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56-637: Nea Kallikrateia was established after the refugee crisis in 1922, mainly by the residents who came from Kallikrateia (today Mimarsinan, a neighbourhood of Büyükçekmece ) in Eastern Thrace and set up in the area, where the metochi of the Xenophontos Monastery of Mount Athos existed and it was called “Stomion”. Many testimonies report that it was inhabited by the prehistoric years; however, they are not confirmed. Further, Christian refugees from Silata (today Sille, Konya ) established

112-411: A certain level of 'wealth' as migration is always a selective process - and the poorest and most vulnerable people are often excluded as they will find it almost impossible to move due to a lack of necessary funds or social support. An example is the 2008-2009 mass movement of Zimbabweans to neighboring countries. Most migrants did not fit in either category and had more general needs that fell outside

168-681: A chance to return to their country". The Aga Khan Development Network , led by the current Ismaili imam, the Aga Khan IV , is engaged in "enhanced cooperation" with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to "help broaden the way the international community responds to crises today". Following the US-led intervention in Afghanistan in 2001, NATO joined forces to address the volatile situation. By

224-534: A nationality, residing outside their home countries, and unable or unwilling to return there due to a fear of persecution. The UN Refugee Convention determines what conditions are required to be considered a refugee or when someone's refugee status is taken away due to circumstances changing in their country of origin. Causes for the refugee crises can include war, civil war, human rights violations, environment and climate issues, economic hardship, gender and sexual orientation-related factors, and hunger. In June 2015

280-421: A significant portion being countries neighboring their nations of origin. Türkiye hosted the largest refugee population globally, accommodating nearly 3.6 million refugees. The Islamic Republic of Iran followed closely with 3.4 million, trailed by Colombia with 2.5 million, Germany with 2.1 million, and Pakistan with 1.7 million. In relation to their national populations, Aruba (1 in 6) and Lebanon (1 in 7) hosted

336-644: A source of controversy in the nation they seek to immigrate to, such as the United States, New Zealand, Germany, France, Russia, Canada, Italy, Japan, South Korea , Spain and Australia. Boat people are often forcibly prevented from landing at their destination, such as under Australia's Pacific Solution (which operated from 2001 until 2008), or they are subjected to mandatory detention after their arrival. There are three Mediterranean refugee routes: Eastern, Central and Western route. Since 2015 more than 700.000 refugees and other migrants used these routes (i.e.

392-491: Is Europe's largest refugee camp and is located on Lesvos Island , Greece . Moria Refugee Camp was originally designed for 3,500 people, however it currently holds more than 20,000 people. Moria Refugee Camp is considered by many in the international community as an unsafe environment for women and children. On 29 September 2019 a deadly fire broke out in Moria Refugee Camp killing at least one person. Following

448-590: Is an international non-profit research and advocacy think tank that was founded in 1974 in Amsterdam , Netherlands . According to their website, the organization promotes a "... just, democratic and sustainable world." TNI was founded in 1974 in Amsterdam by Eqbal Ahmad , who was the organization's first director. Initially it operated as an international arm of the Institute for Policy Studies . In 1976

504-533: Is estimated that between 165,000 – 200,000 Sahrawis – people from the disputed territory of Western Sahara – have lived in five large refugee camps near Tindouf in the Algerian part of the Sahara Desert since 1975. The UNHCR and WFP are presently engaged in supporting what they describe as the "90,000 most vulnerable" refugees, giving no estimate for total refugee numbers. Decolonization during

560-565: Is highly disputed, and they have been subject to racial discrimination and police violence. They live among a much larger population of Sudanese migrants in Egypt, more than two million people of Sudanese nationality (by most estimates; a full range is 750,000 to 4 million (FMRS 2006:5) who live in Egypt. The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants believes many more of these migrants are in fact refugees, but see little benefit in seeking recognition. An estimated 2.5 million people, roughly one-third

616-409: Is mass exodus of refugees from a state to a hostile state as a "weapon" against an enemy. Weaponized migration occurs when a challenging state or non-state actor exploits human migration—whether voluntary or forced—in order to achieve political, military, and/or economic objectives. The concept is categorized into infiltration, coercive, dispossessive, exportive, fifth Column. Since the establishment of

