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69-609: The English word " compound ," when referring to a development in a town, is thought to be derived from the Malay word kampung . The word kampung or kampong is derived from Bahasa Melayu (the Malay language). The word is often translated today as "village" in English. In Brunei, the term kampong (also kampung ) primarily refers to the third- and lowest-level subdivisions below districts ( Malay : daerah ) and mukim (subdistricts). Some kampong divisions are villages in

138-715: A hamlet , which is considered the opposite of the Indonesian kota ("city" in English). However, most Indonesian cities and towns initially consisted of a collection of kampung settlements. There are four typologies of kampung . They are: inner city kampung , which has very high density and is inhabited by 100,000 people per square kilometer; mid-city kampung , which is inhabited by 20,000–40,000 people per square kilometer; rural kampung , which has very low density; and squatter kampung , where people are scattered in metropolitan areas. Kampung also usually refers to

207-520: A Portuguese officer and daughter of La Putebulu from Suppa was exposed as they married secretly in Malacca, which would result in the birth of Manuel Godinho de Erédia . The Portuguese vessel had to rapidly left Sulawesi to avoid severe violence and they did not dared to travel back to the island until 1559. One member of the voyage, Manuel Pinto, decided to remain in South Sulawesi, he recorded

276-647: A greater autonomy in contrast to a nearby kingdom like Bone, which would likely dominate them. The war concluded in 1565 and a peace negotiation followed afterwards. The two states agreed in the Tengka River as their respective spheres of influence under the Treaty of Caleppa. The citizens of Bone and Gowa were also awarded equal rights in each other's jurisdiction. The ambitions for dominance continued in South Sulawesi. Between 1570 and 1591, several military operations were conducted by Gowa, in which oftentimes with

345-635: A proselytization mission facilitated by Sultan of Johor. After their new attempts to introduce the Islamic teaching once more met with opposition, they left for Luwu . This was because Luwu was the spiritual center of South Sulawesi and its indigenous belief of Dewata SewwaE had some similarities with Islam. They successfully converted the Pattiarase, Datu of Luwu and in February 1605 he took the name of Sultan Muhammad. The group then revisited Makassar and

414-510: A radical change throughout the political landscape of lowland South Sulawesi Peninsula . The trade in South Sulawesi was based on the export of rare commodities, a business which was easily dominated by an exclusive ruling class . The administrative structure is fairly basic, a majority of the states are small and in a form of a local chiefdom. A small population is sufficient to assist the elite with food, physical work and military assistance to preserve their state's independence. However, by

483-603: A settlement or compound of a certain ethnic community, which later became incorporated into a place name. Some examples include: the Kampung Melayu district in East Jakarta ; Kampung Bugis ( Buginese village); Kampung Cina (also known as Pecinan ), which refers to a Tionghoa village or could be equivalent to Chinatown as well; Kampung Ambon ( Ambonese village); Kampung Jawa ( Javanese village); and Kampung Arab ( Arab village). On

552-452: A simple clothing. The women potentially wore a skirt ; while for the men, a loincloth and possibly a headcloth. Remains of bronze and gold ornaments have also been retrieved based on archeological evidence. Pottery is evident, although bamboo containers were more extensively used together with the usage of bamboo knives. The weapons were sourced from iron and stones together with helmets and shields made from rattan . Theologically,

621-414: A social sense as defined by anthropologists, while others may only serve for census and other administrative purposes. Others have been incorporated into the city limits of the capital, Bandar Seri Begawan , or into nearby towns. A kampong is generally led by a ketua kampung or village head . Infrastructure-wise, it typically has a primary school and a balai raya or dewan kemasyarakatan ,

690-548: A sparsely populated communities, they were not living in an absolute isolation with the outside world. Instead, trade and commerce were held high and regarded to be of pivotal importance in the society. The archeological findings near Bantaeng and Ara unearthed ancient artifacts dating from 300 to 100 BC, denoting evidence that the southern part of Sulawesi has played an integral role in the axis of early insulindian trade . There are also traces of imported Chinese and other continental Southeast Asian ceramics and stoneware found in

