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52-463: Kalakala may refer to: Kalantaka or Kalakala, aspect of the Hindu god Shiva as destroyer of Death MV Kalakala , a US car ferry Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kalakala . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

104-401: A parashu or express the varadamudra (boon-giving gesture). The left hands should be held in vismaya mudra (hand gesture of astonishment) and suchi mudra (needle gesture). In the eight-armed form, the right arms hold a trishula, parashu, vajra and khadga (sword). The left arms hold a khetaka (shield), pasha (noose) and in vismaya and suchi mudras. Sometimes, he may even hold a kapala or

156-546: A pony or domestic yak . The circumambulation takes three days on average with the first day trek from Darchen to Dirapuk gompa for about 14 km (8.7 mi), followed by a journey from Dirpauk to Zutulphuk via the Drölma pass for 19 km (12 mi) on the second day and the final trek back to Darchen on the last day. The most extreme method of doing the circumambulation (called Kora ) in Tibetan Buddhism

208-504: A 60 km (37 mi) stretch in the region. Mount Kailash is located on the banks of Manasarovar and Rakshastal lakes. Spread over an area of 320 km (120 sq mi), Manasarovar is the highest freshwater lake in the world. The region around Mount Kailash are remnants of large ice sheets that covered the region during the Quaternary period, the last of which retreated about 10,000 years ago. The mountain might be

260-459: A challenge with Naro Böncham, a follower of Bön religion of Tibet. The two engaged in a battle of wits with neither able to gain a decisive advantage. Finally, it was agreed that whoever could reach the summit of Kailash first would be the victor. While Naro sat on his magic drum to climb up the slope, Milarepa reached the summit riding on the rays of the Sun , thus winning the contest. He also gave

312-530: A circumambulation of Mount Kailash is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects, such as the cleansing of one's sins. Each circumambulation is considered to have fulfilled a life-death cycle. There are many stupas , flag poles, Buddhist monasteries and praying stations along the route. Many of the cultural artifacts along the route was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution of China from 1966 to 1976. Hindus take

364-416: A clockwise direction by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, while Bönpos circumambulate the mountain in a counterclockwise direction. The circumambulation usually begins and ends at Darchen , a small outpost located at an elevation of 4,670 m (15,320 ft) with the highest point at the Drölma pass situated at 5,650 m (18,540 ft). Trekking around the mountain can be done on foot with support from

416-466: A corner with folded hands. Mount Kailash Mount Kailash (also Kailasa ; Kangrinboqê or Gang Rinpoche ; Standard Tibetan : གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ ; simplified Chinese : 冈仁波齐峰 ; traditional Chinese : 岡仁波齊峰 ; pinyin : Gāngrénbōqí Fēng ; Sanskrit : कैलास , IAST : Kailāsa ) is a mountain in Ngari Prefecture , Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It lies in

468-454: A fearsome form and threw his noose to capture Markandeya, who hugged the lingam tightly. When the noose touched the lingam, Shiva emerged from it in all his wrath and struck Yama with his Trishula and kicked his chest, killing the Lord of Death. Sages, gods and other beings appeared to praise Shiva, who blessed Markandeya to remain a youth of 16 for seven kalpas (aeons). As no one remained in

520-474: A large metasedimentary roof pendant supported by a base of granite . The Indus headwaters area is typified by wide-scale faulting of metamorphosed late- Cretaceous to mid- Cenozoic sedimentary rocks interspersed with igneous Cenozoic granitic rocks. The Cenozoic rocks represent offshore marine limestones deposited before subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust . These sediments were deposited on

572-404: A mriga. Yama is often depicted as bowing to Shiva with folded hands and holding a noose in between them. He is depicted trembling with fear, with legs wide apart suggesting that he is trying to steady himself after being kicked by Shiva. Another configuration portrays him lying fainted on the ground after being kicked by Shiva. Shiva may be depicted as standing or dancing on the fallen Yama. Yama