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672-671: The Middle East region. Large part of the water of Iraq , Iran , Syria , Turkey come from it. It means that water resource conservation in it, is important to the water supply of the region, what can help prevent wars and reach stability. Kurdistan has hosted 2,250,000 refugees fleeing conflict zones elsewhere in Iraq and Syria, by 2015. This can help prevent refugee waves to Europe and United States. Various methods have been proposed and implemented to forecast refugee trends to and from various countries, including aspect structuring and

728-624: The Sahara to small towns in Niger. The AP reported that as many as 30,000 refugees had died in the desert in Algeria, Niger and nearby countries since 2014. Refugees of the 2011 Libyan civil war are the people, predominantly of Libyan nationality , who fled or were expelled from their homes during the 2011 Libyan civil war , from within the borders of Libya to the neighbouring states of Tunisia, Egypt and Chad, as well as to European countries, across

784-597: The United Nations High Commission for Refugees , instances of population displacement have been identified by registered non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in countries where local governments fail to provide or protect the economic means and social rights of their citizens. In 1963, Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan , then Deputy High Commissioner, stated – after visiting Africa – that some refugees are "a by product" and will probably "not have much of

840-532: The Vietnam War led many people in Cambodia , Laos , and especially Vietnam to become refugees in the late 1970s and 1980s. In 2001, 353 asylum seekers sailing from Indonesia to Australia drowned when their vessel sank . f 5 Cuban refugees attempted (unsuccessfully, but un-harmed) to reach Florida in a 1950s pickup truck made buoyant by oil barrels strapped to its sides. Boat people are frequently

896-482: The retornados . The Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), one of the largest and deadliest Cold War conflicts, erupted shortly after and spread out across the newly independent country. At least one million people were killed, four million were displaced internally and another half million fled as refugees. In the aftermath of the 1994 Rwandan genocide , over two million people fled into neighboring countries, in particular Zaire . The refugee camps were soon controlled by

952-570: The 1950s, many nations in Africa have suffered civil wars and ethnic strife, thus generating a massive number of refugees of many different nationalities and ethnic groups . The number of refugees in Africa increased from 860,000 in 1968 to 6,775,000 by 1992. By the end of 2004, that number had dropped to 2,748,400 refugees, according to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees . (That figure does not include internally displaced persons , who do not cross international borders and so do not fit

1008-483: The 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass exodus of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from North Africa (1.6 million European pieds noirs ), Congo, Mozambique and Angola. By the mid-1970s, the Portugal's African territories were lost, and nearly one million Portuguese or persons of Portuguese descent left those territories (mostly Portuguese Angola and Mozambique ) as destitute refugees –

1064-653: The Bayesian semiparametric approach. Forecasting refugee trends is useful for national and international immigration policies, relief efforts, and economic projections including unemployment rates. The term boat people came into common use in the 1970s with the mass exodus of Vietnamese refugees following the Vietnam War . It is a widely used form of migration for people migrating from Cuba , Haiti , Morocco , Vietnam or Albania . They often risk their lives on dangerously crude and overcrowded boats to escape oppression or poverty in their home nations. Events resulting from

1120-904: The Eastern Balkan route and the Western Balkan route) from Greece through the Balkan to enter central European countries. Since March 2016 the Eastern route is almost closed, but the Western route is still busy. As of 2018 , 70.8 million individuals have been forcibly displaced worldwide because of persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations, per the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Of these, 5.5 million were Palestinian refugees, which are not under UNHCR but under UNRWA ’s mandate. Since 2007,

1176-466: The IDPs were Bantus and other ethnic minorities originating from the southern regions, including those displaced in the north. An estimated 60% of the IDPs were children. Causes of the displacement included armed violence, diverted aid flows and natural disasters, which hindered the IDPs' access to safe shelter and resources. IDP settlements were concentrated in south-central Somalia (893,000), followed by

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1232-491: The Mediterranean". It will concentrate on " fair trade, increased private investment, bottom-up economic development, entrepreneurship, and job creation and employment". The European Union offered an aid package to Mali in return for taking back her refugees. Among other ways, it is trying to reduce the migrant flow from Ghana by helping the population to find employment in this country Another example of addressing

1288-545: The Mediterranean, as Boat people . The majority of Libyan refugees are Arabs and Berbers, though many of other ethnicities, temporarily living in Libya, originated from sub-Saharan Africa, were also among the first refugee waves to exit the country. The total Libyan refugee numbers are estimated at near one million as of June 2011. About half of them had returned to Libyan territory during summer 2011, though large refugee camps on Tunisian and Chad border kept being overpopulated. It

