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43-471: Kalat District ( Brahui and Urdu : قلات ) is a district located in Kalat Division of Balochistan , Pakistan . Kalat was made a separate district on February 3, 1954. At that time Khuzdar and Mastung districts were sub-divisions of Kalat (which then also included Kachi , Jhal Magsi and Naseerabad (Dera Murad Jamali); these were separated in 1965 as Kachhi District). Khuzdar became

86-473: A 2009 UNESCO report, Brahui is one of the 27 languages of Pakistan that are facing the danger of extinction. It was classified as "unsafe", the least endangered level out of the five levels of concern (Unsafe, Definitely Endangered, Severely Endangered, Critically Endangered and Extinct). This status has since been renamed to "vulnerable". Talár is the first daily newspaper in the Brahui language. It uses

129-839: A boundary wall. More than 1 out of 3 schools did not have clean drinking water. 29°01′33″N 66°35′21″E  /  29.0257°N 66.5893°E  / 29.0257; 66.5893 Brahui language Brahui is the only Dravidian language that is primarily written in the Perso-Arabic script . It is also written in the Latin script . Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan , mainly in Kalat , Khuzdar and Mastung districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighboring districts, as well as in Afghanistan which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of

172-506: A partial length distinction between long /aː eː iː oː uː/ and diphthongs /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ and short /a i u/ . Brahui does not have short /e, o/ due to influence from neighbouring Indo-Aryan and Iranic languages, the PD short *e was replaced by a, ē and i, and ∗o by ō, u and a in root syllables. Brahui consonants show patterns of retroflexion but lack the aspiration distinctions found in surrounding languages and include several fricatives such as

215-424: A separate district by notification of 1 March 1974, while Mastung was announced as a separate district on 18 February 1992. The district draws its name from the ancient city of Kalat. The old name of the district headquarters was Kahan. The current district consists of two sub-divisions, i.e. Kalat and Manguchar, four tehsils: Kalat Mangochar, Johan, and Gazgz, 81 Patwar circles and 614 mauza (villages). The climate

258-529: A space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hâ'), however, are written without a space. On a computer, they are separated from the word using the zero-width non-joiner . As part of the russification of Central Asia , the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s. The alphabet has remained Cyrillic since then. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik

301-650: A word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary word processors automatically join adjacent letter forms. The Persian alphabet is directly derived and developed from the Arabic alphabet . The Arabic alphabet was introduced to the Persian-speaking world after the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century. Following which, the Arabic language became

344-400: A word that ends with a vowel, letters ع , ه and و respectively become the proxy letters for zebar , zir and piš , e.g. نو ( now , meaning "new") or بسته ( bast-e , meaning "package"). Nunation ( Persian : تنوین , tanvin ) is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics to a noun or adjective to indicate that the word ends in an alveolar nasal sound without

387-661: Is 10 last letters not corresponding to a letter in the Phoenician alphabet and also the Northwest Semitic abjad as well as the Arabic alphabet. The names of the letters are mostly the ones used in Arabic except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is he , which is used for both ح and ه . For clarification, they are often called ḥä-ye jimi (literally " jim -like ḥe " after jim ,

430-508: Is a variation of the Arabic script with five additional letters: پ چ ژ گ (the sounds 'g', 'zh', 'ch', and 'p', respectively), in addition to the obsolete ڤ that was used for the sound / β / . This letter is no longer used in Persian, as the [ β ] -sound changed to [ b ] , e.g. archaic زڤان /zaβɑn/ > زبان /zæbɒn/ 'language'. It was the basis of many Arabic-based scripts used in Central and South Asia. It

473-456: Is another issue in the district. Only 34% schools in the district are girls schools. Access to education for girls is a major issue in the district and is also reflected in the low literacy rates for females. Moreover, the schools in the district lack basic facilities. According to Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017, the district is ranked at number 128 out of the 155 districts of Pakistan for primary school infrastructure. At

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516-520: Is arid, hot in summer and cold in winter, with most rainfall occurring in the winter. The terrain is mountainous with several valleys and one main river, mount Harboi in Kalat is known for Juniper old trees and the Moro River. The main economic activities are agriculture and livestock farming. The current Khan of Kalat is a ceremonial title held by Mir Suleman Dawood Jan, and efforts have been made by

559-635: Is believed to be of: 35% Perso-Arabic origin, 20% Balochi origin, 20% Indo-Aryan origin, 15% Dravidian origin, and 10% unknown origin. Franklin Southworth (2012) proposes that Brahui is not a Dravidian language, but can be linked with the remaining Dravidian languages and Elamite to form the " Zagrosian family ," which originated in Southwest Asia (southern Iran) and was widely distributed in South Asia and parts of eastern West Asia before

602-490: Is contradicted by genetic evidence that shows the Brahui population to be indistinguishable from neighbouring Balochi speakers, and genetically distant from central Dravidian speakers. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi , is a Northwestern Iranian language , and moved to the area from the west only around 1000 AD. One scholar places the migration as late as the 13th or 14th century. The Brahui lexicon

