Kairos Palestine is an organization primarily known for its issuance in Bethlehem in December 2009 of the Kairos Palestine document , full title of which is "A moment of truth: A word of faith, hope, and love from the heart of Palestinian suffering", a call by a number of Palestinian Christians to Christians around the world to help fight the Israeli occupation. The chief activity of the group is the promotion of this document.
157-640: Kairos is the Greek word for "an opportune or decisive moment". The document was issued at an international conference in the International Center of Bethlehem (Dar Annadwa). Among the authors of the document were Archbishop Attalah Hanna , Rev. Mitri Raheb , Rev. Naim Ateek and father Jamal Khader. The coordinator and the spokesperson of the Kairos group is Rifat Odeh Kassis the President of
314-695: A "duty" for all Palestinians, including Christians. And it charges against Israel with having launched a "cruel war" against Gaza in December 2008 and January 2009; with ravaging Palestinian land "in the name of God and in the name of force"; with separating family members, thus "making family life impossible for thousands of Palestinians, especially where one of the spouses does not have an Israeli identity card"; with restricting religious liberty for Christians and Muslims ; with lack of consideration for refugees and prisoners; with turning " Jerusalem , city of reconciliation," into "a city of discrimination and exclusion,
471-631: A Wall Street Journal op-ed, published on March 9, 2012, implying that Palestinian Muslims were at fault for much Palestinian Christian suffering. Calling the op-ed “inaccurate and manipulative text,” the group insisted that the suffering Palestinian Christians “is caused mainly by the occupation that systematically degrades all Palestinians, restricts our movement, confiscates our land, devastates our economy, and violates our rights.” The group also insisted that Palestinian Christians “refuse to be pitted against our Palestinian Muslim neighbours and friends” and “refuse to let our collective oppression be manipulated in
628-436: A YouTube video “presenting Sodastream’s settlement factory as a happy island in the occupied West Bank.” The Electronic Intifada quoted Kairos Palestine as calling the video “cynical at best” and “at worst...criminally misleading,” and as describing the video's “emphasis on SodaStream’s economic benefits for its workers... absurd and offensive: what Palestinians need is freedom, not fancier oppression. It doesn’t matter if our cage
785-515: A companion of Paul mentioned in a few epistles; and John by another of Jesus's disciples, the " beloved disciple ". According to the Marcan priority , the first to be written was the Gospel of Mark (written AD 60–75), followed by the Gospel of Matthew (AD 65–85), the Gospel of Luke (AD 65–95), and the Gospel of John (AD 75–100). Most scholars agree that the authors of Matthew and Luke used Mark as
942-705: A distinction in John 7:6 between "His" time and " His brothers '" time: paradoxically , it is "always" ( Greek : πάντοτε ) his brothers' time. In the context, they can go to Jerusalem any time they wish. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, before the Divine Liturgy begins, the Deacon exclaims to the Priest , Kairos tou poiēsai tō Kyriō ( Καιρὸς τοῦ ποιῆσαι τῷ Κυρίῳ ), i.e. 'It
1099-487: A dual paternity, since there it is stated he descended from the seed or loins of David. By taking him as his own , Joseph will give him the necessary Davidic descent. Some scholars suggest that Jesus had Levite heritage from Mary, based on her blood relationship with Elizabeth . In Matthew, Joseph is troubled because Mary, his betrothed, is pregnant, but in the first of Joseph's four dreams an angel assures him not to be afraid to take Mary as his wife because her child
1256-607: A follower of Christ) has been in use since the 1st century. The four canonical gospels ( Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John ) are the foremost sources for the life and message of Jesus. But other parts of the New Testament also include references to key episodes in his life, such as the Last Supper in 1 Corinthians 11 :23–26. Acts of the Apostles refers to Jesus's early ministry and its anticipation by John
1413-408: A good or proper time for action. In this sense, while chronos is quantitative, kairos has a qualitative, permanent nature. The plural, kairoi ( καιροί ) means 'the times'. Kairos is a term, idea, and practice that has been applied in several fields including classical rhetoric , modern rhetoric , digital media , Christian theology , and science. In his 1951 etymological studies of
1570-596: A group of activists within the PCUSA. The IPMN denounced the SWC's criticism of PCUSA's study guide, saying that the SWC's "tactics are shameless." Abraham Foxman , the national director of the Anti-Defamation League criticized the PCUSA on July 15, 2010, for its endorsement of the document, calling the document "a prime example of an effort to undercut the legitimacy of Israel as a Jewish State." Foxman charged
1727-464: A half a century of Jewish-Christian rapprochement,” seeking like previous such documents “to delegitimize the Jewish people’s continuing Covenant with God, particularly by arguing that our Covenant has been superseded by Jesus and Christianity.” Noting that “such Church documents have been utilized as pretexts for our persecution, our expulsion, and even our attempted annihilation,” CCAR said that “[s]ince
SECTION 10
#17327913606251884-491: A judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action." Kairos is also very important in Aristotle 's scheme of rhetoric. Kairos is, for Aristotle, the time and space context in which the proof will be delivered. Kairos stands alongside other contextual elements of rhetoric: The Audience , which is the psychological and emotional makeup of those who will receive
2041-462: A means for the ongoing colonization of the West Bank and East Jerusalem, the imprisonment of Gaza and the continuation of the structures of oppression,” the authors expressed remorse for the history of Christian anti-Semitism and pledged to “work and even suffer for peace, filled with a heart of love for both Israelis and Palestinians.” They then proceeded to describe Israel as “pursuing a course that
2198-504: A moment that can be lost if the opportunity is not seized.” The Episcopal Peace Fellowship also supported the document, although the Episcocal Church overall rejected anti-Israel divestment. Episcopal Bishop John Bryson Chanel found EPF's call for divestment too “flawed and dangerously unhelpful at this particular time in history,” telling Episcopal News Service that the sanctions called for by Palestine Kairos would “further hurt
2355-455: A more extensive understanding of the term. Furthermore, they encourage creativity, which is necessary to adapt to unforeseen obstacles and opinions that can alter the opportune or appropriate moment, i.e. kairos . Being able to recognize the propriety of a situation while having the ability to adapt one's rhetoric allows taking advantage of kairos to be successful. Hess's updated definition of kairos concludes that along with taking advantage of
2512-514: A result of a campaign by United Methodists Kairos Response - a group of United Methodist Church members, the Church announced it had sold its holdings in all of Israel's banks as well as an Israeli real-estate company. Israel-Palestinian Territories is on the UMC list of fourteen countries, including Eritrea , Somalia and Syria , that they believe consistently abuse Human Rights . A text entitled
2669-548: A situation invites discourse. He discusses the feeling of a missed opportunity ( kairos ) to speak and the tendency to create a later speech in response to that unseized moment. However, Vatz counters Bitzer's view by claiming that a situation is made rhetorical by the perception of its interpreter and the way which they choose to respond to it, whether with discourse or not. It is the rhetor's responsibility to give an event meaning through linguistic depiction. Both Bitzer's and Vatz' perspectives add depth to Hess' ideas that kairos
2826-507: A source for their gospels. Since Matthew and Luke also share some content not found in Mark, many scholars assume that they used another source (commonly called the " Q source ") in addition to Mark. One important aspect of the study of the Gospels is the literary genre under which they fall. Genre "is a key convention guiding both the composition and the interpretation of writings". Whether
2983-415: A source of struggle rather than peace"; and with holding "international law and international resolutions" in "contempt." The document argues that an end to occupation is a precondition for an end to Palestinian resistance, not the other way around: "if there were no occupation, there would be no resistance, no fear and no insecurity." If Israelis end the occupation, "they will see a new world in which there
