68-637: [REDACTED] Look up kamma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Kamma may refer to: Kamma (caste) , a caste or social group found largely in Southern India Kamma, India , village in Punjab, India The Pali and Ardhamagadhi term for karma Bava Kamma , a traditional Jewish civil law procedure (1st volume of Nezikin), dealing largely with damages and compensation The nickname of
136-422: A sex ratio of 1003 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is 16,52,738 (33.81%). There are 29,60,441 literates with a literacy rate of 67.40%. After bifurcation the district had a population of 20,91,075, of which 1,072,544 (51.29%) lived in urban areas. Guntur district had a sex ratio of 1007 females to 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4,21,861 (20.17%) and 69,017 (3.30%) of
204-417: A significant role in the struggle for independence and the formation of Andhra Pradesh . The northern, Telugu- speaking districts of Madras State , including Guntur, advocated to become a separate state after independence. The new state of Andhra region named Andhra State , was created in 1953 from the eleven northern districts of Madras State. In 1970, part of Guntur district was split off to become part of
272-788: A sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States. The modern community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region in coastal Andhra Pradesh. The region, lying between the Gundlakamma River and the Krishna River in the erstwhile Guntur district (which included the three subdistricts later transferred to the Ongole district in 1970), had an identity dating back to ancient times. The term " kamma " either referred to
340-669: Is a largely Hindu caste from South India . The community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region of the erstwhile Guntur district and Ongole division in Andhra Pradesh . Propelled by their military activity in the Vijayanagara Empire , Kammas are believed to have spread out from the region during the Vijayanagara period, followed by some in-migration during
408-789: Is a state university which has fourteen autonomous colleges as per Universities Grant Commission. The KMC , GMC , AIIMS are some of the premier medical institutes in Guntur. There are also many private universities like Vignan University , KL University in the district. The Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University at Lam is a public agricultural university, equipped with a Regional Agricultural Research Station . The district has many festivals such as Rama Navami , Maha Sivaratri , Vinayaka Chavithi , Vijaya Dasami , Deepawali , Holi , Ugadi , Eid , Krishnastami , Christmas . There are hill temple festivals at Kotappakonda , Mangalagiri . Mangalagiri International Cricket Stadium
476-547: Is being built in a 20-acre (8.1 ha) site in Navuluru , village of Mangalagiri town, Guntur district , about 15 km from the city of Vijayawada. The exclusive stadium of the Andhra Cricket Association will be the venue for international and Ranji matches. Places of historical importance in the district include Ponnur , Undavalli Caves , Gurazala , Mangalagiri , Tadepalle , Tenali and
544-552: Is bounded on the south by Bapatla district and on the west by Palnadu district . It has an area of 2,443 km (943 sq mi), with a population of 20,91,075, as per 2011 census of India . The district is often referred to as the Land of Chillies . It is also a major centre for agriculture, education and learning. It exports large quantities of chillies and tobacco . The district derives its name from its district headquarters, Guntur. There are several opinions on
612-485: Is contributed from construction , electricity , manufacturing , transport and education . The total road length of state highways in the district is 1,258 km (782 mi). There exists 406 km (252 mi) of rail network in the district. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of
680-538: Is one of the twenty six districts in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . The administrative seat of the district is located at Guntur , the largest city of the district in terms of area and with a population of 670,073. It has a coastline of approximately 100 km (62 mi) on the right bank of Krishna River , that separates it from Krishna district and NTR district . It
748-429: Is said to have discovered Mica in 200 BCE. Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang ( Xuanzang ) visited Amaravati in 640 C.E., stayed for sometime and studied 'Abhidhammapitakam'. He observed that there were many Viharas and some of them were deserted, which points out that Hinduism was gaining ground at that time. Xuanzang wrote a glorious account of the place, Viharas and monasteries that existed. Guntur
