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41-648: Having been founded on the basis of Moscow Technical Institute for the Fishery Industry , KSTU develops as a multi-disciplinary institution considering the demands and the economic potential of the Region. Students are trained in 42 higher educational courses at various levels, namely, Bachelor, Professional Diploma, Master, Doctor of Philosophy ( Kandidat Nauk ) and Doctor of Science ( Doktor Nauk ) Degrees; professionals are offered various upgrading courses. 600 teachers and researchers, including 75 professors holding

82-882: A Doctor of Philosophy , usually in natural sciences, by scientific institutions in other countries. The degree was introduced in the USSR on 13 January 1934 by a decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR , all previous degrees, ranks and titles having been abolished immediately after the October Revolution in 1917. Academic distinctions and ranks were viewed as survivals of capitalist inequality and hence were to be permanently eliminated. The original decree also recognized some degrees earned prior to 1917 in Tsarist Russia and elsewhere. To attain

123-613: A PhD , or to a higher doctorate , depending on the institution awarding the degree. Doctor of Sciences degrees are conferred by a national government agency called the Higher Attestation Commission (Vysshaya attestatsionnaya komissiya, VAK) on the solicitation by the specialized dissertation committee before which the candidate has defended her or his dissertation. Such committees are created in academic institutions with established research record and are accredited by VAK. The total number of committee members

164-503: A dissertation is commonly carried out during a postgraduate study period called aspirantura . Not all those who accomplish aspirantura will be invited to write a dissertation. An analogous situation may be found in American institutions where, after comprehensive examinations, a faculty may decide to award another Masters degree instead of continuing with the dissertation. It is performed either within an educational institution (such as

205-553: A university ) or a scientific research institution (such as an institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences network). It can also be carried out without a direct connection to the academy. In exceptional cases, the Candidate of Sciences degree may be awarded on the basis of published scholarly works without writing a thesis. In experimental sciences the dissertation is based on an independent research project conducted under

246-511: A Doctor of Sciences, she or he can make it to a full professor only through 15 years or more of outstanding teaching service on the university level. At least one published and widely accepted textbook and the degree of Kandidat Nauk are required in the latter case, anyway. A Doctor of Sciences degree holder can become a tenured full professor after just one year of teaching experience in a non-tenured faculty position. A degree of Doctor of Sciences also enables its holders to claim an academic rank of

287-515: A Ph.D. degree in Western universities. In particular, for the Doktor , the academic institution, where the scholar is affiliated as a doctoral candidate, must conduct a preliminary review of the research results and personal contribution made by the candidate and, depending on findings, elect whether to render formal support or not. By definition, this highly prestigious degree can be conferred only for

328-437: A few Ph.D. students while working towards his or her Doctor of Sciences dissertation. However, it is normal practice when an experienced consultant is appointed to help the scholar with identifying the research problem and finding the approach to solving it; yet this is not technically regarded a supervision. The procedures of conferring of both Kandidat and Doktor academic degrees are more formal and different from conferring

369-621: A museum of history and art with a number of exhibits. Some of them date back to the beginning of the 20th century. There are also two unique specialized museums: the Ichthyology Museum and the Hydrobiology one. The exhibits of these present the fauna of the World Ocean 54°43′15″N 20°29′54″E  /  54.7207°N 20.4983°E  / 54.7207; 20.4983 Kandidat Nauk A Candidate of Sciences

410-528: A panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Candidate was abolished in 1996 and replaced with PhD. ( Slovak : doktor , in 1996-2002 officially in Latin: philosophiae doctor ). Requirements are similar to the Czech system. Since the medieval period, Polish tradition was to call Ph.D. equivalent as "doktor". Only for a short period of time between 1951 and 1958 the communist government tried to replace

451-462: A procedure called the "defense of the dissertation" the dissertation is summarized before the commission, followed by speeches by the opponents or the reading of their references, and replies to the comments of the opponents and question of the Commission members by the aspirant . If the defense is successful (66.6% majority of votes by the secret ballot voting by the members of the council), it

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492-670: A professor awarded by VAK or a new rank of a " Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences " established in 2015. The Doctor of Sciences thus has no academic equivalent in North America, as it is a post-doctoral degree . The German Habilitation and, to some extent, the French habilitation à diriger des recherches ( HDR ) are comparable to it, as are the British higher doctorates (e.g. Doctor of Science), although

533-458: A significant contribution to science and/or technology based on a public defense of a thesis, monograph, or (in rare cases) of a set of outstanding publications in peer-reviewed journals. The defense must be held at the session of a Specialized Dissertation Committee accredited by VAK. Prior to the defense, three referees holding Doctor of Sciences degrees themselves (the so-called "official opponents") must submit their written motivated assessments of