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624-559: A pilgrimage called yatra to the mountain. While it is not known when the first pilgrimage started, it is one of the oldest of the oldest pilgrimage routes, which has been in existence for many years. Pilgrimage to the mountain increased in the 1930s but was affected later due to both China and the British Empire claiming the region. Religious pilgrimages to Mount Kailas and Manasarovar were permitted by China after its occupation of Tibet in 1950-51. While pilgrimage from India

676-534: A ritual bath in the Manasarovar before doing circumambulation. Hindu text Skanda Purana states that "There are no mountains like the Himalaya, for in them are Kailas and Mansarovar. As the dew is dried up by the morning Sun, so are the sins of mankind dried up by the sight of the Himalaya." Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims often chant om mani padme hum (jewel in the lotus) and sing nyelu songs while crossing

728-652: A shrine and is offered special worship on Kartik Purnima , the full moon day of the Hindu month of Kartika . The Shiva temple at Thirukkadavoor near Mayiladuthurai is considered as the place where Shiva defeated death in Tamil tradition. Thirukkadavoor or Thirukadaiyur or Tirukkatavur or Tirukkadavur or Katavur (as named in Tevaram) is one of the Atta-virattam, the eight sites of the heroic acts of Shiva. In Tamil Tevaram poetry, Shiva's feet as often praised as

780-529: Is an important one on salvation in Tamil Shaivism . The following tale is from the Thirukkadavoor shrine, which is dedicated to Kalantaka. The sage Mrikandu prayed to Shiva at Vilvavanam for a son. Shiva offered him a choice: a virtuous son who would live 16 years, or 100 long-lived, foolish sons. Mrikandu chose the former and accordingly had a son, whom he named Markandeya. As Markandeya neared

832-402: Is buried in the lingam while the left one raised to strike Yama. Shiva, depicted red in anger, should have a third eye on the forehead, a jatamukuta (a crown of matted hair), lateral tusks and four or eight arms. In the four-armed form, one of the right hands holding a Trishula should be raised pointing to Yama or sometimes even piercing his torso or neck, while other right hand should hold in

884-492: Is central to its cosmology, and a major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions. In Buddhism, Kailash represents the father of the world and lake Mansarovar symbolizes the mother. Numerous sites in the region are associated with Padmasambhava , who is credited with establishing Tantric Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century CE. Vajrayana Buddhists believe that saint Milarepa ( c.  1052  – c.  1135 ) had

936-570: Is considered as a stairway to heaven , where the devas reside and the Vishnu Purana states that it lies in the center of the world surrounded by six mountain ranges similar to a lotus , one of which is the Himalayas. In the later Hindu theology, Kailash came to be identified with Meru. Shiva is described as sitting in a lotus position, engaged in meditation within the confines of the mountain. Kailash and Mansarovar are mentioned in

988-426: Is performed by doing full body-length prostrations over the entire stretch around the mountain. The pilgrim bends down, kneels, prostrates full-length, makes a mark with her fingers, rises to her knees, prays, and then crawls forward on hands and knees to the mark made by her fingers before repeating the process. With this method, the pilgrimage takes three weeks on average to complete. Pilgrims believe that doing

1040-405: Is sometimes mistaken as an apasmara (a dwarf) in this configuration and the image as that of Shiva as Nataraja , the Lord of Dance who is depicted trampling the apasmara. Markandeya is usually depicted as terrified by the sight of Yama. Seated near the lingam, he worships it with flowers or bows the rising Shiva, his saviour. Markandeya may be also depicted hugging the lingam or just standing in

1092-537: Is the home of the Hindu god Shiva ...for Jains it is where their first leader was enlightened; for Buddhists, the navel of the universe; and for adherents of Bon, the abode of the sky goddess Sipaimen." Mount Kailash is located in Ngari Prefecture , Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It lies in the Gangdisê Mountains (also called as Kailash Range) of the Transhimalaya , in the western part of