3140-512: A successful ministry, and the second shows Jesus rejected and killed when he travels to Jerusalem. Often referred to as " rabbi ", Jesus preaches his message orally. Notably, Jesus forbids those who recognize him as the messiah to speak of it, including people he heals and demons he exorcises (see Messianic Secret ). John depicts Jesus's ministry as largely taking place in and around Jerusalem, rather than in Galilee; and Jesus's divine identity
3297-498: A town in Galilee in present-day Israel , where he lived with his family. Although Joseph appears in descriptions of Jesus's childhood, no mention is made of him thereafter. His other family members, including his mother, Mary , his four brothers James , Joses (or Joseph) , Judas , and Simon , and his unnamed sisters, are mentioned in the Gospels and other sources. Jesus's maternal grandparents are named Joachim and Anne in
SECTION 20
#17327913606253454-412: A way that fragments us, obscures us, or masks the oppression’s true cause.” Rifat Kassis, in a January 2012 article, said that Kairos Palestine was “in the process of formulating a national Kairos movement, composed of young people; adults, both men and women; ecumenical and community-based organizations; and clergy.” The group was also “establishing an international “Kairos for Global Justice” movement in
3611-684: A way that tourism itself becomes an exclusionary political tool.” The 2012 World Social Forum (WSF)-Free Palestine event, held in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in November and December of that year, focused considerably on the Kairos Palestine document. Kassis was present at the event, and Kairos Palestine held several presentations. Also, South African Muslim scholars issued a response document called “An Islamic Response to Kairos Palestine.” The Muslim text stated, among other things: “We reject
3768-452: Is a rendering of Joshua (Hebrew Yehoshua , later Yeshua ), and was not uncommon in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus. Popular etymology linked the names Yehoshua and Yeshua to the verb meaning "save" and the noun "salvation". The Gospel of Matthew tells of an angel that appeared to Joseph instructing him "to name him Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins". Since
3925-544: Is available in Arabic and several European languages at the website www.kairospalestine.ps. The document contains the following explanation of its objectives: "As Palestinian Christians we hope that this document will provide the turning point to focus the efforts of all peace-loving peoples in the world, especially our Christian sisters and brothers. We hope also that it will be welcomed positively and will receive strong support. ... We believe that liberation from occupation
4082-525: Is closely connected to the Palestinian Christian Initiative, with which it shares key members. This suggests that the two groups are intimately related, if not identical. Rifat Kassis, the coordinator of Kairos Palestine, is also the general director of Defence for Children International – Palestine Section. Two years after the release of the Kairos Palestine document, a group called Kairos USA released an “official response” to
4239-429: Is concerned with both timeliness and appropriateness. On one hand, Bitzer's argument supports Hess' claim that kairos is spontaneous, and one must be able to recognize the situation as opportune in order to take advantage of it. On the other hand, Vatz' idea that the rhetor is responsible reinforces Hess' suggestion of the need to be knowledgeable and involved in the surrounding environment in order to fully profit from
4396-846: Is crazy . Jesus responds that his followers are his true family. In the Gospel of John, Jesus and his mother attend a wedding at Cana , where he performs his first miracle at her request. Later, she follows him to his crucifixion, and he expresses concern over her well-being. Jesus is called a τέκτων ( tektōn ) in Mark 6:3 , a term traditionally understood as carpenter but could also refer to makers of objects in various materials, including builders. The Gospels indicate that Jesus could read, paraphrase, and debate scripture, but this does not necessarily mean that he received formal scribal training. The Gospel of Luke reports two journeys of Jesus and his parents in Jerusalem during his childhood. They come to
4553-485: Is described as both imminent and already present in the ministry of Jesus. Jesus promises inclusion in the Kingdom for those who accept his message. He talks of the " Son of man ", an apocalyptic figure who will come to gather the chosen. Jesus calls people to repent their sins and to devote themselves completely to God. He tells his followers to adhere to Jewish law , although he is perceived by some to have broken
4710-547: Is fruitless and corrupting, both morally and politically.” Citing the gospels of Matthew and Luke, the authors call for BDS and nonviolent direct action against Israel. Kairos USA directly links its own document to the 1985 anti-apartheid document "Challenge to the Church", issued by Christians in South Africa . The organization lists its objects as follows: Kairos USA's founding document, “Call to Action: U.S. Response to
4867-525: Is impossible to find any direct literary relationship between the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John. While the flow of many events (e.g., Jesus's baptism, transfiguration , crucifixion and interactions with his apostles ) are shared among the Synoptic Gospels, incidents such as the transfiguration and Jesus's exorcising demons do not appear in John, which also differs on other matters, such as
Kairos Palestine - Misplaced Pages Continue
5024-653: Is in the interest of all peoples in the region because the problem is not just a political one, but one in which human beings are destroyed." The document's drafters describe it as "the Christian Palestinians’ word to the world about what is happening in Palestine." They express a desire "to see the Glory of the grace of God in this land and in the sufferings of its people," and add that in this spirit they are calling on "the international community to stand by
5181-428: Is made of iron or gold: it is a cage.” Kairos Kairos ( Ancient Greek : καιρός ) is an ancient Greek word meaning 'the right or critical moment'. In modern Greek , kairos also means 'weather' or 'time'. It is one of two words that the ancient Greeks had for ' time '; the other being chronos ( χρόνος ). Whereas the latter refers to chronological or sequential time , kairos signifies
5338-416: Is mostly focused on the placement of logos, pathos, and ethos. It is used as a "starting point" in modern rhetoric. Kelly Pender (2003) states the inclusion of kairos within discourse "would try to shift the focus of personal writing from the writer's experiences and emotions to a broader perspective that explicitly concentrates on the rhetorical situation ...." Kairos is an expressive inclusion within
5495-551: Is no fear, no threat but rather security, justice and peace." The document further rejects biblical arguments for Zionism as a perversion of "the love of God and His providence in the life of both peoples and individuals." It calls Palestinians' "connectedness to this land ... a natural right," not just "an ideological or a theological question" but "a matter of life and death." It describes "the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land" as "a sin against God and humanity" that "distorts
5652-610: Is no one word in today's English language that succinctly encompasses the meaning of kairos (similar to ethos , logos , and pathos ). Michael Harker (2007) says, "Like the 'points' on the rhetorical triangle, the meaning of kairos is not definitive but rather a starting point for grasping the whole of an argument." The inclusion of kairos in modern composition has not been implicitly made, but there are undertones. Various components of kairos are included in modern composition and have made profound effects on modern composition theory. The purpose of kairos in modern rhetoric
5809-557: Is openly proclaimed and immediately recognized. Scholars divide the ministry of Jesus into several stages. The Galilean ministry begins when Jesus returns to Galilee from the Judaean Desert after rebuffing the temptation of Satan . Jesus preaches around Galilee, and in Matthew 4:18–20 , his first disciples , who will eventually form the core of the early Church, encounter him and begin to travel with him. This period includes
5966-425: Is said, must be said at the right time." He also suggests that in addition to timeliness, kairos considers appropriateness. According to Hess, kairos can either be understood as, "the decorum or propriety of any given moment and speech act, implying a reliance on the given or known", or as "the opportune, spontaneous, or timely." Although these two ideas of kairos might seem conflicting, Hess says that they offer