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#1732776268549816-451: Is the main economic sector in the city, is almost entirely controlled by affluent Kamma families that were the landed aristocracy of Kongu Nadu . By the mid 20th century, many Kammas had benefited greatly from the numerous educational institutes that had proliferated throughout Coastal Andhra such as Andhra Christian College or Guntur Medical College. Many of these were high-fee private educational institutes also formed by wealthy members of
884-686: The British period and out-migration again during the twentieth century. Today they are regarded as one of the richest groups in Andhra Pradesh and are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ). They also have a notable, albeit smaller, presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka . In recent times,
952-676: The Kamma Mahajana Sabha and the Dakshina Desa Kamma Mahasabha . Kammas constituted 6 per cent of the population in the Telugu-speaking areas of the Madras Presidency in 1921, a figure slightly higher than Brahmins, but lagging far behind the 'Kapu or Reddi'. Construction of dams and barrages and establishment of an irrigation system in Godavari and Krishna River deltas by Arthur Cotton
1020-793: The Madras Army of the British East India Company . Among Telugu Hindus, the East India Company army initially recruited predominantly from the Kamma, Raju, and Velama castes and restricted recruitment from other castes. In the 1872 census, the Kammas made up 40 per cent of the agricultural population of the Krishna district (which included the present Guntur district until 1904). Along with Brahmins, they formed
1088-544: The Nandigama pargana in 1670. Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu, a Kamma zamindar , controlled 551 towns and villages in the Guntur and Krishna Districts, had a retinue of several thousand men, and became known for his patronization of Hindu religious rituals, festivals, temples, and Brahmins. The Kamma Yarlagadda zamindars of Challapalli obtained their zamindari in 1596 and deshmukhi jurisdiction in 1640, and they assisted
1156-556: The Prakasam district . The district suffers from Naxalite insurgency and is a part of the Red corridor . Guntur district occupies an area of approximately 2,443 square kilometres (943 sq mi), The Krishna River forms the northeastern and eastern boundary of the district, separating it from Krishna district . The district is bounded on the southeast by the Bay of Bengal , on
1224-714: The Qutb Shahis . Their roles included serving as the regional aristocracy, revenue officers and military commanders. During the reign of the Qutb Shahis and Nizams , the Sayapaneni Nayaks (1626–1802) ruled a block of territory between the Krishna River and Nellore as vassals. It was also in the Qutb Shahi period that the Vasireddy clan of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu received the deshmukhi of
1292-470: The Vengi Chalukyan King. Guntur also appears in two inscriptions dated 1147 and 1158 CE. Since the beginning of Buddhist time, Guntur stood in the forefront in matters of culture, education and civilisation. Gautama Buddha preached at Dharanikota /Dhanyakatakam near Guntur and conducted Kalachakra ceremony, which takes its antiquity to 500 BCE. Taranatha, a Buddhist monk writes: "On
1360-457: The Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century. Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was a leading military commander under Krishnadevaraya, and Rama Raya and the Aravidus rose to power following a civil war largely because of the support of Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu . Pemmasani Pedda Timmaraja was the minister of Sriranga I and later for Venkata II , the latter of whom oversaw the revival of
1428-517: The 1600-1800s, Kammas acquired land in the interior Deccan Plateau due to grants that were given by the Nizam of Hyderabad to encourage cultivation in uncultivated areas of Telangana . Moreover, in the Telangana region, Muslim rulers collected taxes through intermediaries from the dominant castes, such as the Kammas, who were given the title Chowdary . Although the 1802 Permanent Settlement by
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#17327762685491496-781: The 16th century Guntur became part of the Mughal empire . In 1579 Khasa Rayarao, a Deshastha Brahmin who was the Commander-in-Chief of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah captured Kondaveedu Fort . After that, Khasa Rayarao was made the Governor of the Kondaveedu Sima (present Guntur district) by changing its name to Murtazanagar Sircar and kept the financial administration of this region in his hands. Khasa Rayarao appointed many Deshastha Brahmins , Kammas and some Golconda Vyaparis as Deshmukhs and Chowdarys . In 1687 CE when
1564-409: The 18 mandals into their respective revenue divisions in the district: Formation Year Population Population Population Population Population Population Population Note - Population Guntur district has 1022 Gram Panchayats covering 58 mandals including seized mandals. Panchayat secretaries have been working for the cluster Headquarter Gram Panchayats. The main objective of