645-485: Is not known to have been written in a Brahmi -based script; instead, it has been written in the Arabic script since the second half of the 20th century. Other Dravidian languages have also been historically written in the Arabic script by the Muslim minority speakers of each respective language, namely Arabi-Tamil and Arabi-Malayalam . In Pakistan, an Urdu based Nastaʿlīq script is used in writing. Brahui orthography

688-554: Is that the Brahui were part of a Dravidian migration into north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent in the 3rd millennium BC, but unlike other Dravidians who migrated to the south, they remained in Sarawan and Jahlawan since before 2000 BC. However, some other scholars see it as a recent migrant language to its present region. They postulate that Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from central India after 1000 AD. This

731-653: Is the most notable exception to this. During the colonization of Central Asia, many languages in the Soviet Union , including Persian, were reformed by the government. This ultimately resulted in the Cyrillic-based alphabet used in Tajikistan today. See: Tajik alphabet § History . Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on

774-658: Is unique in having the letter Urdu : ڷ representing the sound [ ɬ ] . Table below presents the letters adopted for Brahui orthography: More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of Brahui Roman Likvar ) was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the University of Balochistan in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper Talár . Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography: The letters with diacritics are

817-508: Is used for the Iranian and Dari standard varieties of Persian; and is one of two official writing systems for the Persian language, alongside the Cyrillic -based Tajik alphabet . The script is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left ; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script is cursive , meaning most letters in

860-518: The Miscellaneous Symbols range. In Unicode 1.0 this symbol was known as SYMBOL OF IRAN . It is a stylization of الله ( Allah ) used as the emblem of Iran . It is also a part of the flag of Iran . The Unicode Standard has a compatibility character defined U+FDFC ﷼ RIAL SIGN that can represent ریال , the Persian name of the currency of Iran . The Persian alphabet has four extra letters that are not in

903-553: The state language . In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian , placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet. The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed adoption. In 1999,

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946-404: The voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ] , a sound not otherwise found in the region. Consonants are also very similar to those of Balochi, but Brahui has more fricatives and nasals (Elfenbein 1993). Stress in Brahui follows a quantity-based pattern, occurring either on the first long vowel or diphthong, or on the first syllable if all vowels are short. Brahui is the only Dravidian language which

989-404: The 6 vowels of Farsi. See Persian Phonology In Farsi, none of these short vowels may be the initial or final grapheme in an isolated word, although they may appear in the final position as an inflection , when the word is part of a noun group. In a word that starts with a vowel, the first grapheme is a silent alef which carries the short vowel, e.g. اُمید ( omid , meaning "hope"). In

1032-739: The Arabic alphabet: / p / , / t͡ʃ / ( ch in chair ), / ʒ / ( s in measure ), / ɡ / . An additional fifth letter ڤ was used for /β/ ( v in Spanish huevo ) but it is no longer used. Persian uses the Eastern Arabic numerals , but the shapes of the digits 'four' ( ۴ ), 'five' ( ۵ ), and 'six' ( ۶ ) are different from the shapes used in Arabic. All the digits also have different codepoints in Unicode : sefr yek do se čahâr panj šeš haft hašt no Typically, words are separated from each other by

1075-537: The Arabic script for writing Persian, followed by the Saffarid dynasty in the 9th century, gradually displacing the various Pahlavi scripts used for the Persian language prior. By the 9th-century, the Perso-Arabic alphabet became the dominant form of writing in Greater Khorasan . Under the influence of various Persian Empires, many languages in Central and South Asia that adopted the Arabic script use

1118-472: The Indo-Aryan migration. There are no important dialectal differences. Jhalawani (southern, centered on Khuzdar ) and Sarawani (northern, centered on Kalat ) dialects are distinguished by the pronunciation of *h, which is retained only in the north (Elfenbein 1997). Brahui has been influenced by the Iranian languages spoken in the area, including Persian , Balochi and Pashto . Brahui vowels show

1161-532: The Pakistani government to reconcile with him, his son Prince Mohammed, who is next in line to be the Khan of Kalat is pro-Pakistan. The district is administratively subdivided into the following tehsils : (km²) (2023) (ppl/km²) (2023) (2023) According to 2023 census, the district had a population of 271,560. In the 2023 census, Islam was the predominant religion with 99.25% while Hindus were 0.39% of

1204-663: The Persian Alphabet as the basis of their writing systems. Today, extended versions of the Persian alphabet are used to write a wide variety of Indo-Iranian languages , including Kurdish , Balochi , Pashto , Urdu (from Classical Hindostani ), Saraiki , Panjabi , Sindhi and Kashmiri . In the past the use of the Persian alphabet was common amongst Turkic languages , but today is relegated to those spoken within Iran, such as Azerbaijani , Turkmen , Qashqai , Chaharmahali and Khalaj . The Uyghur language in western China

