50-516: The Srikalahasti Temple is located in the town of Srikalahasti , in Tirupati district in the state of Andhra Pradesh , India . According to regional tradition, it is said to be the site where Kannappa was ready to offer both his eyes to cover blood flowing from the Shivalinga before Shiva stopped him and granted him moksha . The inner temple was constructed around the 5th century CE and
100-570: A constant threat), the Gajapatis of Odisha , who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya , and Portugal, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade. The raid and plunder of Vijayanagara towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with them and Sultan Mahmud
150-518: A difficult siege in which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu of the Pemmasani Nayaks , during the Battle of Raichur were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya. It is said that 700,000 foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used. A Portuguese contingent commanded by Cristovão de Figueiredo with
200-583: A eulogy of his king in Krishna Raya Bharata . Vyasatirtha , the noted Dvaita saint from Mysore (of the Madhva tradition ) was the emperor's Rajaguru ("royal guru"). The writing Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari in Kannada is a recently discovered work. The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishnadevaraya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record
250-684: A former king of the Bahmani dynasty, who had been held captive by the Adil Shah and he proclaimed the eldest as king of the Deccan . Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga , the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate. In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son Tirumala Raya the Yuvaraja (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long: he was poisoned. Suspecting Timmarusu , Krishnadevaraya had him blinded. At
300-475: A human form. Parvati fell to the Earth. To atone, Parvati performed penance at Srikalahasti and pleased Shiva. Shiva granted her a heavenly body, a hundred times better than her previous divine form, apologised to her and later taught her the secret lore. Parvati is therefore worshipped as Gnana Prasunambika Devi in the temple. Cursed to become a ghost, Ghanakala prayed at Srikalahasti for 15 years and after chanting
350-509: A siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties. Timmarusu discovered a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort and launched a night attack. This culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Prataparudra Deva. Vasireddy Mallikharjuna Nayaka took over as governor of Kondaveedu thereafter. Krishnadevaraya planned an invasion of Kalinga , but Prataparudra learned of this plan and formulated his own plan to defeat
400-568: Is associated with the temple. The temple also finds mention in the works of Nakeerar and the Nalvars , namely, Appar , Sundarar , Sambandar and Manickavasagar in the canonical works of Tirumura. As the temple is revered in Tevaram , it is classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam , one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The presiding deity of the temple Gnana Prasunambika Devi
450-501: Is believed that performing this pooja will ward the people from astrological effects of Rahu and Kethu, the demigods which cause eclipses. As per Hindu legend, Kalahasteeshwara was worshipped at this place by Brahma during all four Yugas . Arjuna , the Pandava prince during Mahabharata is believed to have worshipped the presiding deity. The legend of Kannappa , who was a hunter and turned into an ardent devotee of Shiva accidentally,
500-652: Is revered as one of the Pancha Bhoota Stalam where the presiding deity is worshipped as Vayu linga (the embodiment of air). This temple is considered the " Kailash of the South". Saivaite saints of the first century sang about this temple. This is the only temple in India which remains open during Solar and lunar eclipses, while, all other temples are closed. This temple is famous for the Rahu-Kethu pooja. It
550-661: Is worshipped as Kalahasteeswara. The temple is also regarded as Rahu-Ketu kshetra and Dakshina Kailasam . Srikalahasti temple, situated 36 km away from Tirupati , is famous for its Vayu Lingam (Wind Lingam), one of the Pancha Bhuta Sthalams , representing the wind. In primordial times, the wind-god Vayu performed penance for thousands of years to the Karpoora Lingam , the lingam of Shiva made of camphor . Pleased with Vayu's penance, Shiva manifested before him and bestowed him three boons. Vayu
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#1732783703181600-534: The Advaita philosophy) and Tarkatandava . Krishnadevaraya, himself an accomplished scholar, wrote Madalasa Charita , Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana . Krishnadevaraya respected all sects of Hinduism . He is known to have encouraged and supported various sects and their places of worship. He rebuilt the Virupaksha Temple and other Shiva shrines. He gave land grants to
650-656: The Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha , and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India. Krishnadevaraya's rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation. This was the time when the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna river (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), ruler of Odisha were subdued (1514) and severe defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520). When