1632-511: The 1950s, some members of the dominant castes from Andhra Pradesh had gone to the US for higher education. After the lifting of immigration quota system in 1965, the highly-educated doctors, engineers and scientists started moving to US. Kammas, mainly from well-off families and having benefited from the spread of educational institutions in Coastal Andhra, took up the opportunity to move. After
1700-571: The British benefited the Kamma landed aristocracy by reinforcing the Zamindari system, most Kammas saw their landholdings consolidated, and their influence consequently increased, by the introduction of the ryotwari system as a replacement for the zamindari system in the 19th century. Akin to the jenmis of Kerala, there were also big Kamma ryotwari landlords in Andhra. Some Kammas also were in
1768-601: The IAS cadre, runs the Revenue administration under various enactments in the district. He is also designated as Additional District Magistrate. He mainly deals with civil supplies,land matters, mines and minerals,village officers etc. The District Revenue Officer (DRO), in the cadre of Special Grade Deputy Collectors, assists the Collector and Joint Collector in discharging their duties. The District Revenue Officer looks after all
1836-823: The IT boom in the 1990s, even more migrated to America. The success of those who migrated already incentivized more of their relatives and members of their network to migrate as well, and today having an "NRI child" is seen as a matter of pride for Kamma parents in coastal Andhra. For Kamma and other dominant caste women, although some have been sent by families for higher studies in America, many have moved to America due to marriage with NRI men. The varna system of Brahmanic ritual ranking never took hold in South Indian society outside Kerala. There were essentially three classes: Brahmin, non-Brahmin and Dalit. Kammas naturally fall into
1904-519: The Kammas also related to the Kapus in a narrative. Kammas formed the Kamma Mahajana Sabha , a caste association, in 1910, which received encouragement from the political leaders. Ranga also started a Madras Kamma Association in 1919 and founded a journal Kamma Patrika , later renamed to Ryot Patrika . Kamma caste associations also spawned in Tamil Nadu in the 1920s, with two Kamma zamindars leading
1972-584: The Kammas, along with Velamas and Reddis , evolved out of the community of Kapus (cultivators) in the post- Kakatiya period. A popular legend collected by Edgar Thurston narrates that Kammas originated from the youngest son of a certain Belthi Reddi, who managed to recover his mother's ear-ornament (called "kamma" in Telugu) that had been appropriated by Emperor Prataparudra 's minister. The other sons of Belthi Reddi are similarly said to have given rise to
2040-669: The Krishna river flows through relatively flat terrain and carries substantial amounts of sediment, especially during the monsoon season. Suryalanka Beach near Bapatla , Bobbarrlanka in Repalle , Nizampatnam Beach in Nizampatnam are tourist beaches in Guntur coastline. As of 2011 census of India , the district had a population of 4,887,813 with a density of 193 inhabitants per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The total population constitute, 2,440,521 males and 2,447,292 females –
2108-674: The Muslim power in Andhra country with the capture of Gandikota in 1652 and the defeat of Pemmasani Timmanayudu by Mir Jumla. Following the Battle of Talikota , many Kamma Nayaks either migrated to the dominions of the Madurai and Thanjavur Nayaks where they governed villages and supplied military officers or obtained favours from the Qutb Shahis and Mughals and settled in Telugu regions as local military chiefs. Kammas were also in service of
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2176-545: The Muslim rulers in their military expeditions and collection of land taxes. This conferred on the Yarlagaddas the privileges of maintaining their own military force and control over the inhabitants in their area. Following Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's reign, coastal Andhra witnessed a series of widespread rebellions against the local Mughal officials that enabled Kamma warrior chiefs to usurp administrative power over hundreds, if not thousands, of square miles of land. In
2244-650: The Nandyala Chiefs. Numerous Hindu temples, such as Bugga Ramalingeshwara Swamy Temple and Chintalarayaswamy Temple , were constructed and patronized by the Pemmasanis. The Sayapaneni Nayaks started in service of Vijayanagara when Krishnadevaraya granted administrative control of the Dupadu Region to Shayappanayadu, a twenty-year old from the family. According to the Dupati kaifiyat , this area
2312-599: The Norwegian football club Hamarkameratene A locality near Cairns in the state of Queensland, Australia. A mountain range in Pershing County, Nevada , USA Name of a mountain creek in the province of British Columbia , Canada Kamma Rahbek , Danish artist, salonist and lady of letters See also [ edit ] Karma (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
