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78-678: The Mozumi mine is one of two adjacent mines owned by the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co. (a subsidiary of the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. Mitsui Kinzoku Archived 2016-11-14 at the Wayback Machine ). The mine is famous as the site of one of the greatest mass-poisonings in Japanese history . From 1910 to 1945, the mine operators released cadmium from the processing plant into the local water. This cadmium caused what

156-443: A consequent . P is the assumption in a (possibly counterfactual ) What If question. The adjective hypothetical , meaning "having the nature of a hypothesis", or "being assumed to exist as an immediate consequence of a hypothesis", can refer to any of these meanings of the term "hypothesis". In its ancient usage, hypothesis referred to a summary of the plot of a classical drama . The English word hypothesis comes from

234-467: A considerably more stringent limit on proton decay. For his work with Super Kamiokande, Takaaki Kajita shared the 2015 Nobel prize with Arthur McDonald . On November 12, 2001, several thousand photomultiplier tubes in the Super-Kamiokande detector imploded , apparently in a chain reaction as the shock wave from the concussion of each imploding tube cracked its neighbours. The detector

312-479: A convenient mathematical approach that simplifies cumbersome calculations . Cardinal Bellarmine gave a famous example of this usage in the warning issued to Galileo in the early 17th century: that he must not treat the motion of the Earth as a reality, but merely as a hypothesis. In common usage in the 21st century, a hypothesis refers to a provisional idea whose merit requires evaluation. For proper evaluation,

390-409: A deficit of muon neutrinos, but the detector was not large enough to obtain the statistics necessary to call the result a discovery . This result came to be known as the atmospheric neutrino deficit . The Kamiokande-II experiment happened to be running at a particularly fortuitous time, as a supernova took place while the detector was online and taking data . With the upgrades that had taken place,

468-523: A formative phase. In recent years, philosophers of science have tried to integrate the various approaches to evaluating hypotheses, and the scientific method in general, to form a more complete system that integrates the individual concerns of each approach. Notably, Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend , Karl Popper's colleague and student, respectively, have produced novel attempts at such a synthesis. Concepts in Hempel's deductive-nomological model play

546-425: A horizontal coalition of independent companies in the 1950s, once the occupation of Japan had ended and some of the smaller companies were allowed to re-coalesce. The central firms in the keiretsu became Mitsui Bank and Mitsui & Co. Mitsui lagged somewhat behind its rivals Mitsubishi and Sumitomo Group in reorganization. Mitsui Bank, which should have been the mainstay and principal capital provider of

624-430: A hypothesis must be falsifiable , and that one cannot regard a proposition or theory as scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown to be false. Other philosophers of science have rejected the criterion of falsifiability or supplemented it with other criteria, such as verifiability (e.g., verificationism ) or coherence (e.g., confirmation holism ). The scientific method involves experimentation to test

702-461: A key role in the development and testing of hypotheses. Most formal hypotheses connect concepts by specifying the expected relationships between propositions . When a set of hypotheses are grouped together, they become a type of conceptual framework . When a conceptual framework is complex and incorporates causality or explanation, it is generally referred to as a theory. According to noted philosopher of science Carl Gustav Hempel , Hempel provides

780-518: A large detector located on the surface of the Earth would be far too large. The muon rate in the KamiokaNDE experiment was about 0.4 events per second, roughly five orders of magnitude smaller than what it would have been if the detector had been located at the surface. The distinct pattern produced by Čerenkov radiation allows for particle identification , an important tool for both understanding

858-628: A lower-bound on the half-life of the proton. The final upgrade to the detector, KamiokaNDE-III, operated 1990–1995. For his work directing the Kamioka experiments, and in particular for the first-ever detection of astrophysical neutrinos Masatoshi Koshiba was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. Raymond Davis Jr. and Riccardo Giacconi were co-winners of the prize. The KEK To Kamioka experiment used accelerator neutrinos to verify