574-649: A topic that is deemed significant or has practical economic or military potential. In order to attain the rank of full Professor in these countries, a Doctor of Sciences degree is required in the same way that habilitation is required in Germany. This is also sometimes the case in the United States and the United Kingdom, where in addition to the possession of a doctoral ( Ph.D. ) degree, some volume of further research must be demonstrated. The work on

615-461: Is a PhD -equivalent academic research degree in many post-Soviet and Eastern European countries, including Russia, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. It is officially classified by UNESCO as ISCED level 8, "doctoral or equivalent". In those countries conferring the Candidate of Sciences degrees, a more advanced degree, Doctor of Sciences , is usually conferred as a higher doctorate . The Candidate of Sciences degree may be recognized as

656-474: Is constantly expanding, with the Baltic Sea region in particular. Research at the university is undertaken in applied subjects, including: Water Bioresources and Aquaculture, Fisheries, Automation and Machine Building, Biochemistry, Biology, Ecology, Power Engineering, Shipbuilding, Computer Technologies, Economics and Management, Fish and Food Processing Technology, Linguistics, Mathematics, Physics. Most of

697-434: Is recommended and later must be approved by the central statewide board called Higher Attestation Commission or "Vysshaya attestacionnaya komissiya" or VAK (or by similar authority in other applicable countries). However, since end-2010s the dissertation councils accredited at some world-known educational units like Moscow and St. Petersburg State universities or top-level research centers are exempt from requirement to send

738-469: Is typically about 20, all holding the Doctor of Sciences degree. The area of research specialization of at least five committee members must match the profile of the materials submitted by the doctoral candidate for the consideration. The candidate must conduct independent research. Therefore, no academic supervisor is required; moreover, typically the candidate is an established scholar him/herself, supervising

779-735: The Communist Putsch in 1948, the supreme academic authority was represented by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences , newly established in 1953. The degree could also be awarded by the Slovak Academy of Sciences and universities. The abbreviation of the degree is CSc. ( Latin : candidatus scientiarum ), added behind the bearer's name and a comma. There also have been other academic degrees in Czechoslovakia and its successional states, that incorporate

820-486: The USSR /Russia and many post-Soviet/Eastern bloc states, including Bulgaria , Belarus , former Czechoslovakia , Poland (since abolished), and Ukraine . But the former Yugoslav degree "Doktor nauka" / "Доктор наука" / "Doktor znanosti", still awarded by Bosnia Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro , North Macedonia , Serbia , and Slovenia follows the Bologna Process and is therefore equivalent to either

861-468: The "Dr." abbreviation, e.g. and others. These doctor degrees are not to be confused with a Ph.D., although its holders are addressed "doctor". Applicants need a master's degree (5 years +) or a comparable degree with excellent grades. This degree is stated before names and awarded after writing a rigorous thesis of 50.000 to 80.000 words and defending it at a viva voce and (rigorous) exam in at least 2-3 related fields of doctoral studies. Granting CSc.

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902-571: The Candidate degree. According to "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other countries" Archived 2019-12-20 at the Wayback Machine , in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree. In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree. In 2014, with

943-452: The Candidate of Sciences degree, an individual must hold a Master's (Magistr) or a Specialist diploma, both one or (more typically) two year degrees in this system. Both of these prerequisites are post-bachelors (Bakalavr) degrees, bachelor's being four years of full-time study. The Candidate of Sciences degree requires a minimum of three years of full-time study during which the individual must conduct and publish advanced original research into

984-505: The Doktor Nauk Degree, 80 academicians and corresponding members of international and public Russian Academies of Science form the faculty if the university. Scientific research is traditionally undertaken in many areas. There are 12 research laboratories and scientific centres, four of them being of the applied character. Four dissertation councils work at the university. Recently, intensification of scientific work has involved

1025-532: The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, "In countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of Doctor Nauk should be considered for recognition at the level of the second doctoral degree. In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Doctor Nauk should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree." According to guidelines published by

1066-490: The academicians) in the field of the dissertation and who have been selected and empowered to serve for the council. The summary of the dissertation must be published before public defense in the form of "autoreferat" in about 150–200 copies, and distributed to major research organizations and libraries. The seeker of the degree must have an official "research supervisor". The dissertation must be delivered together with official references of several reviewers, called "opponents". In

1107-461: The adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", the degree of Candidate of Sciences was replaced with the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). According to the new law, the degree of Candidate of Sciences is equated to the PhD degree (it is mentioned in the Candidate of Sciences diplomas issued since 2014). In 2015, graduate students were enrolled in the Candidate of Sciences programs for

1148-565: The defended dissertations to the VAK for control. As of 2021 there were 29 such organizations (s. full list ). In Czechoslovakia , the Candidate and Doctor of Sciences ( Czech : Kandidát věd , Slovak : Kandidát vied ) degrees were modeled precisely after the Soviet one by Law 60/1953 in 1953. Requirements to attain the degree were thus literally the same as in the USSR. Since all Czechoslovak top academic research institutions were dissolved after