1247-486: The addition of the letter nun. Taught in Islamic nations to complement Quran education. The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, a ligature in the case of the lâm alef . As to ﺀ ( hamza ), it has only one graphical form since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vâv , ye or alef , and in that case,

1290-507: The district. Literacy rate in 2014–15 of population 10 years and older in the district stood at 54% whereas for females it was only 45%. Post primary access is a major issue in the district with 83% schools being at primary level. In comparison with high schools which constitute only 9% of government schools in the district. This is also reflected in the enrollment figures for 2016–17 with 20,031 students enrolled in class 1 to 5 and only 658 students enrolled in class 9 and 10. Gender disparity

1333-533: The ethnic group no longer speak Brahui. There are also an unknown (but very small) number of expatriate Brahuis in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf , and Turkmenistan. There is no consensus as to whether Brahui is a relatively recent language introduced into Balochistan or the remnant of a formerly more widespread Dravidian language family. According to Josef Elfenbein (1989), the most common theory

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1376-689: The final form and the letter و vâv takes the isolated form, but they are in the middle of the word, and ز also has its isolated form, but it occurs at the end of the word. Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics : zabar / æ / ( fatḥah in Arabic), zēr / e / ( kasrah in Arabic), and pēš / ou̯ / or / o / ( ḍammah in Arabic, pronounced zamme in Western Persian ), tanwīne nasb / æ n / and šaddah ( gemination ). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loanwords in Persian. Of

1419-425: The following letter, unlike the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter ا alef is at the beginning of a word such as اینجا injâ ("here"), the same form is used as in an isolated alef . In the case of امروز emruz ("today"), the letter ر re takes

1462-482: The four Arabic diacritics, the Persian language has adopted the following three for short vowels. The last one, sukūn , which indicates the lack of a vowel, has not been adopted. (Farsi/Dari) ^a. There is no standard transliteration for Persian. The letters 'i' and 'u' are only ever used as short vowels when transliterating Dari or Tajik Persian. See Persian Phonology ^b. Diacritics differ by dialect, due to Dari having 8 distinct vowels compared to

1505-465: The left), medial (joined on both sides) and final (joined on the right) of a word. These include the 22 letters corresponding to a letter in the Phoenician alphabet or the Northwest Semitic abjad, 6 extra letters not in any of the 22 letters of the Phoenician alphabet or the Northwest Semitic abjad and 4 extra letters not in any of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet . These combined total letters

1548-598: The long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. مُچَّا اِنسَاںک آجو او اِزَّت نَا رِد اَٹ بَرےبَر وَدِى مَسُّنو. اوفتے پُهِى او دَلِىل رَسےںگَانے. اَندَادے وفتے اَسِ اےلو تون اِىلُمِى اے وَدِّفوئِى اے. Muccá insáńk ájo o izzat ná rid aŧ barebar vadí massuno. Ofte puhí o dalíl raseńgáne. andáde ofte asi elo ton ílumí e vaddifoí e. According to

1591-400: The middle school level, it is ranked at number 136 out of the 155 districts. These rankings take into account the basic facilities available in schools including drinking water, working toilet, availability of electricity, existence of a boundary wall and general building condition. 4 out of 5 schools were reported to have no electricity in them. Approximately 1 out of 2 schools lacked toilet and

1634-497: The name for the letter ج that uses the same base form) and hâ-ye do-češm (literally "two-eyed he ", after the contextual middle letterform ـهـ ), respectively. Historically, in Early New Persian , there was a special letter for the sound / β / . This letter is no longer used, as the /β/ -sound changed to / b / , e.g. archaic زڤان /zaβān/ > زبان /zæbɒːn/ 'language'. Another obsolete variant of

1677-466: The new Roman orthography and is "an attempt to standardize and develop [the] Brahui language to meet the requirements of modern political, social and scientific discourse." Perso-Arabic script The Persian alphabet ( Persian : الفبای فارسی , romanized :  Alefbâ-ye Fârsi ), also known as the Perso-Arabic script , is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language . It

1720-574: The population. Languages of Kalat district (2023) At the time of the 2023 census, 73.22% of the population spoke Brahui , 25.52% Balochi and 0.67% Pashto as their first language. According to the Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017, district Kalat is ranked at number 66 out of the 141 ranked districts in Pakistan on the education score index. This index considers learning, gender parity and retention in

1763-505: The principal language of government and religious institutions in Persia , which led to the widespread usage of the Arabic script. Classical Persian literature and poetry were affected by this simultaneous usage of Arabic and Persian . A new influx of Arabic vocabulary soon entered the Persian language. In the 8th century, the Tahirid dynasty and Samanid dynasty officially adopted

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1806-435: The seat behaves like an ordinary vâv , ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamza is not a letter but a diacritic. Although at first glance, they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently. Unicode has accepted U+262B ☫ FARSI SYMBOL in

1849-473: The twenty-sixth letter گ / g / is ݣ‎ which used to appear in old manuscripts. ^i. The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only; in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. ^ii. Persian yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below. Seven letters ( و , ژ , ز , ر , ذ , د , ا ) do not connect to

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