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936-404: A new detector refurbishment involving a full water drain from the tank and replacement of electronics, PMTs, internal structures and other parts will take place. The "Tokai To Kamioka" long baseline experiment started in 2009. It is making a precision measurement of the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters and is helping ascertain the value of θ 13 . It uses a neutrino beam directed at

1014-514: A political furor in Japan and resulted in the assassination of Mitsui executive Takuma Dan . During the 1930s and '40s, the subsidiary tobacco industry of Mitsui had started production of special "Golden Bat" cigarettes using the then-popular Far East trademark. Their circulation was prohibited in Japan and was used only for export. Local Japanese secret service kempeitai under the controversial Imperial Japanese Army General Kenji Doihara had

1092-560: A proposed new law of nature. In such an investigation, if the tested remedy shows no effect in a few cases, these do not necessarily falsify the hypothesis. Instead, statistical tests are used to determine how likely it is that the overall effect would be observed if the hypothesized relation does not exist. If that likelihood is sufficiently small (e.g., less than 1%), the existence of a relation may be assumed. Otherwise, any observed effect may be due to pure chance. In statistical hypothesis testing, two hypotheses are compared. These are called

1170-411: A useful metaphor that describes the relationship between a conceptual framework and the framework as it is observed and perhaps tested (interpreted framework). "The whole system floats, as it were, above the plane of observation and is anchored to it by rules of interpretation. These might be viewed as strings which are not part of the network but link certain points of the latter with specific places in

1248-424: A working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations, which can be linked to the exploratory research purpose in empirical investigation. Working hypotheses are often used as a conceptual framework in qualitative research. The provisional nature of working hypotheses makes them useful as an organizing device in applied research. Here they act like a useful guide to address problems that are still in

1326-419: Is a Japanese corporate group and keiretsu that traces its roots to the zaibatsu groups that were dissolved after World War II. Unlike the zaibatsu of the pre-war period, there is no controlling company with regulatory power. Instead, the companies in the group hold shares in each other, but they are limited to exchanging information and coordinating plans through regular meetings. The major companies of

1404-417: Is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon . For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis , the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even though the words "hypothesis" and " theory " are often used interchangeably, a scientific hypothesis

1482-415: Is an underground liquid scintillator experiment in Kamioka. It has been searching for dark matter . NEWAGE is a direction-sensitive dark-matter-search experiment performed using a gaseous micro-time-projection chamber. There is a program to build a detector ten times larger than Super Kamiokande, and this project is known by the name Hyper-Kamiokande . First tank will be operable in the mid-2020s. At

1560-412: Is considerably smaller than that of the solar neutrinos, but because the reaction cross sections increase with energy they are detectable in a detector of KamiokaNDE-II's size. The experiment used a "ratio of ratios" to compare the ratio of electron to muon flavor neutrinos to the ratio predicted by theory (this technique is used because many systematic errors cancel each other out). This ratio indicated

1638-423: Is not the same as a scientific theory . A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research in a process beginning with an educated guess or thought. A different meaning of the term hypothesis is used in formal logic , to denote the antecedent of a proposition ; thus in the proposition "If P , then Q ", P denotes the hypothesis (or antecedent); Q can be called

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1716-448: Is the planned site for the very large Hyper-KamiokaNDE caverns. The first of the Kamioka experiments was named KamiokaNDE for Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment . It was a large water Čerenkov detector designed to search for proton decay . To observe the decay of a particle with a lifetime as long as a proton an experiment must run for a long time and observe an enormous number of protons. This can be done most cost effectively if

1794-576: The Meiji Restoration , Mitsui was among the enterprises that were able to expand to become zaibatsu not simply because they were already big and rich at the start of modern industrial development. Firms like Mitsui and Sumitomo were led by non-family managers such as Minomura Rizaemon, who guided the business by accurately forecasting the coming political and economic situations, by acquaintance with high-ranking government officials or politicians, and bold investment. Mitsui's main business in