759-946: A village in Tutong District , is known as "Kampung Keriam" by the Survey Department but "Kampong Keriam" by the Postal Services Department —both being government departments. In Cambodia, " kampong – កំពង់" is used to describe a place on a river or lake-shore where people can dock their private small boats. It also refers to a dock facility for commercial or passenger ferries and boats, such as Neak Loeung's ferry-dock (កំពង់ចម្លងអ្នកលឿង) and Akreiy Ksatr's ferry-dock (កំពង់ចម្លងអរិយក្សត្រ). The term kampong has been widely used in Cambodia, likely for thousands of years, to name places such as provinces, districts, communes and villages. Some examples include:

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828-569: Is also home to Kampong Buangkok , as featured in the film The Last Kampong . Compound (enclosure) Compound , when applied to a human habitat , refers to a cluster of buildings in an enclosure, having a shared or associated purpose, such as the houses of an extended family (e.g. the Kennedy Compound for the Kennedy family ). The enclosure may be a wall , a fence , a hedge or some other structure, or it may be formed by

897-729: Is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym . The earliest inhabitant of South Sulawesi is potentially related to the Wajak Man , of the Proto-Australoid origin. There are a few flake materials found in Walanae River valley and Maros , likely dating between 40,000 and 19,000 BC. The hunter-gatherer culture in South Sulawesi is also known as Toalean culture , and largely based on blade, flake and microlith complex. They are probably of Melanesoid or Australoid stock, hence related to

966-506: Is common to see a cemetery near the mosque. Dirt roads are more common than paved roads for village people to travel between kampongs . The British initiated the Kampong Baru ("New Village") program as an attempt to push Malays into urban life. Malaysia's long-serving prime minister Mahathir Mohamad lauded urban lifestyles in his book The Malay Dilemma and associated kampong village life with backward traditionalism. He also had

1035-402: Is likely that despite being benefited with the trade relationship, they would resist external assimilation . Thus, outside elements are almost absent in the development of native religion and the indigenous states. The intensity on the early insulindian trade has led to a gradual shift in terms of the economic development, social construct, political interest and the balance of power amongst

1104-719: Is not generally used in the sense of an unfortified enclosure, and not for homes. There, as in North American English , if used for a place, it is most likely to be taken to mean a fortified military compound . The unfortified enclosure usage was developed by the British Empire in Asia and Africa . Now it has slightly different meanings among English-speaking people in those continents: Buginese people The Bugis people , also known as Buginese , are an Austronesian ethnic group—the most numerous of

1173-502: The Indonesian population , are influential in the politics in the country; and historically influential on the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , Borneo , Lesser Sunda Islands and other parts of the archipelago where they have migrated en masse, starting in the late seventeenth century. The third president of Indonesia, B. J. Habibie , and a former vice president of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla , are Bugis descent. In Malaysia ,

1242-444: The consumption of pork ; other behaviors including consuming alcohol and opium, offerings to sacred places, worshipping at regalia, lending money with interest ( Riba ) and gambling were also condemned. As Islamization was slowly taking root among the society in the peninsula, mosques were built in each of the states and domains. Thus, appointments were made for the newly established positions of qadi , imam and khatib throughout

1311-520: The kampung setinggan (squatter settlements) cleared and new buildings constructed to house their residents. The traditional Malay kampung is found in Singapore. However, few villages remain, mostly on islands surrounding Singapore (such as Pulau Ubin ). In the past, there were many more kampung in Singapore, but they were gradually replaced by development and urbanization plans. Development plans for Kampong Glam have been controversial. Singapore

1380-585: The status as a bastion for Islamic faith. However, as far as the mid 16th century, South Sulawesi persist to be one of the few remaining significant domains in the regional native trading network where Islam has yet to take hold. While early contacts with Islam had been made since 1490 with the trading relationship between Siang and Malacca, most Bugis were still believer of the native patturioloang religion. In year 1540, two aristocrats from Makassar were baptized in Ternate . They later embarked on another visit