6123-399: Is the commandment of Christ our Lord to us" and that it means "seeing the face of God in every human being." Yet this "does not mean accepting evil or aggression on their part." Love, rather, "seeks to correct the evil and stop the aggression." Therefore, Christian love compels that the Israeli occupation of Palestine be resisted. While calling for " civil disobedience " and "respect of life,"
6280-549: Is time [ kairos ] for the Lord to act', indicating that the time of the Liturgy is an intersection with Eternity. In The Interpretation of History , neo-orthodox Lutheran theologian Paul Tillich made prominent use of the term. For him, the kairoi are those crises in history (see Christian existentialism ) which create an opportunity for, and indeed demand, an existential decision by the human subject—the coming of Christ being
6437-481: Is to be achieved." Kairos , then, means that one must find the best situation, taking timing into consideration, to act. Kairos was central to the Sophists , who stressed the rhetor's ability to adapt to and take advantage of changing and contingent circumstances. In Panathenaicus , Isocrates writes that educated people are those "who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess
Kairos Palestine - Misplaced Pages Continue
6594-538: The Apocryphon of James , and many other apocryphal writings . Most scholars conclude that these were written much later and are less reliable accounts than the canonical gospels. The canonical gospels are four accounts, each by a different author. The authors of the Gospels are pseudonymous, attributed by tradition to the four evangelists , each with close ties to Jesus: Mark by John Mark , an associate of Peter ; Matthew by one of Jesus's disciples; Luke by
6751-563: The Cleansing of the Temple . The Synoptics emphasize different aspects of Jesus. In Mark, Jesus is the Son of God whose mighty works demonstrate the presence of God's Kingdom . He is a tireless wonder worker, the servant of both God and man. This short gospel records a few of Jesus's words or teachings. The Gospel of Matthew emphasizes that Jesus is the fulfilment of God's will as revealed in
6908-616: The Gospel of James . The Gospel of Luke records that Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist. Extra-biblical contemporary sources consider Jesus and John the Baptist to be second cousins through the belief that Elizabeth was the daughter of Sobe , the sister of Anne. The Gospel of Mark reports that at the beginning of his ministry , Jesus comes into conflict with his neighbours and family. Jesus's mother and brothers come to get him because people are saying that he
7065-532: The Gospels , especially the four canonical Gospels in the New Testament . Academic research has yielded various views on the historical reliability of the Gospels and how closely they reflect the historical Jesus . Jesus was circumcised at eight days old, was baptized by John the Baptist as a young adult, and after 40 days and nights of fasting in the wilderness, began his own ministry . He
7222-778: The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in February 2013 for highlighting a Christian IDF officer's army service. Kassis spoke out against the conscription of Christians into the IDF and urged Christians in Israel not to allow the IDF to “use them as tools to violate the rights of the Palestinian people.” Kairos Palestine publicly denounced Israeli Ambassador to the United States Michael Oren after he wrote
7379-462: The Jordan River and the temptations he suffered while spending forty days in the Judaean Desert , as a preparation for his public ministry . The accounts of Jesus's baptism are all preceded by information about John the Baptist . They show John preaching penance and repentance for the remission of sins and encouraging the giving of alms to the poor as he baptizes people in the area of
7536-519: The New Testament , kairos means "the appointed time in the purpose of God," the time when God acts (e.g. Mark 1:15 : the kairos is fulfilled and the kingdom of God is at hand). Kairos (used 86 times in the New Testament) refers to an opportune time, a "moment" or a "season" such as " harvest time ", whereas chronos (used 54 times) refers to a specific amount of time, such as a day or an hour (e.g. Acts 13:18 and 27:9 ). Jesus makes
7693-493: The Roman government, and crucified on the order of Pontius Pilate , the Roman prefect of Judaea . After his death, his followers became convinced that he rose from the dead , and following his ascension, the community they formed eventually became the early Christian Church that expanded as a worldwide movement . It is hypothesized that accounts of his teachings and life were initially conserved by oral transmission , which
7850-950: The Sea of Galilee along the Jordan River . The final ministry in Jerusalem begins with Jesus's triumphal entry into the city on Palm Sunday . In the Synoptic Gospels, during that week Jesus drives the money changers from the Second Temple and Judas bargains to betray him. This period culminates in the Last Supper and the Farewell Discourse . Near the beginning of his ministry, Jesus appoints twelve apostles . In Matthew and Mark, despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him, Jesus's first four apostles, who were fishermen, are described as immediately consenting, and abandoning their nets and boats to do so. In John, Jesus's first two apostles were disciples of John
8007-685: The Sermon on the Mount , one of Jesus's major discourses, as well as the calming of the storm , the feeding of the 5,000 , walking on water and a number of other miracles and parables . It ends with the Confession of Peter and the Transfiguration. As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem, in the Perean ministry, he returns to the area where he was baptized, about a third of the way down from
SECTION 50
#17327913606258164-625: The Temple in Jerusalem for the presentation of Jesus as a baby in accordance with Jewish Law, where a man named Simeon prophesies about Jesus and Mary. When Jesus, at the age of twelve, goes missing on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem for Passover , his parents find him in the temple sitting among the teachers, listening to them and asking questions, and the people are amazed at his understanding and answers. Mary scolds Jesus for going missing, to which Jesus replies that he must "be in his father's house". The synoptic gospels describe Jesus's baptism in
8321-619: The World Council of Churches . It has also drawn criticism from both Jewish and Christian groups. In 2010, a gathering of church leaders in South Africa endorsed the document. A report on this endorsement noted that "support for Palestinians in Christian circles is gaining moral traction and theological legitimacy" and described this as "a very important trend, especially considering the fact that Christian Zionists have been among
8478-511: The "long, tunnel-like aperture through which the archer's arrow has to pass", and as the moment "when the weaver must draw the yarn through a gap that momentarily opens in the warp of the cloth being woven". Both are examples of the precise timing of a decision/action to achieve the best outcome. In the literature of the classical ancient world , writers and orators used kairos to specify moments of opportune action, often through metaphors involving archery and one's ability to aim and shoot at
8635-553: The "study guide does not accurately portray the Kairos Palestine Document (KPD) for what it is: a revisionist document of hatred for Israel and contempt of Jews." The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) described the Kairos Palestine document as casting "a political agenda in theological garb, re-writing history, ignoring Jewish roots and presence in the Holy Land for thousands of years," and placing "all blame for
8792-501: The Baptist . Acts 1:1–11 says more about the Ascension of Jesus than the canonical gospels do. In the undisputed Pauline letters , which were written earlier than the Gospels, Jesus's words or instructions are cited several times. Some early Christian groups had separate descriptions of Jesus's life and teachings that are not in the New Testament. These include the Gospel of Thomas , Gospel of Peter , and Gospel of Judas ,
8949-567: The Baptist testifies that he saw the Spirit descend on Jesus. John publicly proclaims Jesus as the sacrificial Lamb of God , and some of John's followers become disciples of Jesus. Before John is imprisoned, Jesus leads his followers to baptize disciples as well, and they baptize more people than John. The Synoptics depict two distinct geographical settings in Jesus's ministry. The first takes place north of Judea , in Galilee, where Jesus conducts