1344-588: The UN refugee agency reported that wars and persecutions are the main reasons behind the refugee crises all over the world. A decade earlier, six people were forced to leave their homes every 60 seconds, but in 2015 wars drove 24 people on average away from their homes each minute. In its Border Wars series, the Transnational Institute examines the role of the arms industry in creating and profiting from forced displacement, underscoring that "some of

1400-749: The UNHCR, there were around 976,500 registered refugees from the nation in adjacent states as of 2016. The majority of these individuals were registered in Kenya (413,170: 326,611 in Dadaab , 54,550 in Kakuma , 32,009 in Nairobi ), Yemen (253,876 in UNHCR centers and urban areas), and Ethiopia (213,775 in five camps in Dollo Ado ). Additionally, 1.1 million people were internally displaced persons (IDPs). Most of

1456-524: The United States. The mission of JRS/USA is to accompany, serve and defend the rights of refugees and other forcibly displaced persons. JRS/USA is one of 10 geographic regions of Jesuit Refugee Service, an international Catholic organization sponsored by the Society of Jesus. In coordination with JRS's International Office in Rome, JRS/USA provides advocacy, financial and human resources for JRS regions throughout

1512-619: The beneficiaries of border security contracts are some of the biggest arms sellers to the Middle-East and North-Africa, fueling the conflicts in the region that have led refugees to flee their homes. In other words, the companies contributing to the refugee crisis are now profiting from the consequences." Discrimination and inequality can also lead many individuals and families to move away from their homelands to other countries or regions (for example Australia , Europe , New Zealand , Nigeria and North America ). Although they do not fit

1568-545: The definition of refugees set out in the UN Convention , people displaced by the effects of climate change have often been termed "climate refugees" or "climate change refugees". The term 'environmental refugee' is also commonly used and an estimated 25 million people can currently be classified as such. The alarming predictions by the UN, charities and some environmentalists, that between 200 million and 1 billion people could flood across international borders to escape

1624-503: The director of the institute ( Orlando Letelier ) was assassinated by the Chilean secret police as ordered by Augusto Pinochet . Pauline Tiffen is chair of the supervisory board of the TNI. The activist Susan George is president of the TNI. The members of the institute are involved in the civil society and the associative life of their respective countries. Based in Amsterdam ,

1680-460: The effects of climate change. They face extreme weather conditions such as droughts or floods. Their lives and livelihoods might be threatened in new ways and create new vulnerabilities. Following the effects of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the term refugee was sometimes used to describe people displaced by the storm and the aftereffects. There was an outcry that the term should not be used to describe Americans displaced within their own county, and

1736-721: The end of 2014, as NATO forces withdrew, Afghanistan faced political challenges despite having conducted elections and establishing an elected President. Recognizing the persistent weakness in the political infrastructure, the United Nations responded by establishing the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. UNAMA collaborated with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and various Afghan organizations. The focus

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1792-547: The fire, inhabitants of the camp began protesting the inhumane conditions of Moria Refugee Camp and a riot broke out leaving one woman and child dead. Multiple Non-Government Organizations continue to work within Moria Refugee Camp in response to the dangerous conditions that disproportionately affect women and children with the goal of reducing gender-based violence from the refugee camp. Large groups of displaced persons could be abused as 'weapons' to threaten or political enemies or neighbouring countries. Refugees as Weapons

1848-751: The former Soviet Union. Since the enactment of the Refugee Act of 1980 , annual admissions figures have ranged from a high of 207,116 in 1980 to a low of 27,100 in 2002. Currently, nine national voluntary agencies resettle refugees nationwide on behalf of the U.S. government: Church World Service , Ethiopian Community Development Council, Episcopal Migration Ministries, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society , International Rescue Committee , U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , and World Relief . Jesuit Refugee Service/USA (JRS/USA) has worked to help resettle Bhutanese refugees in

1904-623: The former government and Hutu militants who used the camps as bases to launch attacks against the new government in Rwanda . Little action was taken to resolve the situation and the crisis did not end until Rwanda-supported rebels forced the refugees back across the border at the beginning of the First Congo War . There are tens of thousands of Sudanese refugees in Egypt, most of them seeking refuge from ongoing military conflicts in their home country of Sudan. Their official status as refugees