1872-401: The ancient Greek word ὑπόθεσις hypothesis whose literal or etymological sense is "putting or placing under" and hence in extended use has many other meanings including "supposition". In Plato 's Meno (86e–87b), Socrates dissects virtue with a method used by mathematicians, that of "investigating from a hypothesis". In this sense, 'hypothesis' refers to a clever idea or to

1950-463: The null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states that there is no relation between the phenomena whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of the form given by the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis, as the name suggests, is the alternative to the null hypothesis: it states that there is some kind of relation. The alternative hypothesis may take several forms, depending on

2028-574: The Far East , sentenced to death; but no actions ever took place against the company which profited from their production. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo , was estimated in 20 million to 30 million yen per year, while another authority stated that the annual revenue was estimated by

2106-586: The Japanese military at US$ 300 million a year. During the Second World War , Mitsui employed American prisoners of war as slave laborers, some of whom were maimed by Mitsui employees. In 1947 and 1948, the Supreme Commander Allied Powers pressed the Japanese government to dismantle the ten largest zaibatsu conglomerates, including Mitsui. The Mitsui Group, broken into many separate companies, reorganized itself as

2184-547: The Kamioka Underground Observatory (the predecessor of the present Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo ) began in 1982 and was completed in April, 1983. The detector was a cylindrical tank which contained 3,000 tons of pure water and had about 1,000 50 cm diameter photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) attached to the inner surface. The size of the outer detector

2262-1110: The Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group. Mitsukoshi merged into Isetan , a major department store with close ties to the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ , to form Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings in April 2008. Companies associated with the Mitsui keiretsu include Mitsui & Co. , Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings , Japan Steel Works , Mitsui Chemicals , Mitsui Construction Co., Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding , Mitsui Fudosan , Mitsui-gold, Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. , Mitsui Oil Exploration Co. (MOECO), Mitsui O.S.K. Lines , Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Ltd, Mitsui-Soko, Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group , Nippon Paper Industries , Pacific Coast Recycling, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation , Taiheiyo Cement , TBS Holdings , Toray Industries , Tri-net Logistics Management, and Mitsui Commodity Risk Management (MCRM). Hypothesis A hypothesis ( pl. : hypotheses )

2340-608: The Super Kamiokande detector from the Japanese Hadron Facility 's 50 GeV (currently 30 GeV) proton synchrotron in Tōkai such that the neutrinos travel a total distance of 295 km (183 mi). In 2013 T2K observed for the first time the neutrino oscillations in the appearance channel: transformation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. In 2014 the collaboration provided the first constraints on

2418-405: The ability of some hypothesis to adequately answer the question under investigation. In contrast, unfettered observation is not as likely to raise unexplained issues or open questions in science, as would the formulation of a crucial experiment to test the hypothesis. A thought experiment might also be used to test the hypothesis. In framing a hypothesis, the investigator must not currently know

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2496-526: The city of Edo, cash sales were not yet a widespread business practice. Edo's government had struck a business deal with Osaka . Osaka would sell crops and other material to pay its land tax. The money was then sent to Edo—but moving money was dangerous in middle feudal Japan . In 1683, the shogunate granted permission for money exchanges ( ryōgaeten ) to be established in Edo. The Mitsui "exchange shops" facilitated transfers while mitigating risks. After

2574-570: The control of their distribution in China and Manchuria where the production exported. Within the mouthpiece were small discreet doses of opium or heroin, and consequently millions of unsuspecting consumers became addicted to these narcotics, while huge profits were created for the company. The mastermind of the plan, Doihara, was later prosecuted and convicted for war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for

2652-547: The creation in 1878, of Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK), which was merged with Mitsui Steamship in 1964, to become Mitsui OSK Lines (MOL), which became one of the largest ocean shipping groups in the world. When the United Kingdom withdrew from the gold standard in 1931, during the height of the Great Depression , Mitsui Bank and Mitsui & Co. were found to have speculated around the transaction. This raised