9106-635: The Baptist. The Baptist sees Jesus and calls him the Lamb of God; the two hear this and follow Jesus. In addition to the Twelve Apostles, the opening of the passage of the Sermon on the Plain identifies a much larger group of people as disciples. Also, in Luke 10:1–16 Jesus sends 70 or 72 of his followers in pairs to prepare towns for his prospective visit. They are instructed to accept hospitality, heal
9263-504: The Children of God because it would divide Satan's house and bring his kingdom to desolation; furthermore, he asks his opponents that if he exorcises by Beelzebub , "by whom do your sons cast them out?". In Matthew 12:31–32 , he goes on to say that while all manner of sin, "even insults against God" or "insults against the son of man", shall be forgiven, whoever insults goodness (or "The Holy Spirit ") shall never be forgiven; they carry
9420-645: The Confession of Peter and the Transfiguration of Jesus. These two events are not mentioned in the Gospel of John. In his Confession, Peter tells Jesus, "You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God." Jesus affirms that Peter's confession is divinely revealed truth. After the confession, Jesus tells his disciples about his upcoming death and resurrection. In the Transfiguration, Jesus takes Peter and two other apostles up an unnamed mountain, where "he
9577-604: The International Executive Council of Defense for Children International and the General Director of its section in Palestine. In discussing the Kairos Palestine document, the drafting of which he oversaw, Kairos Palestine coordinator Kassis explained that its production took about a year and a half because of a difference of opinions. He further said that "more than 3,000 Palestinian Christian figures have signed and adopted it." The document
SECTION 60
#17327913606259734-528: The Israel-Palestinian struggle, it contained “pronouncements which vindicate one side while demonizing the other,” applying one “moral yardstick” to Israel and another to Palestinians, and calling for action only against Israel. Noting that the document “consistently objects to ‘the Occupation,’ without making clear that it is referring exclusively to lands occupied by Israel and in dispute since
9891-520: The Jordan River around Perea and foretells the arrival of someone "more powerful" than he. In the Gospel of Mark, John the Baptist baptizes Jesus, and as he comes out of the water he sees the Holy Spirit descending to him like a dove and a voice comes from heaven declaring him to be God's Son. This is one of two events described in the Gospels where a voice from Heaven calls Jesus "Son",
10048-546: The Kairos Palestine Document,” states that the organization's mission is “to mobilize the churches in the United States to respond faithfully and boldly to the situation in Israel and Palestine.” The organization calls for an end to “Israeli violations of international law and of American support for Israel.” The document offers “a confession of sin to Palestinians in the State of Israel, the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem,
10205-427: The Kairos Palestine document as “powerful” in an April 2010 joint statement that encouraged members of both denominations to read the document, support Palestinians, and boycott Israeli West Bank products. “Palestinian Christian leadership,” said the joint church statement, “have taken the bold step of declaring this a Kairos moment, a designation not of chronological time, but of opportunity ripe for momentous action, and
10362-472: The Kairos USA “response” began “with a confession of sin to Palestinians in the State of Israel, the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem, the diaspora and in refugee camps in Gaza, the West Bank, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria.” The authors of the “response” said that “As U.S. Christians we bear responsibility for failing to say 'Enough!' when our nation's ally, the State of Israel, violates international law.” Saying that “the 'peace process' has continued to be no more than
10519-440: The Old Testament, and the Lord of the Church. He is the " Son of David ", a "king", and the Messiah. Luke presents Jesus as the divine-human saviour who shows compassion to the needy. He is the friend of sinners and outcasts, who came to seek and save the lost. This gospel includes well-known parables, such as the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son . The prologue to the Gospel of John identifies Jesus as an incarnation of
10676-510: The Palestinian people who have faced oppression, displacement, suffering and clear apartheid for more than six decades." They call the document "a cry of hope, with love, prayer and faith in God," and say that it is addressed "first of all to ourselves and then to all the churches and Christians in the world, asking them to stand against injustice and apartheid, urging them to work for a just peace in our region, calling on them to revisit theologies that justify crimes perpetrated against our people and
10833-427: The Shoah and World War II, and particularly beginning with Vatican II, the Jewish people has come to expect better from our Christian brothers and sisters. The rabbis warned that “CCAR would require serious reflection before continuing our common cause with any Church body or organization that endorses or continues to endorse Kairos.” In response to a report of the inclusion of the widow of George Habash 's signature on
10990-421: The Six-Day War of 1967,” the rabbis said that the document implicitly rejects “the very notion of a Jewish State.” The rabbis were additionally concerned that the document, while professing to reject violence, expressed “respect” and “high esteem for those who have given their life for our nation,” which they interpreted as praise of suicide bombers. CCAR further said that the document “rejects or ignores more than
11147-479: The Synoptics, the last week in Jerusalem is the conclusion of the journey through Perea and Judea that Jesus began in Galilee. Jesus rides a young donkey into Jerusalem, reflecting the tale of the Messiah's Donkey , an oracle from the Book of Zechariah in which the Jews' humble king enters Jerusalem this way. People along the way lay cloaks and small branches of trees (known as palm fronds ) in front of him and sing part of Psalms 118:25–26. Jesus next expels
11304-553: The WCC. While in Cape Town, Qumsiyeh delivered a sermon at Saint George's Cathedral on March 11, 2013. In 2012, Rifat Kassis accused right-wing Israelis of attacking Christian holy sites. “Today, they attack holy sites in the night,” Kassis said. “Tomorrow, they will attack the holy sites while they are filled with people, and then [it] will end [with them] bombarding churches and mosques while people are praying.” Rifat Kassis criticized
11461-514: The World , the True Vine and more. In general, the authors of the New Testament showed little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age. As stated in John 21:25 , the Gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events in Jesus's life. The accounts were primarily written as theological documents in
11618-472: The accuracy of the accounts, viewpoints run the gamut from considering them inerrant descriptions of Jesus's life, to doubting whether they are historically reliable on a number of points, to considering them to provide very little historical information about his life beyond the basics. According to a broad scholarly consensus, the Synoptic Gospels (the first three—Matthew, Mark, and Luke) are
11775-535: The angel Gabriel that she will conceive and bear a child called Jesus through the action of the Holy Spirit. When Mary is due to give birth, she and Joseph travel from Nazareth to Joseph's ancestral home in Bethlehem to register in the census ordered by Caesar Augustus . While there Mary gives birth to Jesus, and as they have found no room in the inn, she places the newborn in a manger . An angel announces
11932-597: The audience's personal beliefs and motivations. Additionally, factors such as cultural background, previous social experiences, and current mood, can influence the capacity to see and understand the correct and opportune moment of action. Thus, the difficulty of using kairos in a modern rhetorical setting is understanding and working within its constraints, while also carefully considering unexpected situations and encounters that arise, in order to present one's rhetorical argument as naturally as possible. Definitions of kairos using modern English are inherently vague: There
12089-441: The birth to a group of shepherds , who go to Bethlehem to see Jesus, and subsequently spread the news abroad. Luke 2:21 tells how Joseph and Mary have their baby circumcised on the eighth day after birth , and name him Jesus, as Gabriel had commanded Mary. After the presentation of Jesus at the Temple , Joseph, Mary and Jesus return to Nazareth. Jesus's childhood home is identified in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew as Nazareth,