2380-629: The Panchayat Raj Department is to provide civic amenities to the rural public. in 1971 in 1978 in 1985 The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is ₹ 49,722 crore (US$ 6.0 billion) and it contributes 9.5% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) . For the FY 2013–14, the per capita income at current prices was ₹ 82,026 (US$ 980). The primary , secondary and tertiary sectors of
2448-717: The Ravella Nayaks include Ravella Linga II, who is surmised to be one of the chief generals of the Vijayanagara Army during the reign of Rama Raya . When the Vijayanagara Empire was troubled after the Battle of Tallikota in 1565, the Pemmasani Nayaks , Ravella Nayaks and Sayapaneni Nayaks helped the Aravidu Dynasty in keeping the Muslims at bay. It took another 90 years to consolidate
2516-422: The Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ). In united-Andhra Pradesh (including present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Kammas made up 4.8% of the total state population in the last census. Kammas also have a notable, albeit smaller, presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka . In recent times, a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States. Starting in
2584-517: The Vasireddi family of Kamma community and the Manik Rao family of Velama community were prominent Zamindar families in the present day Guntur district. The Manur Rao family were rulers of Chilakaluripet Zamindari and Sattenapalle Zamindari , The Vasireddi family were rulers of Amaravathi Zamindari and The Manik Rao family were the rulers of Repalle Zamindari . The Guntur region played
2652-691: The Vijayanagara Empire militarily and administratively since the Sangama Dynasty , and they exercised control (on behalf of Vijayanagara) over Srisailam , Udayagiri , Podili , and Kochcherlakota Seemas (regions) at various periods. The exploits of this clan are described by the poet Ratnakaram Gopala Kavi in Sovgandhika Prasavapaharanamu, including mentions of defeating the Qutb Shahis, Gajapatis , and recapturing forts like Adoni . Noted individuals in
2720-414: The Vijayanagara Empire. It is also known that a Pemmasani Nayak, Timmanayudu, had court poets and ministers of his own, such as Channamaraju. Pemmasani Timmanayudu also assisted Venkata II in putting down a rebellion by the Nandyala Chiefs led by Krishnamaraja in 1580. The Pemmasani Nayaks are associated with Gandikota , where they started as commandants and later gained control of Gandikota Seema from
2788-466: The administrative reforms taken up by the Government of Andhra Pradesh . The district is divided into Two Revenue divisions , namely, Guntur , Tenali . These are sub-divided into 18 mandals , which are in turn divided as 57 Panchayat Samiti (Block)s, 712 villages and 16 towns. These 16 towns includes, 2 municipal corporation , 2 municipalities and 1 census town . Gurazala revenue division
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2856-474: The branches of the Collectorate. He deals mainly with general administration and is vested with supervision of day-to-day functions of the collectorate. The administrative officer in the rank of a Tahsildar is the general assistant to the collector. He directly supervises all the sections in the collectorate and most of the files are routed through him. The collectorate is divided into 8 sections as per
2924-578: The capital city, it is experiencing a growth in private international schools as well. The Central Board of Secondary Education , Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education are the different types of syllabus followed by different schools. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu and Urdu. There are several junior colleges which are under government, residential, social welfare, disabled welfare, private aided and unaided for
2992-498: The district contribute ₹ 16,111 crore (US$ 1.9 billion), ₹ 8,770 crore (US$ 1.1 billion) and ₹ 24,841 crore (US$ 3.0 billion) respectively to the GDDP. The major products contributing to the GVA of the district from agriculture and allied services are paddy , cotton kapas, chillies , banana , milk , meat and fisheries . The GVA to the industrial and service sector
3060-409: The dominant castes who often gave preference to students from their community in admissions. Today they are regarded as the wealthiest group in Andhra Pradesh and an entrepreneurial community influential in various industries, such as information technology, real estate, media and Telugu cinema . They are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout
3128-571: The dominant community of the district. By 1921, their population in the district increased to 47 per cent, representing a large in-migration. Following Brahminical traditions, Kammas emulated the rituals of the Brahmins, and the literate Kammas learned the Vedas , wore the sacred threads , taught Sanskrit and even performed pujas for the lower-caste members, which is said to have generated controversies. Despite their attachment to Brahminical orthodoxy,