2730-407: The customer's house (typically a person of high social class or who was successful in business), an order taken, then fulfilled. The system of accountancy was called "margin transaction". Mitsui changed this by producing products first, then selling them directly at his shop for cash. This was then an unfamiliar mode of operation in Japan. Even as the shop began providing dry goods to the government of

2808-423: The detector had an energy threshold of tens of MeV . The signals produced by proton decay and atmospheric neutrino interactions are considerably larger than this, so the original KamiokaNDE detector had not needed to be particularly aggressive about its energy threshold or resolution . The problem was attacked in two ways. The participants of the KamiokaNDE experiment designed and built new purification systems for

2886-604: The detector was sensitive enough to observe the thermal neutrinos produced by Supernova 1987A , which took place roughly 160,000 light years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud . The neutrinos arrived at Earth in February 1987, and the Kamiokande-II detector observed 11 events. KamiokaNDE-II continued KamiokaNDE's search for proton decay and again failed to observe it. The experiment once again set

2964-517: The early period was drapery, finance, and trade, the first two being the businesses it inherited from the Tokugawa Era. It entered into mining when it acquired a mine as collateral from a loan it had made, partly because it could buy a mine cheaply from the government, Mitsui then diversified to become the biggest business in pre-war Japan. The diversification was mainly into related fields to take advantage of accumulated capabilities; for instance,

3042-442: The enormous volume possible in a water Čerenkov detector can overcome the problem of the very small cross section of the 5-15 MeV solar neutrinos. Second, water Čerenkov detectors offer real time event detection. This meant that individual neutrino- electron interaction candidate events could be studied on an event-by-event basis, starkly different from the month-to-month observation required in radiochemical experiments. Third, in

3120-513: The family shop, Echigoya. He opened a new branch in 1673; a large gofukuya ( kimono shop) in Nihonbashi , a district in the heart of Edo. The genesis of Mitsui's business was in the Enpō era, which was a nengō meaning "Prolonged Wealth". In time, the gofukuya division separated from Mitsui, and became Mitsukoshi . Traditionally, gofukuyas provided products made to order; a visit was made to

3198-484: The framer of a hypothesis needs to define specifics in operational terms. A hypothesis requires more work by the researcher in order to either confirm or disprove it. In due course, a confirmed hypothesis may become part of a theory or occasionally may grow to become a theory itself. Normally, scientific hypotheses have the form of a mathematical model . Sometimes, but not always, one can also formulate them as existential statements , stating that some particular instance of

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3276-402: The group include Mitsui & Co. ( general trading company ), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation , Nippon Paper Industries , Pokka Sapporo Holdings , Toray Industries , Mitsui Chemicals , Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings , Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings , Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding , Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Mitsui Fudosan . Founded by Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), who

3354-642: The group, declined in size due to the collapse of the Imperial Bank after the war, which resulted in reduced cohesion of the conglomerate. Many companies that were once part of the Mitsui Group have become independent or tied to other conglomerates. Specifically, Toshiba , Toyota Motors , and Suntory , once part of the Mitsui Group, became independent, with the Toyota Group becoming a conglomerate in its own right. In 2000, Mitsui Pharmaceuticals

3432-475: The hypothesis is proven to be either "true" or "false" through a verifiability - or falsifiability -oriented experiment . Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions by reasoning (including deductive reasoning ). It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature . The prediction may also invoke statistics and only talk about probabilities. Karl Popper , following others, has argued that

3510-623: The larger KAGRA detector. The KAmioka GRAvitational wave detector (formerly LCGT, the Large-scale Cryogenic Gravitational Wave Telescope) was approved in 2010, excavation was completed in March 2014, and the first phase is commissioning in 2016. It is a laser interferometer with two arms, each 3 km long, and when complete around 2018, will have a planned sensitivity to detect coalescing binary neutron stars at hundreds of Mpc distance. XMASS