1449-509: The 15th century, a major economic revolution taken place, and agricultural become an important economic foundation. To continue their powers in the agrarian-based society , the ruling elites are now required to handle the near unprecedented growth on the rice -producing territories to accommodate a major population boom . Hence, in order adapt with the economic and societal change, a new system and intermediaries are needed. Trade and commerce however, still retains its essential importance for

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1518-453: The 16th century, the Bugis life is noted by a burgeoning tolerance towards foreign influences , overseas products were no longer limited to the ruling class, but also among the commoners as well. The method of home construction, remains the same. Sketches from few western sources in the first half of 17th century illustrates tall and strong wooded home raised on piles. Nonetheless, inside of

1587-893: The Batik Museum in Pekalongan , Central Java , were recognized by UNESCO regarding the "Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students" as part of the Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in Register of Good Safeguarding Practices List. The kampung s in Indonesia have attracted global tourists as well, such as Kampung Panglipuran in Bali , which

1656-685: The Bugis and Bajo were amongst the people who arrived in Melaka to trade, although they are small in numbers. Conversely, the Muslim-Malay traders from Patani , Pahang , and Ujung Tanah in the Malay Peninsula ; as well as from Champa in Indochina ; and Minangkabau in Sumatra settled throughout the port cities in the western coast, including Suppa’, Pancana-Tanete, Siang, Tallo, Sanrabone and Gowa. Due to this extensive bilateral connection,

1725-547: The Makassarese. Both kingdoms are pursuing dominance in the entirety of the Peninsula together with the important trade routes. Thus, the two growing kingdoms are bound for a major collision course and a war finally broke out in 1562. Gowa was assisted by Luwu; and also by Wajo and Soppeng, the latter two would probably preferred in favour of a distant sovereign like Luwu or Gowa, as they would furnish Wajo and Soppeng with

1794-576: The Malay-Muslim community of Macassar were awarded special privileges by the ruler of Gowa according to Lontarak Patturiolonga . However, in 1575, during the visit by Abdul Makmur (Dato' ri Bandang), one of the Minangkabau proselytizers of Islam, he noted that there are several difficulties to convert the locals — the superfluous liking towards dried boar flesh , raw deer liver diced with blood (lawa) and palm liquor. He then embarked to promulgate

1863-645: The Portuguese did not consider Bugis as their prime concern. Not until 1584 did the Portuguese send four Franciscans fathers to the area, and their stay was a short one. Also not known were the fates of the four Bugis men sent for education in Indian Goa . Subsequently, no new attempts to baptized Sulawesi were taken after the period, nor Portuguese military support against invasion by King of Gowa-Tallo, Karaeng Lakiyung Tunipalangga, which annexed and vassalized Siang alongside other Ajatappareng states. During

1932-437: The South Sulawesi economy. Rice become a major source of export; and at the same time, the economy is stimulated by the import of prestige goods from other parts of archipelago. The area potentially experienced exceptional growth following the rise of Malacca as a regional entrepôt . Conversely, the wealth for the elite families in South Sulawesi would also consequently rose due to this intensive commercial transactions, despite

2001-402: The South Sulawesi people, which has fundamentally led to the Bugis states, dynasties and polities began to flourish. The progress of inter-insular commercial activities and the increasing interactions with Maritime Silk Road were potentially among the main factors contributing to the economic prosperity for a few leading South Sulawesi communities. The period between 1200 and 1600 witnessed

2070-600: The Walannae Depression in the south-west peninsula of Sulawesi. It was here that the ancestors of the present-day Bugis settled, probably in the mid- to late second millennium B.C. The area is rich in fish and wildlife and the annual fluctuation of Lake Tempe (a reservoir lake for the Bila and Walannae rivers) allows speculative planting of wet rice, while the hills can be farmed by swidden or shifting cultivation , wet rice, hunting and gathering. Around A.D. 1200,