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1144-682: Is used to denote the mountain. The mountain is also called as Gang Rinpoche ( Tibetan : གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་; simplified Chinese : 冈仁波齐峰 ; traditional Chinese : 岡仁波齊峰 ) or Gang Tise locally. Gang Rinpoche means "snow jewel mountain" with Kang (or Gang ) being the Tibetan word meaning white mountain (snow peak) and rinpoche is an honorific meaning "precious one". Gang Tise means "mountain of ice or cool". "Tibetan Buddhists call it Kangri Rinpoche; 'Precious Snow Mountain'. Bon texts have many names: Water's Flower, Mountain of Sea Water, Nine Stacked Swastikas Mountain. For Hindus, it

1196-580: The Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata . According to the Hindu scriptures and sculptural depictions, the demon-king Ravana shook the mountain after he was refused entry to Kailash. This enraged Shiva, who pressed his toe upon the mountain, trapping Ravana in between. Ravana sang hymns in praise of Shiva for a thousand years before he was released. This representation of Shiva is also referred to as Ravananugraha (meaning "form showing favour to Ravana"). According to Jain scriptures, Rishabhanatha ,

1248-549: The Kailash Range (Gangdisê Mountains) of the Transhimalaya , in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau . The peak of Mount Kailash is located at an elevation of 6,638 m (21,778 ft), near the western trijunction between China , India and Nepal . Mount Kailash is located close to Manasarovar and Rakshastal lakes. The sources of four rivers: Indus , Sutlej , Brahmaputra , and Karnali lie in

1300-724: The Tibetan Plateau . The peak of Mount Kailash is at an elevation of 6,638 m (21,778 ft). The region is located north of the western tripoint of the border between China , India and Nepal . The major rivers rising from the western Gangdise mountains are the Yarlung Tsangpo (which becomes the Brahmaputra ), the Indus , the Sutlej and the Karnali , a tributary of Ganges . All these river systems originate within

1352-611: The permafrost in the Tibet region might lead to uncertain effects on water resources of the region. These effects along with population explosion and tourism has put severe stress on the fragile ecosystem around Mount Kailash. The intergovernmental organisation International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is involved in a trans boundary project called the Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative in

1404-528: The Kalasamharamurthy Temple is situated. The description of Kalantaka is found in Agamic texts. The right foot should be rested on a lotus-pedestal ( padma-pitha ) and the left leg lifted to kick Yama, just touching his chest. The leg positions are reversed in some textual descriptions. Sometimes, Shiva is depicted as rising from the lingam that Markandeya is worshipping and his right leg

1456-516: The Lapcha La pass above the Limi valley on a clear day. Another route exists through the crossing at Rasuwa - Gyirong . Pilgrims could reach Lhasa by air before the journey to Lake Manasarovar or Darchen. The pilgrimage involves trekking towards Lake Mansarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash. The path around Mount Kailash is 53 km (33 mi) long. The circumambulation is made in

1508-483: The end of his fifteenth year, the god Brahma taught him a mantra named Mahamrityunjaya Mantra (means "the great death-conquering" mantra- Sanskrit ) that conquered death and blessed him with long life. As per Brahma's advice, Markandeya prayed to Shiva, worshipping the lingam (Shiva's aniconic symbol) south of Vilvavanam, later identified with the present Thirukkadavoor. The gods pleaded with Shiva to extend Markandeya's life and Shiva consented. As per his destiny,

1560-454: The founder of Jainism attained moksha (liberation) on Mount Kailash. It is believed by Jains that after Rishabhanatha attained moksha, his son emperor Bharata had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 tirthankaras in the region with their idols studded with precious stones and named it Sinhnishdha . He also performed a fortnight of worship termed Mahamaga and attained moksha from Kailash. Large pits were dug around

1612-700: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalakala&oldid=932928153 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kalantaka The word Kalantaka means "He who ends time". The name is derived from two Sanskrit words- kala (काल) which means "time" and antaka (अन्तक) which means "He who ends". His other names are- The suffix " murti " meaning image or icon may be added to these names e.g. Kalarimurti , Kalaharamurti or Kalantakamurti . The legend of Shiva as Markandeya's saviour