3588-477: The locals called itai-itai disease . The disease caused weakening of the bones and extreme pain. Although mining operations have ceased, the smelting plant continues to process zinc , lead and silver from other mines and recycling. While current experiments are all located in the northern Mozumi mine, the Tochibora mine 10 km south is also available. It is not quite as deep, but has stronger rock and

3666-440: The nature of the hypothesized relation; in particular, it can be two-sided (for example: there is some effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance). Conventional significance levels for testing hypotheses (acceptable probabilities of wrongly rejecting a true null hypothesis) are .10, .05, and .01. The significance level for deciding whether

3744-461: The neutrino signal from radioactive backgrounds. One further improvement was the expansion of the cavity, and the installation of an instrumented "outer detector". The extra water provided shielding from gamma rays from the surrounding rock , and the outer detector provided a veto for cosmic ray muons. With the upgrades completed, the experiment was renamed KamiokaNDE-II , and started taking data in 1985. The experiment spent several years fighting

3822-507: The neutrino- electron scattering interaction the electron recoils in roughly the direction that the neutrino was travelling (similar to the motion of billiard balls), so the electrons "point back" to the Sun. Fourth, neutrino-electron scattering is an elastic process, so the energy distribution of the neutrinos can be studied, further testing the solar model. Fifth, the characteristic "ring" produced by Čerenkov radiation allows discrimination of

3900-430: The null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted must be determined in advance, before the observations are collected or inspected. If these criteria are determined later, when the data to be tested are already known, the test is invalid. The above procedure is actually dependent on the number of the participants (units or sample size ) that are included in the study. For instance, to avoid having

3978-504: The number of neutrinos predicted by the Standard Solar Models of his colleague and close friend John Bahcall . Because of the great technical difficulty of the experiment and its reliance on radiochemical techniques rather than real time direct detection, many physicists were suspicious of his result. It was realized that a large water Čerenkov detector could be an ideal neutrino detector, for several reasons. First,

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4056-532: The oscillations observed in the atmospheric neutrino signal with a well-controlled and understood beam. A neutrino beam was directed from the KEK accelerator to Super KamiokaNDE. The experiment found oscillation parameters which were consistent with those measured by Super-K. By the 1990s particle physicists were starting to suspect that the solar neutrino problem and atmospheric neutrino deficit had something to do with neutrino oscillation . The Super Kamiokande detector

4134-400: The outcome of a test or that it remains reasonably under continuing investigation. Only in such cases does the experiment, test or study potentially increase the probability of showing the truth of a hypothesis. If the researcher already knows the outcome, it counts as a "consequence" — and the researcher should have already considered this while formulating the hypothesis. If one cannot assess

4212-402: The phenomenon under examination has some characteristic and causal explanations, which have the general form of universal statements , stating that every instance of the phenomenon has a particular characteristic. In entrepreneurial setting, a hypothesis is used to formulate provisional ideas about the attributes of products or business models. The formulated hypothesis is then evaluated, where

4290-414: The plane of observation. By virtue of those interpretative connections, the network can function as a scientific theory." Hypotheses with concepts anchored in the plane of observation are ready to be tested. In "actual scientific practice the process of framing a theoretical structure and of interpreting it are not always sharply separated, since the intended interpretation usually guides the construction of

4368-460: The potential proton decay signal and for rejecting backgrounds. The identification is possible because the sharpness of the edge of the ring depends on the particle producing the radiation or electrons (and therefore also gamma rays ) produce fuzzy rings due to the multiple scattering of the low mass electrons. Minimum ionizing muons , in contrast, produce very sharp rings as their heavier mass allows them to propagate directly. Construction of