700-555: The Mughal Emperor Babur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, he rated Krishnadevaraya the most powerful, with the most extensive empire in the subcontinent. The Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa visited the Vijayanagara Empire during his reign, and their travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able administrator but also an excellent general, leading from
750-650: The Sri Vaishnava tradition and that's why he wrote a Telugu work on Andal , a Tamil Sri Vaishnava female saint, called the Amuktamalyada . They claim that Venkata Tathacharya of the Sri Vaishnava sect was Krishnadevaraya's rajaguru, and he was considered influential. But the Madhva text Vyasayogicarita the biography of Madhva seer Vyasatirtha says that the kulaguru of Krishnadevaraya. A manuscript from Madras Oriental Manuscript Library which
800-402: The deforestation of some areas and undertook a large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagara. Foreign travellers such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagara spoke highly of the efficiency of his administration and the prosperity of the people during his reign. The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada . He
850-632: The 11th century CE, the Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I king renovated the temple and constructed the main structure. Kulottunga Chola I , contrived and built the beautiful gopurams, located at the entrance facing south, during the 11th century CE. Inscriptions of Rajaditya Chola , Rajaraja Chola I , Rajadhiraja Chola I , Kulottunga Chola I , Kulottunga Chola III are found across the temple. The temple received contributions from various ruling dynasties like Chola Dynasty , Reddi kingdom and Vijayanagar Empire . The 120 feet (37 m) high main gopuram and
900-554: The Bhairava Mantra, Shiva restored her original form. Mayura , Chandra and Indra were cursed to become a spider, snake and elephant respectively. They sought atonement after taking bath in the river Swarnamukhi and praying at Srikalahasti. Shiva appeared before the sage Markandeya in Srikalahasti and preached that a Guru alone could make esoteric teachings and, therefore he is Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva . Around
950-515: The Gajapati king Prataparudra Deva . The Vijayanagara army laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512. The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation. Krishnadevaraya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi. The Gajapati army was then met at Kondaveedu . The armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing
1000-586: The Jewelled Throne of Karnataka"), Yavana Rajya Pratistapanacharya (lit. "Establishment of the King to Bahmani Throne"), Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit. "Lord of the Kannada Empire), Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (lit. "Protector of Brahmins and Cows") and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit. "Lord of Three Kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula by defeating the sultans of Bijapur , Golconda ,
1050-539: The Tirumala Devasthanam, 229 are attributed to Krishnadevaraya. A statue of Krishnadevaraya with two of his wives is found at the temple complex of Tirumala. These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of the Srisailam temple complex where he had rows of mandapas built. Sri Vaishnavas claim that Krishnadevaraya himself was formally initiated into
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#17327837031811100-525: The Vijayanagara capital. The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war. In one campaign, he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur and its sultan Ismail Adil Shah , and restored the Bahmani sultanate to the son of Muhammad Shah II . The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured Raichur Fort from Ismail Adil Shah after
1150-463: The elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror." The rule of Krishnadevaraya is known as golden age of Telugu literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as Ashtadiggajas . Krishna Dev Raya himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada . During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. The great emperor
1200-571: The former at the fort of Kalinganagar . Timmarusu discovered Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter from the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to Cuttack , the capital of the Gajapati Kingdom . Prataparudra eventually surrendered to the Vijayanagara Empire, and gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Krishnadevaraya. Krishnadevaraya returned all
1250-459: The front in battle and even attending to the wounded. On many occasions, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into victory. The poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as the 'Destroyer of the Turks.' Krishnadevaraya benefited from the counsel of his prime minister Timmarusu , whom he regarded as the father figure responsible for his coronation. Krishnadevaraya was also advised by