2139-476: The adoption of few Portuguese games notably dice , card game and marbles. The Portuguese and Spaniards also introduced new food and produce in the local diet, mainly from the New World crops : sweet potato and tobacco , and also other important items — manioc , maize and chilies . During the period, the women don under a baggy trousers and pants; the usage of short tunics and sleeves were also noted by

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2208-516: The availability of prestigious imported goods including Chinese and South-East Asian ceramics and Gujarati print-block textiles, coupled with newly discovered sources of iron ore in Luwu stimulated an agrarian revolution which expanded from the great lakes region into the lowland plains to the east, south and west of the Walennae depression. This led over the next four hundred years to the development of

2277-593: The buildings themselves, when they are built around an open area or joined together. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word compound in this sense is thought to be etymologically derived ultimately from the Malay - Indonesian word kampung or kampong , meaning 'enclosure' or 'village', probably entering English via Dutch or Portuguese. In the United Kingdom , "compound"

2346-607: The contemporary population of New Guinea or to Australian aborigines . In 2015, the remains of Bessé´ , a young woman was unearthed Leang Panninge, South Sulawesi. Dated over 7,200 years old, half of her DNA was identified to be connected to the indigenous Australians, the people in New Guinea and the Western Pacific; together with a previously unknown and unique human lineage that diverged approximately 37,000 years ago. Her DNA provided important evidence pertaining to

2415-538: The domain of Soppeng had slowly grown into prominence and slowly seemed to be resistant to accept Luwu's dominance in the area. In cooperation with a few Bugis kingdoms in the western coast — Sawitto', Alitta, Suppa' and Bacukiki'; as well as Rappang in the interior, they formed a loose confederation known as Aja'tappareng ('the lands west of the lake'). Conversely, the neighbouring Bugis territory of Wajo also possessed an aspiration for an autonomy against Luwu, and it too started to extend their influence and dominance in

2484-411: The early Bugis potentially practiced ancestor worshipping . There were also ancient rituals related to agriculture and fertility. They generally buried their corpses, although there were several cases where the deceased body were being disposed by immersion in the sea or lakes, or positioned in trees. Other mortuary practices includes cremation , especially for the rulers. Despite being located in

2553-492: The equivalent of a community centre . Because many kampongs have predominantly Muslim residents, each may also have a mosque for the Jumu'ah or Friday prayers and a school providing the Islamic religious primary education compulsory for Muslim pupils in the country. Both kampong and kampung are considered to be correct spellings, and both alternatives are common in written media and official place names. For example, Keriam ,

2622-562: The exception of Toraja highlands) have accepted Islam. Bone, subsequently would continue to Islamize its two vassal states located in the edge of the Torajan realm — namely Enrekang and Duri. The Islamisation in most of South Sulawesi have provided a platform for a faith and ideological revolution. Islamic laws and principles were observed and absorbed into the Makassar, Bugis and Mandar cultures. Dato' ri Bandang directed first towards

2691-432: The fact that trade is now not solely regarded as their single source of riches. In the 1500s, Luwu was the major political force in the Bugis heartland, with its authority proclaimed throughout a large section of the peninsula. Nevertheless, new geopolitical players that would resist its dominance were already beginning to take shape by the end of the century. The impact following the rise of Malacca were more visible in

2760-510: The following year and bought many of the region's previous materials, including gold, sandalwood and iron weapons. Antonio de Paiva, a Portuguese trader, made multiple voyages between Sulawesi and Malacca from 1542, potentially intrigued by the potential riches of the region. During his expedition to the Bugis states of Suppa' and Siang, he was involved in a theological discussion and was requested to baptize La Putebulu, Datu of Suppa' and his family, followed by king of Siang in 1544. The baptism

2829-462: The foundation of Sharia principles on the land, having emphasis on the importance of religious service at the circumcision ceremony , marriage and funerals . However, with the exception of funeral rites which were absolutely Islamized; other rites of passage based on the Islamic understanding were simply incorporated with the existing traditional practices, norms and customs. As for prohibition, there are also strong enforcement against adultery and