1960-510: The government reported approximately 113,300 refugees who resettled, while UNHCR documented 116,500 refugees relocated to states for resettlement. According to the UN Refugee Agency, refugees are individuals who find themselves outside their home country due to a justified fear of persecution based on different factors such as race, religion, nationality, membership in a specific social group, or political opinion. They can be without

2016-589: The highest number of refugees and individuals requiring international protection, followed by Curaçao (1 in 14), Jordan (1 in 16), and Montenegro (1 in 19). In 2022, the majority of refugees and individuals in need of international protection, accounting for 52%, originated from the top three countries that migrated to host nations. The first country was the Syrian Arab Republic with 6.5 million refugees, followed by Ukraine with 5.7 million, and Afghanistan, ranking third with 5.7 million refugees. In 2022,

2072-445: The impacts of climate change in the next 40 years are realistic. Case studies from Bolivia, Senegal and Tanzania, three countries that are said to be prone to suffering the effects of climate change, show that people affected by environmental degradation rarely move across borders. Instead, they adapt to new circumstances by moving short distances for short periods, often to cities. Millions of people live in places that are vulnerable to

2128-705: The longstanding and recently concluded Sudanese Civil War or the War in Darfur and are located mainly in Chad , Uganda , Ethiopia , and Kenya . The International Organization for Migration has stated that refugee migration into Algeria has markedly increased since 2014, with most refugees arriving from Niger. According to the Associated Press over 14,000 refugees were expelled from Algeria between August 2017 and June 2018, with refugees forced to walk on foot through

2184-403: The mandate of UNRWA as Palestine refugees. Furthermore, internal displacement affects 62.5 million individuals, 5.4 million are asylum-seekers, and an additional 5.2 million are other people in need of international protection. More vital information from UNHCR highlights that 76% of refugees and those in need of international protection worldwide are hosted in low to middle-income countries, with

2240-570: The northern Puntland (129,000) and Somaliland (84,000) regions. Additionally, there were around 9,356 registered refugees and 11,157 registered asylum seekers in Somalia. Most of these foreign nationals emigrated from Yemen to northern Somalia after the Houthi insurgency in 2015. In the 1970s Uganda and other East African nations implemented racist policies that targeted the Asian population of

2296-475: The official definition of refugee.) Many refugees in Africa cross into neighboring countries to find haven; often, African countries are simultaneously countries of origin for refugees and countries of asylum for other refugees. The Democratic Republic of Congo , for instance, was the country of origin for 462,203 refugees at the end of 2004, but a country of asylum for 199,323 other refugees. The largest number of refugees in 2004 are from Sudan and have fled either

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2352-448: The permanent team of TNI consisted of twenty nine people in 2021. The TNI publishes research papers, books and organises seminars and debates. Its members include activists, researchers, writers, scholars , journalists and documentary makers. The organisation has specific interest sections called "programs". These are the fields the organisation currently focuses on. The program analyses worldwide trends on drugs-policies and promotes

2408-474: The population of the Darfur area, have been forced to flee their homes after attacks by Janjaweed Arab militia backed by Sudanese troops during the ongoing war in Darfur in western Sudan since roughly 2003. Following Boko Haram's violence thousands of Nigerians fled to Niger and Cameroon Following the outbreak of civil war in Somalia, many of the country's residents left in search of asylum. According to

2464-562: The program has enabled them to support themselves soon after arrival (92%), helped them integrate (77%), and had a positive economic impact on the local community (71%). (Kerwin, 2021) During the Vietnam War , many U.S. citizens who were conscientious objectors and wished to avoid the draft sought political asylum in Canada. President Jimmy Carter issued an amnesty . Since 1975, the U.S. has resettled approximately 2.6 million refugees, with nearly 77% being either Indochinese or citizens of

2520-517: The reception of large groups of forcibly displaced persons . These could be either internally displaced , refugees , asylum seekers or any other huge groups of migrants. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), due to conflicts, human rights violations, and other disturbing events, 108.4 million individuals experienced forced displacement globally by the end of 2022. 35.3 million of 108.4 were refugees. UNHCR oversees 29.4 million refugees, whereas 5.9 million fall under