1189-522: The dominant subject area of the dissertation; e. g., specialty 02.00.04 ( physical chemistry ) can be awarded the degree of candidate of physico-mathematical, technical, or chemical sciences. However, for each dissertation only one branch of science can be chosen. Doctor of Sciences A Doctor of Sciences is a higher doctoral degree in the Russian Empire , Soviet Union and many Commonwealth of Independent States countries. One of

1230-610: The last time. The form "Candidate of Science" (singular) is used on the English-language page of bilingual diplomas of Candidate of Sciences issued since 2014 (until 2014, the Candidate of Sciences diplomas in Ukraine contained the Ukrainian text only). As of 2024, those who were enrolled in the Candidate of Sciences programs until 2015 still may defend their theses and obtain the Candidate of Sciences degree. Depending on

1271-420: The last-mentioned are not required for career advancement. On the average, only 10 per cent of Kandidats eventually earn a Doktor degree. Although some exceptionally talented researchers in mathematics do earn Doctor of Sciences in their late 20s, the average age of the scholars reaching Doktor in most disciplines is about 50; this implicitly indicates the amount of contribution that must be made. According to

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1312-532: The latter examination was replaced by the one in philosophy , and in Russia recently in the history and philosophy of science ; in Ukraine it was philosophy. The dissertation is presented ("defended") before a committee called the Dissertation Council which is accredited at the educational or scientific institution. The Council consists of about 20 members, who are the leading specialists (including

1353-477: The prerequisites of receiving a Doctor of Sciences degree is having a PhD -equivalent Candidate of Sciences degree beforehand. In addition, the Doctor of Sciences conferral also requires applicants to demonstrate significant and outstanding contributions to their research field. This degree is generally regarded as an honor and recognition for lifetime academic achievements rather than an ordinary academic degree by courses and theses. The "Doctor of Sciences" degree

1394-461: The specialty of research in the dissertation, a candidate degree in Russia is awarded one of the following degrees: Previously, there was also the degree of "naval sciences" (abbr.: к. воен.-мор. н.). For some time (in the 1940s) there was also the degree of "candidate of art criticism sciences" (abbr.: к. иск. н.). Some specialties permit the award of the candidate degree for several variants of branches of science, depending on

1435-567: The supervision of a professor, the results of which must be published in at least three papers in peer-review scientific journals. A necessary prerequisite is taking courses in philosophy and foreign language, and passing a qualifying examination called "candidate minimum". In the Soviet Union, the candidate minimum included exams in the specialty field of the "dissertant", in a foreign language of his/her choice and in scientific communism . In post-Soviet Russia and other post-Soviet states,

1476-502: The thesis. One more similar assessment is to be provided by some university or academic institution, working in the same field of science or technology, and in addition several other reviewers must mail their conclusions made based on a thesis summary (usually a 32-page brochure in natural sciences and 48 pages in social sciences). In the former USSR, this degree is considered a sufficient credential for tenured full professorship at any institution of higher education. Unless an academic holds

1517-607: The title of "doktor" with "kandydat nauk" to follow the Soviet model. In the USSR, there was required at least three original scientific papers published and/or submitted. At least one paper should be in one of the journals listed by the Higher Assessment Commission (VAK) of the Russian Ministry of Science. In Belarus, all the three publications have to be published in the journals listed by the VAK. In 1971, there were 249,200 scientists holding

1558-515: The university into 25 federal scientific programmes, as well as in TEMPUS and TACIS projects. Regional representatives of public professional Academies of Science applied Centre for new Information Technologies, Research Institute for Maritime Engineering Service, Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development successfully operate on the university basis. International co-operation of the university with foreign educational and research organizations

1599-506: The university's research is focused in biological resources of the world's oceans, the Baltic Sea area and inland waters, aquaculture, new technologies for fish processing and food production, development of information science, computer applications and technologies, research into the rational use of traditional and non-traditional power resources, problems of shipbuilding, civil engineering and architecture, ecology, life safety, laser technology, and micro- and nanotechnology. The university has

1640-417: Was abolished in 1998 and replaced with Ph.D. or Th.D. ( Czech : doktor ) An applicant is required to have master's degree (or its equivalent, e.g. Engineer (Ing.) in technical and economic university programs or Doctor of Medicine (MUDr.) , Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (MVDr.) in medical university programs), enroll in an approximately three-year post-graduate program and defend their dissertation before

1681-469: Was introduced in the Russian Empire in 1819 and abolished in 1917. Later it was revived in the USSR on January 13, 1934, by a decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR . By the same decision, a lower degree, " Candidate of Sciences " ( kandidat nauk ), roughly the Russian equivalent to the research doctorate in other countries, was first introduced. This system was generally adopted by

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