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2898-577: The free married women. For the affluent male, there were potentially also a favour towards western shirts and hats; and sometimes being paired together with a plume , and a jacket . The slave class and the male commoners however, would usually go topless . The aftershocks following the Fall of Malacca were potentially being strongly felt in South Sulawesi. As noted from Tomé Pires in Suma Oriental, few traders from ‘The Macassar Islands’, including

2967-575: The increasing peril imposed by the neighboring Makassarese states of Gowa-Tallo. Further baptism continued in 1545 by a priest, Father Vicente Viegas, which was involved the Christianization of Bugis rulers in Alitta and Bacukiki', according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia , kings of Sawitto and Sidenreng also participated, all were allies of Suppa' part of Ajatappareng alliance . Relations with Portuguese were still good, until an elopement between

3036-449: The interior of the present-day Bugis heartland, they become increasingly diverged from their neighbouring Makassarese , Mandarese and Torajan brethren; simultaneously, the proto-Bugis too would assimilated the former Austronesian tribes in the sparsely-populated area, a process whereby the native populations would gradually adopt the language of the new arrivals. Hence, a redesigned hybrid-identity through ethnogenesis emerged, binding

3105-704: The island of Sumatra and its surrounding islands, the indigenous peoples have distinctive architecture and building features, including longhouses and rice storage buildings in their kampung s. Malays , Karo , Batak , Toba , Minangkabau , and others build communal housing and tiered structures. The term kampung in Indonesia could refer to a business-based village as well—for example, Kampung Coklat (lit. "the Chocolate village") in Blitar , East Java , which mainly produces and sells chocolate products (bars, candies, powders, coffee, cocoa butter, etc.) from

3174-537: The local cacao farmers; Kampung Seni (lit. "the Arts/Performances village") in various places across Indonesia where local artisans make and sell their crafts; and Kampung Batik (lit. "the Batik village") which mainly produce and sell batik , offering [[Batik| batik -making]] courses and training. In 2009, several Kampung Batik , in collaboration with the other official entities such as

3243-695: The major kingdoms of South Sulawesi, and the social transformation of chiefly societies into hierarchical proto-states. The lifestyle of ancient Bugis people were, to some extent, preserved by the pagan Torajan people until the dawn of the 20th century. Their homes were mainly constructed on stilts and the communities were likely to be scattered along the river banks, sea or lake shores. The main undertakings during this period were farming rice , millet , adlay and other edible crops, catching fish and shellfish, obtaining forest produce and hunting wild animals. Buffaloes were imported and used for important occasions. The earliest inhabitants potentially clad under

3312-483: The more wealthy homes, some foreign furnitures, namely tables and chairs began to emerge, and basic wall opening sometimes become real windows with shutters . The Bugis names for these objects signaled their Portuguese connection , Jandela (window) deriving from Janela , Kadera (chairs) from Cadeira ; and Mejang (table) from Mesa . A gradual change is also noted in the household tools and utensils, including glasses and Iberian-style jugs and trays. There were also

3381-427: The original elements derived from the indigenous people together with the introduction of revolutionary techniques, items and ideas bought by the new settlers, including weaving , metal arts and theological doctrine. The society however, remains largely divided between two separate classes, the prevailing nobility and the common people. The homeland of the Bugis is the area around Lake Tempe and Lake Sidenreng in

3450-419: The paternal ancestors of the Bugis is also supported by studies of Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups . Christian Pelras, an anthropologist , hypothesized that the proto-Bugis were potentially arrived from abroad, possibly from Borneo , to the western seaboard of South Sulawesi. Their arrival was largely drawn to control the mineral and natural resources in the hinterland. As the group began to spread towards

3519-687: The people of South Sulawesi were generally well aware on the political-religious changes taken place in the western half of the archipelago. It can be inferred that following the Conquest of Malacca by the Portuguese Conquistadors , the trading links intensified between South Sulawesi to other commercial powerhouse: namely Johor and Patani in the peninsula , Acheh in Sumatra , Banjarmasin in Borneo and Demak in Java — all having

