labor policies vehemently and initiated what would go on to be called the Sokehs rebellion . The government responded by sending 4 warships with 745 troops to defeat the Sokehs workers and impose the forced labour policy. They arrived in January 1911 and by February 1911
2640-502: The island a German Java, a great trade and plantation colony, which would form a stately foundation stone for a German colonial kingdom of the future." The publication of the Sydney Morning Herald article caused a sensation and not just in the colony of New South Wales : over the border, in the British colony of Queensland where the shipping lanes of the Torres Strait and the beche-de-mer trade were of commercial significance. The Queensland Premier, Sir Thomas McIlwraith who led
2700-404: The islands of the Bismarck Archipelago) were administered by the Commonwealth of Australia. Beginning in 1920, Australia, under a mandate from the League of Nations , governed the former German territory of New Guinea. It was administered under this mandate until the Japanese invasion in December 1941. Most of the territory of New Guinea, including the islands of Bougainville , and New Britain ,
2760-409: The latter's autobiography. After Bismarck had patiently listened to Wolf enthusiastically laying out his plans that he sought to pitch employing several illustrative maps, Bismarck finally interrupted his monologue: Your map of Africa there is very nice I have to admit. But you know, my map of Africa is here ... in Europe. You see here is Russia, over there is [..] France. And us, we are here – right in
2820-417: The middle between those two. That's my map of Africa. Despite his personal objections, it was Bismarck himself who eventually organised the acquisition of much of what would become the German colonial empire . The first attempts at the new policy came in 1884 when Bismarck had to put German trading interests in southwestern Africa under imperial protection. Bismarck told the Reichstag on 23 June 1884 of
2880-429: The northeastern part of the island of New Guinea and several nearby island groups and was the first part of the German colonial empire . The mainland part of the territory, called Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , became a German protectorate in 1884. Other island groups were added subsequently. The Bismarck Archipelago ( New Britain , New Ireland and several smaller islands), and the North Solomon Islands were declared
2940-426: The number of European settlers, including non-Germans, was never very high. In 1885, Lutheran and Catholic congregations sent clergy to establish missions; they experienced moderate, but very slow, success with the indigenous peoples. Missionaries and plantation owners alike were limited by tropical diseases and by travel and communication barriers. The Germans never fully explored the protectorate, though in 1914
3000-488: The origins of the population. Along the southeast coast and in the Markham Valley , the Austronesia family of languages predominate. The two main languages were Kâte and Yabim , with Kâte spoken in the mountainous hinterlands and Yabim on the coastal areas, particularly on coast of the Huon Peninsula. The Non-Austronesian languages are heard most commonly in the mountain regions. German New Guinea German New Guinea ( German : Deutsch-Neuguinea ) consisted of
3060-414: The purpose of colonising and exploiting resources on Neu Guinea ( German New Guinea ), where German interest grew after British Queensland 's annexation of part of eastern New Guinea . This expedition was with the knowledge and blessing of the German Chancellor, Count Otto von Bismarck , and with secrecy and speed an expedition was fitted out under Dr Otto Finsch , ornithologist and explorer. His task
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#17327798524553120-446: The remaining German possessions in the Pacific. The mainland part of German New Guinea ( Kaiser-Wilhelmsland ), the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands are now part of Papua New Guinea . The Northern Mariana Islands are an unincorporated territory of the United States . The Carolines (as the Federated States of Micronesia ), the Marshall Islands , Nauru and Palau are independent countries. The islands to
3180-410: The settlements ending World War I, from 1920 the Commonwealth of Australia , a British dominion , administered Kaiser-Wilhelmsland as part of the Territory of New Guinea , a League of Nations mandate . The coastline of the northern and eastern portions of New Guinea had been charted by navigators in the early 17th century, and the visible mountain ranges named by British admiralty navigators later in
3240-413: The territory. With the exception of German Samoa , the German islands in the Western Pacific formed the "Imperial German Pacific Protectorates". These were administered as part of German New Guinea and included the Bismarck Archipelago ( New Britain , New Ireland , and several smaller islands), the North Solomon Islands ( Buka , Bougainville , and several smaller islands), the Carolines , Palau ,
3300-481: The world-views and traditions of the locals. European morality and discipline were often adopted, as were notions of dignity and prestige. Table: German Mission societies in New Guinea By the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899 , Germany bought from Spain the Caroline Islands and the Mariana Islands (excluding Guam , which had been ceded to the US after the 1898 Spanish–American War ) for 25 million pesetas (equivalent to 16,600,000 goldmarks ). These islands became
3360-431: Was a leader in German colonial societies between the wars. By the mid-1880s German church authorities had devised a definite program for missionary work in New Guinea and assigned it to the Rhenish Mission , under the direction of Friedrich Fabri (1824–91), a Lutheran . The missionaries faced extraordinary difficulties, including repeated sickness, as well as psychological and sometimes violent tensions and fights between
3420-414: Was born in Blumenthal, at-the-time a village just to the north of Bremen . He began his adventures as a young sailor at the age of 15. In 1866, he became captain of the Hawaii-registered ship W.C. Talbot and undertook trading trips through the Bering and Chukchi Seas to locations in Alaska and Chukotka . He was the first European to set foot on Wrangel Island . From 1867 to 1870, he commanded
3480-410: Was largely mountainous, with Mount Wilhelm 4,509 metres (14,793 ft) the highest peak of the Hagan Range, which separated the protectorate from the British Papua . There are several major rivers, notably the Sepik River 1,126 kilometres (700 mi) which drops from the Highlands and winds through lowland swamp plains to the north coast. The Markham River flows 180 kilometres (112 mi) from
3540-451: Was occupied by Japanese forces before recapture during the final months of the war in the Australian-American New Guinea campaign . Quaternary glaciers created much of the topography of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland. Recent studies suggest Mount Wilhelm held approximately 65 square kilometres (25 sq mi) of glacial ice. Further north, closer to the Equator, the glaciers left behind large rubble fields. The territory of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland
3600-412: Was to select land for plantation development on the north-east coast of New Guinea and establish trading posts. Its influence soon grew to encompass the entire north-eastern part of New Guinea and some of the islands off the coast. The Neuguinea Compagnie expedition left Sydney for New Guinea in the steamer Samoa captained by Eduard Dallmann . On 19 August, Chancellor Bismarck ordered the establishment of
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