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1664-416: The messengers of Yama came to take away Markandeya's soul, but failed to approach him as he ceaselessly repeated Shiva's name. Yama came himself to take Markandeya's soul and told Markandeya to stop his worship and come with him as per his fate. Markandeya refused, warning Yama that he was committing an offence against Shiva. Yama, however, proclaimed that not even Shiva could stop him. The wrathful Yama assumed

1716-465: The mountain later and the River Ganges was made to flow through it. As per Jain traditions, the 24th and the last Tirthankara, Mahavira , was taken to the summit of Meru by Indra shortly after his birth, after putting his mother into deep slumber. There he was anointed with precious unctions. As per Buddhist texts, Mount Kailash (Kailasa) is known as the mythological Mount Meru . Kailash

1768-422: The mountain was about 6,000 m (20,000 ft) high and utterly unclimbable. He thought about an ascent along the northeast ridge and had been exploring the area with Colonel R. C. Wilson, who was on the other side of the mountain with a Sherpa named Tseten. As per Wilson, Tseten told him that the southeast ridge represented a feasible route to the summit. Wilson explained that although they attempted to climb

1820-407: The mountain, they ran into heavy snowfall, making the ascent impossible. Herbert Tichy visited the area in 1936, attempting to climb the mountain. When he asked the local people whether Kailash was climbable, a Garpon replied: "Only a man entirely free of sin could climb Kailash. And he wouldn't have to actually scale the sheer walls of ice to do it – he'd just turn himself into a bird and fly to

1872-493: The mountain. Mount Kailash is considered sacred in Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Bon religions. In Hindu art and literature, the mountain is described as the abode of Shiva , who is depicted as residing there along with his consort Parvati and their children, Ganesha and Kartikeya . In early Hindu depictions, Kailash was described as one of the mountains in the Himalayas. In Hindu mythology, Mount Meru

1924-562: The mountain. The climbing of the mountain is prohibited by the Chinese government due to its religious significance. The mountain is known as " Kailāsa " ( कैलास ; var. Kailāśa कैलाश ) in Sanskrit. The name could have been derived from the word " kelāsa " ( केलास ), which means "crystal". In his Tibetan - English dictionary, Sarat Chandra Das states that 'kai la ca' ( Wylie : kai la ca ) from Sanskrit Kailāsa

1976-540: The nearby mountain, since known as Bönri bequeathing it to Bön. For the Bon people, the mountain is the abode of sky goddess Sipaimen and the mountain was the centre of the ancient Bon empire of Zhang Zhung . As per Tibetan beliefs, the mountain was the centre of the universe Mandala and the source of the mythical Lion, Horse, Peacock, and Elephant Rivers which flowed in the four cardinal directions. Due to its perceived sacredness to various religions, people undertake

2028-575: The night reaching up to −20 °C (−4 °F) with January being the coldest. Monsoons bring rain from late June to August with cold winds. Global warming is described as happening three times faster (by about 0.3 C per decade) on the Tibetan Plateau than anywhere else in the world with lesser snowfall in the winter. According to locals, the land around Mount Kailash has been growing warmer in recent years with winters not as cold as it used to be. The retreating glaciers and thawing of

2080-614: The ones who kicked Death, alluding to the Kalantaka legend. In the Tevaram, Campantar sings how Shiva helped the devotee who served him by kicking Death and decreed that Death shall not touch his devotee. Appar narrates how Markandeya worshipped Shiva at Thirukkadavoor with devotion and the deity appeared to save him from Death. The legend of Shiva's manifestation of Kalantaka is believed in local tradition to have happened at Triprangode , Tirur , Malappuram district, Kerala where

2132-823: The pilgrimage is organized by the Government of India and is permitted between June and September. Pilgrims from India travel through two routes opened for the purpose with border crossings at Lipu Lekh pass in Uttarakhand and the Nathu La pass in Sikkim . Since 2020, a motorable road is available till the Lipu Lekh pass through the Indian side of the Mahakali valley, before crossing over to China. The Nathu La route

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2184-516: The region around Mount Kailash. The organization is involved in ongoing efforts to generate climate data, and to devise sustainable ways of life for the people of the region. In 1926, Hugh Ruttledge , the deputy commissioner of Almora , visited the area to meet the Garpon (local Tibetan leader) of Ngari. As the Garpon was away, he circumambulated Mount Kailash while studying it. As per Ruttledge,