12246-556: The changes that will result in a just and lasting peace in Israel and Palestine,” and that it is up to “the churches” to lead the peace movement. Kairos USA urges “congregations, clergy and church leaders to become educated about the BDS movement,” insisting that “BDS is directed at Israeli policy, not the state itself or its citizens, and certainly not against the Jewish people.” Rather, it is “about promoting our own values and stated commitments by noncooperation with evil.” In January 2016, as
12403-412: The charge of anti-Semitism” and risk losing Jewish friends. But they are willing, they say, to take this risk in order to “follow Jesus’ path of love and forgiveness as the way to justice and peace.” The document goes on to declare Kairos USA's support for BDS activity against Israel and for the withdrawal of U.S. support for Israel. Kairos USA argues that “the political process has failed to bring about
12560-498: The conflict." Instead, said Rabbi Abraham Cooper of SWC, the PCUSA's study guide "reads like an endorsement of the Kairos document by the leadership of the Church. Where the guide does offer suggestions for reading, it chooses almost exclusively from documents long criticized as hostile to Israel." Another guide to the Kairos Palestine document was prepared by the Israel/Palestine Mission Network (IPMN),
12717-503: The context of early Christianity , with timelines as a secondary consideration. In this respect, it is noteworthy that the Gospels devote about one third of their text to the last week of Jesus's life in Jerusalem , referred to as the Passion . The Gospels do not provide enough details to satisfy the demands of modern historians regarding exact dates, but it is possible to draw from them a general picture of Jesus's life story. Jesus
12874-516: The core of the gospel.” Under the program “Come and See,” run in conjunction with tourism groups and the WCC, Kairos Palestine promotes what it calls “justice tourism,” encouraging “Christian pilgrims to live their faith as they visit the holy land, going beyond homage of ancient sites to show concern for the Palestinian people living there whose lives are severely constricted by the Israeli occupation of their lands.” Such pilgrims are invited to take “a journey of truth and transformation that will reveal
13031-487: The critical development of the economy of Palestine and increase the marginalization of the Palestinian people.” In its own April 15, 2010, rebuttal to the Kairos Palestine document, the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) criticized it for arguing “that leading Israel into isolation is the only way there can be a peaceful solution in the Holy Land.” While the document professed to condemn both sides of
13188-431: The crowds regularly respond to Jesus's miracles with awe and press on him to heal their sick. In John's Gospel, Jesus is presented as unpressured by the crowds, who often respond to his miracles with trust and faith. One characteristic shared among all miracles of Jesus in the gospel accounts is that he performed them freely and never requested or accepted any form of payment. The gospel episodes that include descriptions of
13345-619: The current year is AD 2024 (or 2024 CE )—is based on the approximate birthdate of Jesus . In Islam , Jesus is considered the messiah and a prophet of God , who was sent to the Israelites and will return to Earth before the Day of Judgement . Muslims believe Jesus was born of the virgin Mary but was neither God nor a son of God. Most Muslims do not believe that he was killed or crucified but that God raised him into Heaven while he
13502-502: The dead . The nature miracles show Jesus's power over nature, and include turning water into wine , walking on water, and calming a storm, among others. Jesus states that his miracles are from a divine source. When his opponents suddenly accuse him of performing exorcisms by the power of Beelzebul , the prince of demons, Jesus counters that he performs them by the "Spirit of God" ( Matthew 12:28 ) or "finger of God", arguing that all logic suggests that Satan would not let his demons assist
13659-466: The diaspora and in refugee camps in Gaza, the West Bank, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria,” saying that American Christians “bear responsibility for failing to say 'Enough!' when our nation’s ally, the State of Israel, violates international law.” The organization also acknowledges with “deep remorse” the role of Christians in “the historic persecution of the Jewish people,” which “betrayed the teaching and example of
13816-458: The dispossession of the land." The document declares that the Occupation is a "sin against God" and that any theology that tolerates it cannot be Christian "because true Christian theology is a theology of love and solidarity with the oppressed, a call to justice and equality among peoples." It calls on all peoples to put pressure on Israel to put an end to its oppression and disregard for international law. It also describes non-violent resistance as
13973-565: The divine Word ( Logos ). As the Word, Jesus was eternally present with God, active in all creation, and the source of humanity's moral and spiritual nature. Jesus is not only greater than any past human prophet but greater than any prophet could be. He not only speaks God's Word; he is God's Word. In the Gospel of John, Jesus reveals his divine role publicly. Here he is the Bread of Life , the Light of
14130-622: The document "is meant to mobilize churches worldwide in a program of boycotts, divestment and delegitimization directed at the State of Israel." Lowe has further suggested that the document's own reference to the 1985 South Africa document represents an implicit comparison of Israel with the South African apartheid regime. The heads of the United Church of Christ (UCC) and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) praised
14287-523: The document also "high esteem for all those who have given their life for our nation" and affirms the importance of citizens defending their "life, freedom and land." It endorses the BDS movement and rejects the idea of "a religious state" in the Holy Land . The document has been used in many Christian groups and denominations to encourage Christian opposition to Israel. It has never been officially adopted by
14444-637: The document and that he is committed only to the statement of the Heads of Churches, where his name occurs near the bottom of the list.” Lowe additionally observed that Michel Sabbah, another signatory, had “retired as Latin Patriarch early in 2008, so he spoke only for himself and not for the Latin Patriarchate.” Lowe further pointed out that in 2007 Greek Orthodox Archbishop Atallah Hanna had been suspended after publicly calling "for withdrawal of
14601-490: The document called “Call to Action: U.S. Response to the Kairos Palestine Document: A word of confession and faith from the churches in the United States.” KairosUSA — The Moment of Grace and Opportunity The document argues against American aid to Israel. Describing the original Palestinian Kairos document as “a heartfelt, sober, prayerful, urgent cry for help to end the U.S.-backed Israeli occupation,”
14758-430: The document was “Arab Lutheran Bishop Munib Younan .” Lowe also claimed that some of the Heads of Churches were actually “taken by surprise” when the document was issued, but that they were “put under political pressure to toe the line propounded by the document” and thus “issued a brief statement of their own” four days later. Lowe argued that this text, which is now generally treated as an official prefatory statement to
14915-496: The document with calling "terror a form of legal resistance," with endorsing "boycotts and divestment against Israel," and with denying "any connection between biblical covenants and the Jewish people." Malcolm Lowe , Distinguished Senior Fellow at the Gatestone Institute and a critic of the document, has complained that while the document implicitly accuses Israelis of legitimizing their Zionism on biblical grounds,
15072-458: The document's authors "know ... that most Israelis do not subscribe to such a theology, but that the political theology of Hamas indeed 'calls for violence and holy war in the name of God Almighty' (or at any rate in the name of Allah)." Lowe has also noted that the World Council of Churches (WCC) was "heavily involved in the gestation of this document as part of its long-term program to promote Palestinian political aims" and has argued that