1300-508: The hands of the Golconda forces, resulting in the capture of the Pangal fort from Vijayanagar. As a consequence, Raya was compelled to retreat. The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land comprising parts of Bengal , Andhra , and Odisha . Krishnadevaraya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into the coastal Andhra region, which was under the control of
1350-596: The hundred pillared hall with intricate carvings was commissioned during the regime of the Vijayanagara Krishnadevaraya during 1516 CE. The main gopuram, built by king Krishnadevaraya , collapsed on 26 May 2010. As per the Archaeology Department, the temple tower stood on a foundation that had a depth of only one-and-a-half feet and had a thin crack 25 years before it collapsed which expanded as years passed by. The Rajagopuram
1400-526: The kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth. Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit." Krishnadevaraya was noted to be linguistically neutral as he ruled a multilingual empire. He is known to have patronised poets and issued inscriptions in languages as varied as Kannada , Sanskrit , Telugu and Tamil ,. Krishnadevaraya himself
1450-690: The lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the Krishna River ; this made the Krishna river the boundary between the Vijayanagara and Gajapati Kingdoms. Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the Portuguese in Goa in 1510. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. He also utilized Portuguese expertise to improve the water supply to
1500-438: The lingam never caught fire even though camphor is a flammable substance. The temple faces south, while the sanctum faces west. The temple is located on the foothills of a hill, while there is also a belief that the temple was carved out of the monolithic hill. There is a rock-cut shrine of Shiva's son Ganesha , 9 ft (2.7 m) below the ground level. Vallabha Ganapathi, Mahalakshmi-Ganpathi and Sahasra Lingeswara are some of
1550-540: The outer temple was constructed in the 11th century by the Rajendra Chola I and other Chola emperors such as Rajaditya Chola , Rajaraja Chola I , Rajadhiraja Chola I , Kulottunga Chola I , Kulottunga Chola III , and Reddi kingdom , Vijayanagar Empire . The 120 feet (37 m) high main gopuram and the hundred pillared hall with intricate carvings was commissioned during the regime of the Vijayanagara Krishnadevaraya during 1516 CE. Shiva in his aspect as Vayu
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1600-426: The patronage of the emperor, who was fluent in many languages. The king himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada . His Sanskrit works include ‘Madalasa Charita’, ‘Satyavadu Parinaya’, ‘Rasamanjari’ and ‘Jambavati Kalyana’. The Telugu poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as a great general and stated: "O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of
1650-545: The poet Molla , who wrote a version of the Ramayana , Kamsali Rudrakavi, who wrote Nirankusopakhyana , and Addamki Gangadhara, who wrote Tapatlsamvarana and Basavapurana . Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work on veterinary science called Haya lakshanasara . He patronised several Kannada poets. Among them Mallanarya, who wrote Veera-shaivamruta , Bhava-chinta-ratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe ; Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote Bhagavatha and Timmanna Kavi wrote
1700-605: The processional idols of Shiva and Parvati will be taken on Vahanams in a procession around the temple streets. Srikalahasti Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 926733513 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:48:23 GMT Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 – 17 October 1529)
1750-431: The rare images found in the temple. There is a large shrine of Jnanaprasunambika, the consort of Kalahatisvara. There are smaller shrines in the temple for Kasi Viswanatha, Annapurna , Surya , Sadyoganapathi and Shiva's second son Kartikeya . There are two large halls namely Sadyogi Mandapa and Jalkoti Mandapa. There are two water tanks associated with the temple namely, Surya Pushkarani and Chandra Pushkarani. The temple
1800-484: The same time, Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on Belgaum , which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya fell ill and eventually died in 1529, succeeded by his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya . During his reign he kept strict control over his ministers, and dealt severely with any minister who committed misdeeds. He abolished obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee. To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation, ordering
1850-503: The temples of Tirumala , Srisailam , Amaravati , Chidambaram , Ahobilam , and Tiruvannamalai . He lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords to nine kinds of precious gems. Krishnadevaraya made Venkateshwara his patron deity. He visited the temple seven times. Out of the around 1,250 temple epigraphs published by
1900-533: The use of fireweapons helped to conquer the fortress. Krishnadevaraya was brutal towards Bahmani Generals of Raichur. Many Bahmani generals lost their lands. The other Muslim kings sent envoys to the emperor on hearing of his success and received a haughty reply. The king conveyed that if Adil Shah would come to him, do obeisance, and kiss his foot, his lands would be restored to him. The submission never took place. Krishnadevaraya then led his army as far north as Bijapur and occupied it. He imprisoned three sons of