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3588-580: The political development and involved in discussions with several Bugis-Makassar rulers in the region before returning to Malacca (via Java). However Datu of Suppa and its population alongside other Ajatappareng states remain largely Christians according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia . Following the restoration of economic relations with the Portuguese Malacca in 1559, there were repeated requests made from South Sulawesi primarily Ajatappareng states for priests, however not many were available and

3657-484: The pre-Islamic cemeteries. However, in contrast to much of Southeast Asia, the indicators of Hindu and Buddhist materials are rather sparse in South Sulawesi cultures. Their writing system , and some of their names and words, along with few Buddhist bronze images found in Mandar and Bantaeng only suggest that the existence of trade relations made with the western archipelago and the presence of foreigners alike. It

3726-426: The provinces of Kampong Som (ក្រុងកំពង់សោម; currently Sihanoukville), Kampong Cham (ខេត្តកំពង់ចាម), Kampong Thom (ខេត្តកំពង់ធំ), Kampong Chhnang (ខេត្តកំពង់ឆ្នាំង), and Kampong Speu (ខេត្តកំពង់ស្ពឺ); the districts of Kampong Trach (ស្រុកកំពង់ត្រាច), Kampong Trolach (ស្រុកកំពង់ត្រឡាច), and Kampong Siem (ស្រុកកំពង់សៀម); the communes of Kampong Khleang (ឃុំកំពង់ឃ្លាំង) and Kampong Kdei (ឃុំកំពង់ក្តី); and

3795-540: The reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), Sultan Ibrahim and eighth prime minister , Muhyiddin Yassin , have Bugis ancestry. Most Bugis people speak a distinct regional language called Bugis ( Basa Ugi ) in addition to Indonesian . The Bugis language belongs to the South Sulawesi language group ; other members include Makassarese , Torajan , Mandarese and Massenrempulu . The name Bugis

3864-463: The resumption of Portuguese-South Sulawesi relations in 1559, the political dynamic of the region have effectively morphed. The Makassarese state of Gowa had exerted his influence towards the north, and absorbed many Bugis states that have had a friendly relations towards the Portuguese. Simultaneously, the Kingdom of Bone also commenced its southward expansion, and soon come into a direct contact with

3933-560: The support of Luwu. Although a distant power, Gowa tend to be rather hard towards its Bugis vassals of Wajo and Soppeng, this made these two states become inclined to the invitation by Bone to restore their autonomy . In 1590, the three kingdoms (Wajo, Soppeng and Bone) entered an alliance known as Tellumpocco'e , 'the Three Summits' or 'the Big Three'. In 1590, Daeng Mammeta embarked on another campaign to annihilate Wajo, but he

4002-727: The surrounding areas. By 1490, they entered an agreement with Luwu, and in the agreement they would no longer be considered as "its servant" but as a "Luwu's child". By 1498, the Wajorse enthroned Arung Matoa Puang ri Ma'galatung as their ruler, he would later turn the domain as one of the major Bugis Kingdom. The lower western seaboard, the Bugis Kingdom of Bone under the rule of King Kerrampelua' (c.1433–83) had also enacted an expansion plan to absorb parts of neighboring Luwu territories into its vassalage. Thus, by two centuries later, it has become an area for intense confrontation between

4071-883: The teaching of Islam in the Kingdom of Kutei , eastern Borneo, in which he was more triumphant. In 1580, the Sultan of Ternate, Babullah, advised the ruler of Gowa to embrace the teaching of Islam, the king declined. However, as a gesture of kindness, he awarded the Makassar-Malay community the consent to construct a mosque . Abdul Makmur returned to Makassar with Sulaiman (Dato' ri Pa'timang) and Abdul Jawad (Dato' ri Tiro). All three of them are from Minangkabau and likely to have been educated in Aceh, before they visited Johor-Riau to study South Sulawesi culture from Bugis-Makassar sailors, followed by study under Wali Songo of Java , in