3196-414: The emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Qutb Shahi sultanate of Golconda , of which Guntur was then a part. In 1724 CE, Asaf Jah , viceroy of the empire's southern provinces, declared his independence as the Nizam of Hyderabad . The coastal districts of Hyderabad, known as the Northern Circars , were occupied by the French in 1750. During this time, the Manur Rao family of Deshastha Brahmin community,
3264-446: The full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of "The Glorious Lunar Mansions" (Kalachakra). Buddhists established universities in ancient times at Dhanyakataka and Amaravathi . Scores of Buddhist stupas were excavated in the villages of Guntur district. Acharya Nagarjuna , an influential Buddhist philosopher taught at Nagarjunakonda and
3332-481: The meaning and origin of the word Guntur . The word owes its origin to words like gundu (a rock), gunta (a pond) and kunta (1/3 of an acre). In Sanskrit Guntur is called Garthapuri (Guntlapuri). The earliest reference to Guntur, a variant of Guntur, comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I (922-929 AD) of the Chalukyas of Vengi . Guntur also appears in another two inscriptions dated 1147 AD and 1158 AD. The original Sanskrit name (ancient Vedic culture) for Guntur
3400-549: The new state of Telangana, the Kammas and the Reddys were politically and economically dominant in the state. From 1953 to 1983, many Kammas initially associated themselves with the Indian National Congress and offered the party financing and media support. During the 1980s, they played a key role in state and national politics with the inception of the Telugu Desam Party by its then President N. T. Rama Rao also called as NTR. Politics Industry Sciences Film Guntur district Guntur district
3468-530: The non-Brahmin class. Classification of social groups in the Andhra region has changed frequently as the various communities jostle for status. During the British Raj, the Kammas were considered to be "upper Shudra "/"Sat Shudra", along with the Reddy and Velama castes, under the varna system. Selig Harrison said in 1956 that Kamma lore nurtures the image of a once-proud warrior clan reduced by Reddi chicanery to its present peasant status. Reddi duplicity, recounted by Kamma historian K. Bhavaiah Choudary,
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#17327762685493536-464: The other prominent caste communities of the Telugu people. Kammas served as ministers, military generals, and governors in the Vijayanagara Empire. During the reign of Krishnadevaraya , Kammas are said to have formed the bulwark of the Vijayanagara army. Their role in protecting the last great Hindu kingdom of India was significant. Krishnadevaraya's court had a significant presence of Kamma officers, and they entered into matrimonial alliances with
3604-574: The population respectively. Languages of Guntur district (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 86.14% of the population spoke Telugu and 12.32% Urdu as their first language. The Collectorate play a pivotal role in the district administration. Collector in the cadre of IAS heads the district. He acts as the District Magistrate for maintaining Law and order in his jurisdiction. He deals mainly with planning and development. Law and Order, scheduled areas/ agency areas, general elections, arms licensing etc. The Joint Collector, who also belongs to
3672-416: The purpose of imparting (10+2) education and the students sit for the certificate of Board of Intermediate Education. AC college is the oldest private aided college of the district, established in 1885. The higher education colleges have various fields of study like medical, nursing, degree, post graduate, polytechnic, law, teaching, pharmacy, engineering, veterinary etc. The Acharya Nagarjuna University
3740-410: The royal family. It's possible that the influence of Kamma generals led to the importance of the Telugu language in Vijayanagara and the rise of Telugu colonies in Tamil Nadu. Some of the notable Kamma Nayak clans of Vijayanagara include the Pemmasanis , Sayapanenis, and Ravellas. Of the Pemmasani Nayaks , they controlled parts of Rayalaseema and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of
3808-441: The south by Bapatla district , on the west by Palnadu district and on the northwest by NTR district and north east Krishna district . Guntur Coast is located on the south east coast of India (also known as the Coromandel Coast ) (quotes from NASA site). Krishna river merges into Bay of Bengal at the coastal area of Guntur district. The braided stream channels, broad floodplain, and extensive sandbars suggest that this part of