15229-489: The document, does not in fact constitute “an endorsement of worldwide campaigns against the State of Israel” and “contains nothing that would offend people of goodwill anywhere.” Lowe suggested that the statement can even “be read as a mild rebuke to the authors of the document: Palestinian Christians should put their main effort into strengthening their own community rather than engaging in worldwide political agitation.” Lowe thus accused Kairos Palestine of deliberately misleading
15386-557: The early period of Christianity, Christians have commonly referred to Jesus as "Jesus Christ". The word Christ was a title or office ("the Christ"), not a given name. It derives from the Greek Χριστός ( Christos ), a translation of the Hebrew mashiakh ( משיח ) meaning " anointed ", and is usually transliterated into English as " messiah ". In biblical Judaism, sacred oil
15543-426: The essay notes that the introduction sections of scientific research articles are nothing more than the construction of openings. This idea derives from the spatial aspect of kairos , or the creation of "an opening," which can be created by writers and discovered by readers. This opening is the opportune time, or kairos . Swales created what he called the "create a research space" model, wherein kairos , or an opening,
15700-437: The exact right time on-target. The ancient Greeks formulated kairos in general as a tool to explain and understand the interposition of humans for their actions and the due consequences. Kairos is also an alternate spelling of the name of the minor Greek deity Caerus , the god of luck and opportunity. In rhetoric , kairos is "a passing instant when an opening appears which must be driven through with force if success
15857-405: The gospel authors set out to write novels, myths, histories, or biographies has a tremendous impact on how they ought to be interpreted. Some recent studies suggest that the genre of the Gospels ought to be situated within the realm of ancient biography. Although not without critics, the position that the Gospels are a type of ancient biography is the consensus among scholars today. Concerning
16014-508: The guilt of their sin forever. In John, Jesus's miracles are described as "signs", performed to prove his mission and divinity. In the Synoptics, when asked by some teachers of the Law and some Pharisees to give miraculous signs to prove his authority, Jesus refuses, saying that no sign shall come to corrupt and evil people except the sign of the prophet Jonah . Also, in the Synoptic Gospels,
16171-490: The idea of the possible, or what the speaker is attempting to convince the audience of. Kairos in the Sophistic context is based on the thought that speech must happen at a certain time in order for it to be most effective. If rhetoric is to be meaningful and successful, it must be presented at the right moment, or else it will not have the same impact on the members of the audience. Aristotle and his followers also discuss
16328-501: The image of God." And it declares "that any theology, seemingly based on the Bible or on faith or on history, that legitimizes the occupation, is far from Christian teachings, because it calls for violence and holy war in the name of God Almighty, subordinating God to temporary human interests, and distorting the divine image in the human beings living under both political and theological injustice." The document goes on to declare that "Love
16485-478: The implications of the original definition for kairos . This implication is if "the target was moving and the soldier only had a narrow gap, the timing of the shot was crucial." Douglas Downs (2016) defines kairos as the principle of rhetors having little influence over their discourse, which causes them to convey what makes sense in the moment. Kairos serves as a reminder that many of the topics rhetors will respond to are well out of their scope of control. In
16642-419: The importance of kairos in their teachings. In his Rhetoric , one of the ways that Aristotle uses the idea of kairos is in reference to the specificity of each rhetorical situation. Aristotle believed that each rhetorical situation was different, and therefore different rhetorical devices needed to be applied at that point in time. One of the most well known parts of Aristotle's Rhetoric is when he discusses
16799-505: The individual's hometown. Thus, in the New Testament, Jesus is commonly referred to as "Jesus of Nazareth ". Jesus's neighbours in Nazareth referred to him as "the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon ", "the carpenter's son", or " Joseph 's son"; in the Gospel of John, the disciple Philip refers to him as "Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth". The English name Jesus , from Greek Iēsous ,
16956-635: The injustice of the Occupation from a theological perspective.” Comparing Kairos Palestine to “liberation theology, born in the darkest night of injustice and repression in Latin America,” IWPS described the group as emphasizing “the Biblical call for justice to denounce the injustices of Zionism.” Al-Awda co-founder Mazin Qumsiyeh represented Kairos Palestine at a Cape Town, South Africa, conference organized by Oikotree, an ecumenical group tied to
17113-456: The kairos that exists both before the text is created and during the presentation. In addition, each text helps create a new kairos for texts that come after. Some scholars studying kairos in the modern digital sphere argue that the aspects of body/identity, distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction, and economics are handled differently in an online setting and therefore messages that are sent digitally need to be altered to fit
17270-453: The law himself, for example regarding the Sabbath . When asked what the greatest commandment is, Jesus replies: "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind ... And a second is like it: 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself. ' " Other ethical teachings of Jesus include loving your enemies , refraining from hatred and lust, turning
17427-685: The living and the dead , either before or after their bodily resurrection , an event tied to the Second Coming of Jesus in Christian eschatology . The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three persons of the Trinity . The birth of Jesus is celebrated annually, generally on 25 December, as Christmas . His crucifixion is honoured on Good Friday and his resurrection on Easter Sunday . The world's most widely used calendar era —in which
17584-430: The love of God to you through the eyes of the Palestinian people who, despite having suffered decades of occupation and dispossession-- maintain their dignity, faith, and capacity for hope.” Rifat Kassis, in a January 2012 article, said that Palestine Kairos seeks “an end to unjust tourism to the Holy Land,” characterizing it as “historically monopolized by Israel and its hegemonic religious and cultural discourse...in such
17741-412: The miracles of Jesus also often include teachings, and the miracles themselves involve an element of teaching. Many of the miracles teach the importance of faith. In the cleansing of ten lepers and the raising of Jairus's daughter , for instance, the beneficiaries are told that their healing was due to their faith. At about the middle of each of the three Synoptic Gospels are two significant events:
17898-425: The money changers from the Second Temple , accusing them of turning it into a den of thieves through their commercial activities. He then prophesies about the coming destruction, including false prophets, wars, earthquakes, celestial disorders, persecution of the faithful, the appearance of an "abomination of desolation", and unendurable tribulations. The mysterious "Son of Man", he says, will dispatch angels to gather
18055-406: The most reliable sources of information about Jesus. Matthew, Mark, and Luke are known as the Synoptic Gospels, from the Greek σύν ( syn , 'together') and ὄψις ( opsis , 'view'), because they are similar in content, narrative arrangement, language and paragraph structure, and one can easily set them next to each other and synoptically compare what is in them. Scholars generally agree that it
18212-626: The most vocal and influential in support of the state of Israel." The Presbyterian Church of the United States (PCUSA), in addition to endorsing the basic principles of the Kairos Palestine document, issued a study guide for its members to use while examining the full document. The study guide was prepared by the Middle East Monitoring Group. In a statement released on June 24, 2011, the Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) expressed its disapproval, claiming that
18369-483: The name of Bishop Younan, the only recognized church leader on the document drafting team, was silently removed from the list of authors on the kairospalestine website. According to Lowe, Younan “asked to have it removed, so as not to be compromised by it.” Younan did not want to endanger his relationships “with Jewish religious figures and Israeli officials,” according to Lowe. “Reportedly,” Lowe added, “he now assures anyone who asks that he does not agree with everything in