4140-487: The three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi (the others being Makassarese and Torajan ), in the south-western province of Sulawesi , third-largest island of Indonesia . The Bugis in 1605 converted to Islam from Animism . Although the majority of Bugis are Muslim, a small minority adhere to Christianity as well as a pre-Islamic indigenous belief called Tolotang . The Bugis, whose population numbers around six million and constitutes less than 2.5% of

4209-582: The three of them later managed promoted Islam to the Gowan ruler, to become Muslim under the name of Sultan Ala’uddin. In November 1607, the first public prayers were promulgated in the newly constructed Tallo' Mosque. Conversion began slowly and adapted with native Ammatoa practitioners centered in Bulukumba. The twin kingdom of Gowa and Tallo persuaded other South Sulawesi Kingdoms to emulate their move on adopting Islam as their religion. When this invitation

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4278-551: The two kingdoms. While the Makassarese , traditionally occupied the deep down in the south and the western coast of the peninsula were mainly concentrated their political rule in Siang and Bantaeng (the latter was potentially still under Luwu's nominal control). However, the small twin states of Gowa and Tallo (better known by foreigners as a single state of Makassar) were started to gain its importance during this period. By

4347-548: The understanding on ancient human migration. Their Austronesian ancestors settled on Sulawesi around 2500 B.C. There is "historical linguistic evidence of some late Holocene immigration of Austronesian speakers to South Sulawesi from Taiwan "—which means that the Bugis have "possible ultimate ancestry in South China", and that as a result of this immigration, "there was an infusion of an exogenous population from China or Taiwan ." Migration from South China by some of

4416-552: The villages of Kampong Prasat (ភូមិកំពង់ប្រាសាទ), Kampong Krabei (ភូមិកំពង់ក្របី), and Kampong Our (ភូមិកំពង់អ៊ួរ ). (Page 37, Chun Nat, Dictionnaire Cambodgien, Institut Bouddhique , Phnom Penh, 1967). Based on the examples above, the meaning of kampong in Khmer can also arguably be defined as "an area or place located near a river or lake that people named as their own after they arrived, or formed their community at afterward." In Indonesia , kampung generally refers to

4485-399: The western coast of South Sulawesi, an area with a high concentration of Malay and Minangkabau merchants arriving from the west. It slowly gained the attention of the kingdoms of Soppeng and Sindereng, with the pursuit to include the area in their territorial expansions, these Bugis states have already lost their direct sea access in the west coast by Luwu. Sidenreng, a tributary under

4554-532: Was also concluded with a military alliance with both states. De Paiva's return to Malacca was not only together with official gifts to the Kingdom of Portugal , but also accompanied with four young Bugis men who would later attend the Jesuit college in Indian Goa . The two Bugis Kings also requested priests and a possible military support from the Portuguese Malaccan governor, potentially to curb

4623-482: Was awarded as one of the world's cleanest villages in 2016. In Malaysia, a kampung is defined as a locality with 10,000 or fewer people. Since historical times, every Malay village has operated under the leadership of a penghulu (village chief), who has the power to hear civil matters in his village (see Courts of Malaysia for more details). A Malay village typically contains a mosque or surau , paddy fields or orchards, and wooden Malay houses on stilts. It

4692-477: Was declined, they launched a series of military actions known as "the Islamic wars". In 1608, the west coast states of Bacukiki', Suppa', Sa wino' and Mandar; and in the east coast, Akkotengeng and Sakkoli' submitted; followed by subjugation of Sidenreng and Soppeng in 1609, Wajo in 1610. Pursuant to the submission from the Bugis state of Bone in 1611, most of the South Sulawesi Peninsula (with

4761-545: Was killed during an amok . A truce was followed soon after in 1591, the peace negotiation, under the Treaty of Caleppa was thus renewed. In the later half of the 16th century, the contest between Islam and Christianity was still largely undecided in South Sulawesi Peninsula. Most of the surrounding kingdoms in Sulawesi have already become Muslims under the sway of Ternate -Gorontalo in 1525 and Buton in 1542. There were already individual converts in South Sulawesi. In 1550,

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