3876-447: The state. As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 4,739 schools. They include, 32 government, 2,839 mandal and zilla parishads, 2 residential, 1329 private, 14 model, 24 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 296 municipal and 203 other types of schools. The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 637,031. The district being home to
3944-516: The title Kamma . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamma&oldid=1168832636 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Pali words and phrases Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kamma (caste) Kamma
4012-414: The traditional timescale Treta Yuga and Dvapara Yuga . Guntur District is home to the second oldest evidence of human habitation in India, in the form of Palaeolithic (old Stone Age) implements. Ancient history can be traced from the time of Sala kings who ruled during the 5th century BCE. The earliest reference to Guntur, a variant of Guntur , comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I (922–929 CE),
4080-450: The two rivers that formed the boundaries of the region, or to the Buddhist monastic institutions called sanghakammas believed to have been once prevalent in the region. As the people of the region migrated to other parts, they were often referred to as the Kamma community ( kamma-kula ). Terms such as kamma-brahmana , kamma-komati , kamma-sreshti and kamma-kapu are attested in inscriptions as descriptions of people. The migration
4148-439: Was Garthapuri. The 'Agasthyeswara Sivalayam' in the old city of Guntur is an ancient temple for Siva . It has inscriptions on two stones in 'Naga Lipi' (ancient script). It is said that Agastya built the temple in the last Treta Yuga around the Swayambhu Linga and hence the name. The 'Nagas' were said to have ruled the region. The place of Sitanagaram and the Guthikonda Caves can be traced (through Vedic Puranas ) back to
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#17327762685494216-427: Was a great boon to the Kamma farmers. Availability of water and the natural propensity for hard work made the Kammas wealthy and prosperous. The money was put to good use by establishing numerous schools and libraries and encouraging their children to take up modern education. In 1921, Kammas had the highest literacy rate among other dominant castes, such as Reddis and Kapus, though it was lower than Brahmins. The money
4284-425: Was also invested into various companies, industries, such as food processing and transportation, and moneylending. The Kammas of Tamil Nadu, who speak Telugu at home, have also excelled in the cultivation of black cotton soils and later diversified into various industrial enterprises, particularly in Coimbatore and Kovilpatti . Coimbatore was known as the ‘Manchester of South India’ and its textile industry, which
4352-405: Was apparently quite extensive, and was made by possible by the Kammanadu's strategic location with access to the Deccan plateau as well as to the regions in the south and southwest. By 1872, only one-fourth of their total population was living in the original region. But the migrants retained links to the homeland and returned to it whenever the situation was favourable. The tradition holds that
4420-481: Was consolidated by Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu, who are Shayappa Nayudu's descendants, and their rule is presented as a peaceful epoch. Although modest actors in the Deccan, their main strength lay in their ability to shift allegiances, facilitated by Niyogi Brahmins , as seen with their initial allegiance to the Vijayanagara Empire and later to the Qutb Shahis and the Nizams after Vijayanagara's demise. The Ravella Nayaks were another prominent clan that served
4488-431: Was first apparent in 1323 AD at the downfall of Andhra's Kakatiya dynasty. Reciting voluminous records to prove that Kammas dominated the Kakatiya court, Chaudary suggests that the Reddis, also influential militarists at the time, struck a deal at Kamma expense with the Moslem conquerors of the Kakatiya regime. The Kammas lost their noble rank and were forced into farming. Prior to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, creating
4556-476: Was newly formed in the year 2013. Guntur city is the one municipal corporation and district headquarter Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation is the second municipal corporation in Guntur district. Vaddeswaram is categorised as a census town. The 2 municipalities in the district are Tenali , Ponnur . Guntur Lok Sabha constituency Guntur constituency presently comprises the following legislative assembly segments: The below table categorises
4624-428: Was successively ruled by famous dynasties such as the Satavahanas , Andhra Ikshvakus , Pallavas , Ananda Gotrikas , Vishnukundina , Kota Vamsa , Chalukyas , Cholas , Kakatiyas , Musunuris , Reddys , Vijayanagara and Qutb Shahis during ancient and medieval times. The famous battle of Palnadu which is enshrined in legend and literature as Palnati Yuddham was fought in Guntur district in 1180 CE. During
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