1950-485: The witty Tenali Ramakrishna , who was employed in his court. Krishnadevaraya was the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka and his queen Nagamamba. Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya , who later took control to prevent the disintegration of the empire and established the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. He accessed the throne after the death of his brother Viranarasimha. He
2000-521: Was a polyglot, fluent in Kannada , Sanskrit , Telugu and Tamil . The official language of the Vijayanagara court was Kannada . Krishnadevaraya patronized literature in various languages. The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is particularly known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil poets enjoyed
2050-690: Was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire reigning from 1509 to 1529. He was the third monarch of the Tuluva dynasty , and is considered to be one of the greatest rulers in Indian history. He ruled the largest empire in India after the fall of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate . Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. Krishnadevaraya earned the titles Andhra Bhoja (lit. " Bhoja of Andhra"), Karnatakaratna Simhasanadeeshwara (lit. "Lord of
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2100-617: Was blessed to present everywhere in the world in form of air and want to be an integral part of every being in form of vayus . Further, The linga that Vayu worshipped was named as the Vayu Lingam after him and was declared to be worshipped by various beings. Another legend narrates that Shiva's consort Parvati adamantly asked him to teach her the secret of the Shiva Panchakshari Mantra . Angry with her behaviour, Shiva cursed her to discard her divine form and assume
2150-697: Was born in Vellathurar Gotra of Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar caste. It is customary for the bride to bring home the dowry and submit it by Sengunthars at the Shiva-Parvati wedding held here. The temple follows the Shaivite tradition. Maha Shivaratri is the most important festival when lakhs of devotees offer prayers to seek the blessings of the Lord. Mahashivaratri Brahmotsavams are celebrated in par with Maha Shivaratri for 13 days during which
2200-661: Was given the name Purandara Dasa. Purandara Daasa traveled extensively in southern India composing and rendering them in praise of his god Purandara Vittala. He spent his last years in Hampi where he rendered his compositions in Krishnadevaraya's court. Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil poet Haridasa , and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by. In Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha wrote Bhedojjivana , Tatparyachandrika , Nyayamrita (a work directed against
2250-697: Was himself a celebrated poet having composed Amuktamalyada . In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title Ashtadiggajas celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). This period of the Empire is known as the "Prabandha Period," because of the quality of the prabandha literature it produced. Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote Kavikarna Rasayana , Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote Radhamadhavavilasa and Vishnumayavilasa ,
2300-509: Was married to Srirangapatna 's princess Tirumala Devi and his royal dancer from Kodagu , Chinna Devi. He was father to Tirumalamba (from Tirumala Devi), Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince Rama Raya of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince Tirumala Deva Raya. His main enemies were the Bahamani Sultans (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remained
2350-414: Was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards Dharma . His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and punish evildoers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says: "the extent of
2400-408: Was reconstructed in its original form at the same location with a budget of 45 crores and was consecrated on 18 January 2017. The presiding image of Shiva in the form of Linga is made of white stone (believed to be the solidification of camphor) in a tall cylindrical shape resembling an elephant trunk. The stone is divided into 5 segments. The lingam is lit by many lamps in the sanctum. Miraculously,
2450-690: Was severely injured and defeated. Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the Raichur Doab was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar , Gulbarga , and Bijapur into Vijayanagara and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler. The Sultan of Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was defeated by Timmarusu, the prime minister of Krishnadevaraya. In 1513, Krishnadevaraya personally engaged in battle with Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah at Pangal. The Vijayanagar army suffered defeat at
2500-520: Was written by the king himself. Purandara Dasa , "widely considered the father of Carnatic music" was closely associated with the empire. He extolled the Madhwa philosophy in his compositions and was a disciple of the Rajaguru of the emperor. According to Sambamoorthy, he was born as Srinivasa and had his formal initiation by Vyasatirtha took place around 1525 when he was about 40 years of age, when he
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