4446-410: The predictions by observation or by experience , the hypothesis needs to be tested by others providing observations. For example, a new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible. A trial solution to a problem is commonly referred to as a hypothesis—or, often, as an " educated guess " —because it provides a suggested outcome based on the evidence. However, some scientists reject

4524-474: The radon problem, and started taking "production data" in 1987. Once 450 days of data had been accumulated, the experiment was able to see a clear enhancement in the number of events which pointed away from the Sun over random directions. The directional information was the smoking gun signature of solar neutrinos, demonstrating directly for the first time that the Sun is a source of neutrinos. The experiment continued to take data for many years and eventually found

4602-576: The sample size be too small to reject a null hypothesis, it is recommended that one specify a sufficient sample size from the beginning. It is advisable to define a small, medium and large effect size for each of a number of important statistical tests which are used to test the hypotheses. Mount Hypothesis in Antarctica is named in appreciation of the role of hypothesis in scientific research. Several hypotheses have been put forth, in different subject areas: hypothesis [...]— Working hypothesis ,

4680-427: The signal against backgrounds. Finally, since a water Čerenkov experiment would use a different target, interaction process, detector technology, and location it would be a very complementary test of Davis's results. It was clear that KamiokaNDE could be used to perform a fantastic and novel experiment, but a serious problem needed to be overcome first. The presence of radioactive backgrounds in KamiokaNDE meant that

4758-425: The solar neutrino flux to be about 1/2 that predicted by solar models. This was in conflict with both the solar models and Davis's experiment, which was ongoing at the time and continued to observe only 1/3 of the predicted signal. This conflict between the flux predicted by solar theory and the radiochemical and water Čerenkov detectors became known as the solar neutrino problem . The flux of atmospheric neutrinos

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4836-539: The source of the Sun's energy was fusion reactions in its core. While this hypothesis was widely accepted for decades, there was no way of observing the Sun's core and directly testing the hypothesis . Ray Davis's Homestake Experiment was the first to detect solar neutrinos – strong evidence that the nuclear theory of the Sun was correct. Over a period of decades, the Davis experiment consistently observed only about 1/3

4914-439: The squared mass difference with poor sensitivity to the mixing angle. The data from the two experiments may be combined as long as CPT is a valid symmetry of our universe . The KamLAND experiment is located in the original KamiokaNDE cavity. CLIO is a small gravity wave detector with 100 m (330 ft) arms which is not large enough to detect astronomical gravity waves, but is prototyping cryogenic mirror technologies for

4992-404: The target (the source of the protons) and the detector itself are made of the same material. Water is an ideal candidate because it is inexpensive, easy to purify, stable , and can detect relativistic charged particles through their production of Čerenkov radiation . A proton decay detector must be buried deep underground or in a mountain because the background from cosmic ray muons in such

5070-451: The term "educated guess" as incorrect. Experimenters may test and reject several hypotheses before solving the problem. According to Schick and Vaughn, researchers weighing up alternative hypotheses may take into consideration: A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. Like all hypotheses,

5148-399: The theoretician". It is, however, "possible and indeed desirable, for the purposes of logical clarification, to separate the two steps conceptually". When a possible correlation or similar relation between phenomena is investigated, such as whether a proposed remedy is effective in treating a disease, the hypothesis that a relation exists cannot be examined the same way one might examine

5226-551: The time of 'inauguration' in 2017 the tank(s) is announced to be 20 times greater than the last one (1000 million liters in Hyper-Kamiokande against 50 million in Super-Kamiokande ). 36°25.6′N 137°18.7′E  /  36.4267°N 137.3117°E  / 36.4267; 137.3117  ( Mt. Ikeno (Ikenoyama) )  (Mt. Ikeno) Mitsui Mitsui Group ( 三井グループ , Mitsui Gurūpu )