18526-515: The names on the two lists. Various theories have been put forward to explain why the two genealogies are so different. Matthew and Luke each describe Jesus's birth, especially that Jesus was born to a virgin named Mary in Bethlehem in fulfilment of prophecy . Luke's account emphasizes events before the birth of Jesus and centers on Mary, while Matthew's mostly covers those after the birth and centers on Joseph. Both accounts state that Mary,
18683-519: The new circumstances. In order to reach online audiences effectively, scholars suggest that context of the information's use, which includes considerations of legal, health-related, disciplinary, and political factors paired with smart rhetorical thinking can solve the issue of miscommunicated messages distributed on online forums. Christ Jesus ( c. 6 to 4 BC – AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ , Jesus of Nazareth , and many other names and titles ,
18840-567: The notion that the Eternally Transcendent and Almighty God is like a tribal chief or a dishonest realtor who parcels out land to his favorites, and we reject the idea our sacred texts can be abused as if they were title deeds of ownership.” International Women's Peace Service (IWPS), which also took part in the World Social Forum-Free Palestine, described Kairos Palestine as “a movement addressing
18997-475: The official recognition of Greek Patriarch Theophilos III ", making him not a church leader but “an opponent of the Christian leadership.” As for the other signatories of the document, Lowe argued that they were "parish priests, low level officials and laypeople", some of whom were "fairly well known as long-term agitators on behalf of Palestinian political aims." In short, the document did "not have any bona fide Christian leader among its authors." Kairos Palestine
19154-443: The one we claim to follow,” and promises to act with greater “faithfulness, compassion and justice” in the future. It is because of Christians' past sins against Palestinians and Jews, the document continues, that Kairos USA has an obligation to “work and even suffer for peace, filled with a heart of love for both Israelis and Palestinians.” It acknowledges that by opposing Israeli policy, the members of Kairos USA expose themselves “to
19311-515: The other being the Transfiguration . The spirit then drives him into the wilderness where he is tempted by Satan . Jesus then begins his ministry in Galilee after John's arrest. In the Gospel of Matthew, as Jesus comes to him to be baptized, John protests, saying, "I need to be baptized by you." Jesus instructs him to carry on with the baptism "to fulfill all righteousness". Matthew details three temptations that Satan offers Jesus in
19468-406: The other cheek , and forgiving people who have sinned against you. John's Gospel presents the teachings of Jesus not merely as his own preaching, but as divine revelation . John the Baptist, for example, states in John 3:34 : "He whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for he gives the Spirit without measure." In John 7:16 Jesus says, "My teaching is not mine but his who sent me." He asserts
19625-440: The other hand, viewed Sophistic rhetoric as a tool used to manipulate others, and criticized those who taught it. Kairos fits into the Sophistic scheme of rhetoric in conjunction with the ideas of prepon and dynaton. These two terms combined with kairos are their keys to successful rhetoric. As stated by Poulakos, Prepon deals with the notion that "what is said must conform to both audience and occasion." Dynaton has to do with
19782-424: The overall subject of discourse, and one that has an effect on the entire rhetoric. Christian Lundberg and William Keith (2008) describe kairos in their rhetoric guide as the concept that "there is an exact right time to deliver a message if the audience is to be persuaded." Concepts such as relevance, recent events, and who the audience is play a role in determining the right moment to speak. Which has to do with
19939-560: The physical world to the spiritual . Common themes in these tales include the kindness and generosity of God and the perils of transgression. Some of his parables, such as the Prodigal Son , are relatively simple, while others, such as the Growing Seed , are sophisticated, profound and abstruse. When asked by his disciples why he speaks in parables to the people, Jesus replies that the chosen disciples have been given to "know
20096-486: The prime example (compare Karl Barth 's use of Geschichte as opposed to Historie ). In the Kairos Document , an example of liberation theology in South Africa under apartheid , the term kairos is used to denote "the appointed time," "the crucial time" into which the document or text is spoken. In Hippocrates ' (460–357 BCE) major theoretical treatises on the nature of medical science and methodology,
20253-439: The proof; and To Prepon , which is the style with which the orator clothes the proof. In Ancient Greece , kairos was utilized by both of the two main schools of thought in the field of rhetoric, focusing specifically on how kairos applies to speeches. The competing schools were those of the Sophists and their opposition, led by philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato . Sophism approached rhetoric as an art form. Members of
20410-438: The public about the clerics’ involvement, combining the document and the Heads of Churches' statement into a single PDF file on the website. “The unwary reader,” complained Lowe, “does not realize that the statement is no endorsement, but rather a wary reaction that seeks to divert the energies of the faithful into constructive activity within the community rather than wasting them on vain political posturing.” Lowe also noted that
20567-464: The report, the published list of signatories was removed from the Document's website. In an extensive examination of the Kairos Palestine document and prefatory statement, Malcolm Lowe rejected the claim that the document is the work of “Palestinian Christian leaders” and that it enjoys the “endorsement” of the Heads of Churches in Jerusalem. He noted that the only “Head of Church” involved in drafting
20724-405: The roles of pathos, ethos, and logos. Aristotle ties kairos to these concepts, claiming that there are times in each rhetorical situation when one needs to be utilized over the others. Kairos has classically been defined as a concept that focused on "the uniquely timely, the spontaneous, the radically particular." Ancient Pythagoreans thought kairos to be one of the most fundamental laws of
20881-470: The same thing in John 14:10 : "Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the Father is in me? The words that I say to you I do not speak on my own; but the Father who dwells in me does his works." Approximately 30 parables form about one-third of Jesus's recorded teachings. The parables appear within longer sermons and at other places in the narrative. They often contain symbolism, and usually relate
21038-452: The same time or in the same way, but creating an opening makes it possible to construct the right time. This can easily be related back to Hippocrates' statement that not every opening is an opportunity. Yet, in science, the message can be adapted in such a way that chronos becomes kairos . The idea can also be expressed as Carolyn Glasshoff (2011) wrote, that specifically in the field of scientific writing, any text must be influenced by
21195-406: The school would travel around Greece teaching citizens about the art of rhetoric and successful discourse. In his article "Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric", John Poulakos defines rhetoric from a Sophistic perspective as follows: "Rhetoric is the art which seeks to capture in opportune moments that which is appropriate and attempts to suggest that which is possible." Aristotle and Plato, on
21352-629: The secrets of the kingdom of heaven", unlike the rest of their people, "For the one who has will be given more and he will have in abundance. But the one who does not have will be deprived even more", going on to say that the majority of their generation have grown "dull hearts" and thus are unable to understand. In the gospel accounts, Jesus devotes a large portion of his ministry to performing miracles , especially healings. The miracles can be classified into two main categories: healing miracles and nature miracles. The healing miracles include cures for physical ailments, exorcisms , and resurrections of
21509-515: The sick, and spread the word that the Kingdom of God is coming. In Mark, the disciples are notably obtuse. They fail to understand Jesus's miracles, his parables, or what "rising from the dead" means. When Jesus is later arrested, they desert him. In the Synoptics, Jesus teaches extensively, often in parables , about the Kingdom of God (or, in Matthew, the Kingdom of Heaven ). The Kingdom