2236-567: The southern margin of the Asia block during subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust before the collision between the Indian and Asian continents . It also consists of sand dunes covering late Eocene volcanic forms interspersed with Cretaceous and Eocene sediments. The Kailash flysch zone extends about 20 km (12 mi) from the mountain and marks the northern end of the Himalayas and

2288-506: The start of the Trans Himalayas. The Trans Himalayan range was formed by the subduction of sediments from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The flysch zone consists of alternate areas of peridotites , sandy shales, and dolomites , covered by gravel terraces. The mountain itself consists of thick conglomerate rocks sitting on granite . The visible part of the conglomerates extend from 4,700 m (15,400 ft) to

2340-570: The summit". Italian mountaineer Reinhold Messner was given the opportunity by the Chinese government to climb the mountain in the mid-1980s. But he reportedly declined, saying "If we conquer this mountain, then we conquer something in people's souls. I would suggest they go and climb something a little harder." In 2001, permission was denied to a Spanish team, who requested to climb the peak. Chinese authorities promised that any climbing activities on Mount Kailash were strictly prohibited. As of 2023 , there have been no known successful ascents of

2392-454: The top with the base located deeper in the mountain. The weather is fairly dry during April to June with day time temperatures of 5 to 17 °C (41 to 63 °F) and night time temperatures of 0 to 6 °C (32 to 43 °F). The temperature starts to decrease in October and winters have much lower day time temperatures ranging from −4 to 0 °C (25 to 32 °F) and further lower in

2444-578: The true devotee achieves freedom from death and samsara by worship of Shiva. It also demonstrates that egoism and pride (here of Yama) are always humbled. The superiority of Shiva and his victory over his own nature – Shiva is himself identified with death – is also ascertained. Shiva's portrayal as Kalantaka is popular in South India , but restricted mainly to this region. A relief of Kalantaka in Chidambaram Temple has been turned into

2496-436: The vicinity of the region. Mount Kailash is sacred in Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Bon religion . People from India, China, Nepal and other countries in the region undertake a pilgrimage to the mountain. The pilgrimage generally involves trekking towards Lake Mansarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash. While the mountain has been surveyed by climbers in the past, there has been no recorded successful ascent of

2548-689: The world to make beings die, the Earth became burdened by evil beings. The Earth , the gods, and Markandeya invoked Shiva to revive Yama. Once again, Shiva touched Yama with his foot, bringing him back to life. A sequel from Thiruvanmiyur to this tale narrates how Shiva resurrected Yama on the request of the gods and Yama worshiped Shiva at Thiruvanmiyur to atone for his sin. The Thirukkadavoor and Thiruvanmiyur shrine legends narrate how Yama promises never to touch Shiva's devotees. Shiva's devotees on death are directly taken to Mount Kailash , Shiva's abode, on death and not to Yama's hell. The legend establishes that

2600-538: Was guaranteed by the 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement , access was restricted after the subsequent 1959 Tibetan uprising and the borders were closed after the Sino-Indian War in 1962. After nearly two decades, pilgrimage from India was allowed in 1981 after an agreement between the governments of India and China. The pilgrimage was suspended for three years since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The route

2652-509: Was opened in 2015 and involves traveling to Gangtok before crossing the Nathu La pass into China. Since 2015, the pilgrimage from Nepal is generally done from the nearby Humla district in northwestern Nepal. The April 2015 Nepal Earthquake resulted in the closure of the border crossing at Tatopani - Zangmu . Pilgrims also pray to Mount Kailash from within Nepal where it is visible from

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2704-600: Was re-opened in 2023 with new regulations. Since the reopening of the pilgrimage route from India in 1981, the numbers of pilgrims going on the annual yatra has grown considerably. Before the closure in 2020, several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year. Since 2015, aspiring pilgrims from India were required to apply in advance to the Ministry of External Affairs and specific number of passes were issued to pilgrims by computerized random selection with preference given to first timers. In India,

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