2576-627: The refugee estimates include not only refugees per the narrow 1951 UN definition, but also people in refugee-like situations, so figures prior to 2007 are not fully comparable. The figure also includes internally displaced persons (IDP) within their country and people in IDP-like situations, which is descriptive and includes groups of persons who are inside their country of nationality or habitual residence and who face protection risks similar to those of IDPs but who, for practical or other reasons, could not be reported as such and stateless persons. Since

2632-825: The region. Uganda under Idi Amin 's leadership was particularly most virulent in its anti-Asian policies, eventually resulting in the expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Uganda's Asian minority . Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly Indians born in the country. India had refused to accept them. Most of the expelled Indians eventually settled in the United Kingdom, Canada and in the United States. The Lord's Resistance Army insurgency forced many civilians to live in internally displaced person camps. The United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) provides new opportunities for refugees, to help them integrate into society, give hope to refugees living in difficult circumstances abroad, and save lives. Statistically, refugees report that

2688-404: The root causes of the crisis is The Mesopotamian Ecology Movement (MEM) attempts to conserve the water resources of the region by different methods, including "returning to traditional water-conserving cultivation techniques", as well as "communal economy". Political stability and peace in the region are important to achieve the target Kurdistan is an area relatively rich in water, especially for

2744-685: The root causes of the crisis: "such as the trust funds for Africa and for the Syrian refugee crisis, the Facility for Refugees in Turkey and the EU's External Investment Plan" However, as the Transnational Institute criticised in a 2021 report, "Europe is creating refugees through its arms trade. If the EU and its member states genuinely want to address what they perceive as a “migration crisis”, they must curb arms exports, improve accountability mechanisms, and end

2800-524: The specific mandate of the UNHCR. Women and children refugees face a disproportionate threat of violence throughout their migratory journeys and within refugee camps . Violence targeting women who travel alone and women who travel with children is an example of Gender-Based Violence . The most common forms of Gender-Based Violence include rape and other forms of sexual assault , human trafficking , and forced sex , often in exchange for passage to Europe via human smugglers . Moria Refugee Camp

2856-572: The term evacuee was substituted in its place. The UNHCR similarly opposes the use of the term refugee in reference to environmental migrants, as this term has a strict legal definition. Refugees often face, language barriers, trauma and mental health issues, and limited social networks. The labor market integration of refugees is more complex than that of economic migrants, as additionally they usually have experienced trauma in their country of origin or have undergone long periods of travel or stay in temporary settlements (e.g. refugee camps) along

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2912-488: The unbridled lobbying efforts of arms companies in the corridors of power in Brussels and other European capitals." Germany is trying to prevent the root causes of the migrant crisis in Africa. It created a "Marshall Plan with Africa" (Eckpunkte für einen Marshallplan mit Afrika). The main objectives of the plan are: "increasing trade and development on the continent and hopefully reducing mass migration flows north across

2968-596: The village of Nea Silata. The municipal unit of Kallikrateia consists of the communities of Agios Pavlos , Lakkoma, Nea Gonia, Nea Kallikrateia and Nea Silata. Kallikrateia.gr, a news portal based in Nea Kallikrateia: [1] (in Greek) This Central Macedonia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Refugee crisis A refugee crisis can refer to difficulties and dangerous situations in

3024-599: The way. A forcibly displaced person is distinguished from an economic migrant. In 2008, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs suggested a better term for migrants who fled for the purpose of their and their dependents' basic survival was "forced humanitarian migrants". These economic migrants fall outside the mandates of the support structures offered by governments and non-governmental organizations for refugees . Even economic migration requires

3080-698: The world. The U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) funds a number of organizations that provide technical assistance to voluntary agencies and local refugee resettlement organizations. RefugeeWorks, headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, is ORR's training and technical assistance arm for employment and self-sufficiency activities, for example. This nonprofit organization assists refugee service providers in their efforts to help refugees achieve self-sufficiency. RefugeeWorks publishes white papers, newsletters and reports on refugee employment topics. Transnational Institute The Transnational Institute (TNI) ,

3136-597: Was on monitoring the situation of the civilian population, taking into account efforts to promote protection and assist in full implementation of fundamental freedoms and human rights provisions of the Afghan Constitution and international treaties to which Afghanistan is a State Party. The flow of migrants can be reduced by removing the causes of migration like wars, for example. The United Nations urge to make more efforts for achieving this type of solutions. The European Union has many tools for addressing

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