21666-405: The situation. According to Bitzer, kairos is composed of exigence , audience, and constraints. Exigence is the inherent pressure to do something about a situation immediately, with the action required depending on the situation. The audience are the listeners who the rhetor is attempting to persuade. Constraints are the external factors that challenges the rhetor's ability to influence, such as
21823-403: The term kairos is used within the first line. Hippocrates is generally accepted as the father of medicine, but his contribution to the discourse of science is less discussed. While kairos most often refers to "the right time," Hippocrates also used the term when referencing experimentation. Using this term allowed him to "express the variable components of medical practice more accurately." Here
21980-481: The timeliness and appropriateness of a situation, the term also implies being knowledgeable of and involved in the environment where the situation is taking place in order to benefit fully from seizing the opportune moment. Hess' conflicting perspective on kairos is exemplified by the disagreement between Lloyd Bitzer (1968) and Richard Vatz (1983) about the ' rhetorical situation '. Bitzer argues that 'rhetorical situations' exist independent of human perspective;
22137-408: The tragic circumstances of Palestinians on Israel, and none on the actions of Palestinians who blew up innocent Israelis in restaurants and launched rockets at school buses." The SWC also criticized the document for employing "the replacement theology that denied legitimacy of Judaism and Jews." The SWC, in addition, criticized the PCUSA's study guide for failing to "instruct readers on both sides of
22294-494: The universe. Kairos was said to piece together the dualistic ways of the entire universe. Empedocles was the philosopher who connected kairos to the principle of opposites and harmony. It then became the principle of conflict and resolution and was thus inserted as a concept for rhetoric. Aaron Hess (2011) submits a definition of kairos for the present day that bridges the two classical applications: Hess addresses Poulakos' view that, "In short, kairos dictates that what
22451-485: The wake of a Bethlehem conference at which “60 representatives from over 15 countries” decided to “mobilize churches and Christian organizations” around the world to work “for a just peace in the region.” An April 2013 article in The Electronic Intifada described the West Bank firm SodaStream as having “looked to its Palestinian workers for help in cleaning up its tarnished image,” partly by means of
22608-413: The wilderness. In the Gospel of Luke, the Holy Spirit descends as a dove after everyone has been baptized and Jesus is praying . Later John implicitly recognizes Jesus after sending his followers to ask about him. Luke also describes three temptations received by Jesus in the wilderness, before starting his ministry in Galilee. The Gospel of John leaves out Jesus's baptism and temptation. Here, John
22765-490: The word refers more to proportion, the mean, and the implicit sense of right measure. Hippocrates most famous quote about kairos is "every kairos is a chronos, but not every chronos is a kairos." In A Rhetoric of Doing: Essays on Written Discourse in Honor of James L. Kinneavy by Stephen Paul Witte, Neil Nakadate, and Roger Dennis Cherry (1992) also discusses the art of kairos in the field of science. Citing John Swales ,
22922-411: The word, Onians traces the primary root back to ancient Greek associations with both archery and weaving . In archery, kairos denotes the moment in which an arrow may be shot with sufficient force to penetrate a target. In weaving, kairos denotes the moment in which the shuttle could be passed through threads on the loom . Similarly, in his Kaironomia (1983), E.C. White defines kairos as
23079-461: The “Bethlehem Call” was introduced in January 2012 as an “update” to the Kairos Palestine document. Posted at the WCC website, it defined Israel as an “illegal regime,” called for “international boycott, divestment and sanctions campaigns” against the Jewish state, defined Israel-friendly churches as “accomplices in crimes against humanity,” and rejected Christian Zionism as “a crime and sin as defying
23236-425: Was Jewish, born to Mary , wife of Joseph . The Gospels of Matthew and Luke offer two accounts of his genealogy . Matthew traces Jesus's ancestry to Abraham through David . Luke traces Jesus's ancestry through Adam to God. The lists are identical between Abraham and David but differ radically from that point. Matthew has 27 generations from David to Joseph, whereas Luke has 42, with almost no overlap between
23393-585: Was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader, and the central figure of Christianity , the world's largest religion . Most Christian denominations believe Jesus to be the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited messiah , or Christ , a descendant from the Davidic line that is prophesied in the Old Testament . Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically . Accounts of Jesus's life are contained in
23550-454: Was an itinerant teacher who interpreted the law of God with divine authority and was often referred to as " rabbi ". Jesus often debated with fellow Jews on how to best follow God , engaged in healings, taught in parables , and gathered followers, among whom twelve were appointed as his chosen apostles . He was arrested in Jerusalem and tried by the Jewish authorities , turned over to
23707-746: Was conceived by the Holy Spirit. In Matthew 2:1 – 12 , wise men or Magi from the East bring gifts to the young Jesus as the King of the Jews . They find him in a house in Bethlehem. Herod the Great hears of Jesus's birth and, wanting him killed, orders the murders of male infants in Bethlehem and its surroundings. But an angel warns Joseph in his second dream, and the family flees to Egypt —later to return and settle in Nazareth . In Luke 1:31–38, Mary learns from
23864-479: Was constructed. It consisted of four rhetorical moves: (1) establishing the field; (2) summarizing previous research; (3) preparing for present research; and (4) introducing the present research. Step (3) is where a gap in previous research is indicated, thus creating the need for more information. The writer constructs a need, and an opening. Because kairos emphasizes change, it is an important aspect of science. Not all scientific research can be presented at
24021-546: Was engaged to a man named Joseph, who was descended from King David and was not his biological father, and both support the doctrine of the virgin birth of Jesus , according to which Jesus was miraculously conceived by the Holy Spirit in Mary's womb when she was still a virgin. At the same time, there is evidence, at least in the Lukan Acts of the Apostles , that Jesus was thought to have had, like many figures in antiquity,
24178-467: Was still alive . Jesus is also revered in the Baháʼí Faith , Druze Faith and Rastafari . In contrast, Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill messianic prophecies , was not lawfully anointed and was neither divine nor resurrected. A typical Jew in Jesus's time had only one name , sometimes followed by the phrase "son of [father's name]" , or
24335-562: Was the source of the written Gospels. Christian theology includes the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit , was born of a virgin named Mary , performed miracles , founded the Christian Church , died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve atonement for sin , rose from the dead, and ascended into Heaven , from where he will return . Commonly, Christians believe Jesus enables people to be reconciled to God. The Nicene Creed asserts that Jesus will judge
24492-553: Was transfigured before them, and his face shone like the sun, and his clothes became dazzling white". A bright cloud appears around them, and a voice from the cloud says, "This is my Son, the Beloved; with him I am well pleased; listen to him." The description of the last week of the life of Jesus (often called Passion Week ) occupies about one-third of the narrative in the canonical gospels, starting with Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and ending with his Crucifixion. In
24649-468: Was used to anoint certain exceptionally holy people and objects as part of their religious investiture. Christians of the time designated Jesus as "the Christ" because they believed him to be the messiah, whose arrival is prophesied in the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. In postbiblical usage, Christ became viewed as a name—one part of "Jesus Christ". Etymons of the term Christian (meaning
#624375