5304-496: The trading company entered into chemicals to attain forward integration. On July 1, 1876, Mitsui Bank, Japan's first private bank, was founded with Takashi Masuda (1848–1938) as its president. Mitsui Bank, which following a merger with Taiyō-Kobe Bank in the mid-1980s became part of Sakura Bank , survives as part of the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation . During the early 20th century, Mitsui

5382-594: The value of CP violating phase, together with the most precise measurement of the mixing angle θ 23 . The KamLAND experiment is a liquid scintillator detector designed to detect reactor antineutrinos . KamLAND is a complementary experiment to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory because while the SNO experiment has good sensitivity to the solar mixing angle but poor sensitivity to the squared mass difference, KamLAND has very good sensitivity to

5460-479: The water to reduce the radon background, and instead of constantly cycling the detector with "fresh" mine water they kept the water in the tank allowing the radon to decay away. A group from the University of Pennsylvania joined the collaboration and supplied new electronics with greatly superior timing capabilities. The extra information provided by the electronics further improved the ability to distinguish

5538-453: Was 16.0 m in height and 15.6 m in diameter. The detector failed to observe proton decay, but set what was then the world's best limit on the lifetime of the proton. KamiokaNDE-I operated 1983–1985. The KamiokaNDE-II experiment was a major step forward from KamiokaNDE, and made a significant number of important observations. KamiokaNDE-II operated 1985–1990. In the 1930s, Hans Bethe and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker had hypothesized that

5616-771: Was acquired by the German Schering AG from Berlin . Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries ( IHI Corporation ) is now considered to be part of the Mizuho Group , and many companies in the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group are more closely tied to the Sumitomo Group than the Mitsui Group. As of 2021 there were signs that Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group and the Mitsubishi Group could be taking over other parts of

5694-410: Was designed to test the oscillation hypothesis for both solar and atmospheric neutrinos. The Super-Kamiokande detector is massive, even by particle physics standards. It consists of 50,000 tons of pure water surrounded by about 11,200 photomultiplier tubes. The detector was again designed as a cylindrical structure, this time 41.4 m (136 ft) tall and 39.3 m (129 ft) across. The detector

5772-531: Was finished in June 2006. Data taken with the newly restored machine was called the SuperKamiokande-III dataset. In September 2008, the detector finished its latest major upgrade with state-of-the-art electronics and improvements to water system dynamics, calibration and analysis techniques. This enabled SK to acquire its largest dataset yet ( SuperKamiokande-IV ), which continued until June 2018, when

5850-488: Was one of the largest zaibatsu , operating in numerous fields. Mitsui Bank became the holding company of the Mitsui zaibatsu from 1876. It was joined as an ultimate parent company by Mitsui & Co. and Mitsui Mining in 1900, with various industrial concerns owned by various combinations of these companies and their subsidiaries. Likewise, Mitsui invested in maritime transportation to support its trading activities as well as invest in passenger transportation, first with

5928-477: Was partially restored by redistributing the photomultiplier tubes which did not implode, and by adding protective acrylic shells that it was hoped would prevent another chain reaction from recurring. The data taken after the implosion is referred to as the Super Kamiokande-II data. In July 2005, preparation began to restore the detector to its original form by reinstalling about 6,000 new PMTs. It

6006-435: Was surrounded with a considerably more sophisticated outer detector which could not only act as a veto for cosmic muons but actually help in their reconstruction. Super-Kamiokande started data taking in 1996 and has made several important measurements. These include precision measurement of the solar neutrino flux using the elastic scattering interaction, the first very strong evidence for atmospheric neutrino oscillation , and

6084-596: Was the fourth son of a shopkeeper in Matsusaka , in what became Mie prefecture . From his shop, called Echigoya (越後屋), Mitsui Takatoshi's father originally sold miso and ran a pawn shop business. The family would later open a second shop in Edo (modern Tokyo ). Takatoshi moved to Edo when he was 14 years old, and later his older brother joined him. Sent back to Matsusaka by his brother, Takatoshi waited for 24 years until his older brother died before he could take over

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