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27-462: The headwaters of the river rise in the Sayan Mountains and flow from there in a northerly direction through Kansk and then in a westerly direction through Zelenogorsk , entering Yenisei at Ust-Kan , 69 kilometres (43 mi) north-east of Krasnoyarsk. ПрфА This Krasnoyarsk Krai location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

54-591: A right angle to the Western Sayan for 1,000 km (620 mi) in a northwest/southeast direction, from the Yenisei to the Angara Range . Some subranges of the northwest form a system of "White Mountains" (Белогорье) or " Belki ", such as Manskoye Belogorye, Kanskoye Belogorye, Kuturchinskoye Belogorye, as well as Agul Belki (Агульские Белки), with permanent snow on the peaks. In the central part, towards

81-472: A river in Siberia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sayan Mountains The Sayan Mountains ( Mongolian : Соёны нуруу , Soyonii nuruu ; Old Turkic : 𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤 , romanized:  Kögmen ) are a mountain range in southern Siberia spanning southeastern Russia ( Buryatia , Irkutsk Oblast , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Tuva and Khakassia ) and northern Mongolia . Before

108-1182: A roughly northeast/southwest direction between the Shapshal Range of the Eastern Altai in the west and the Abakan Range of the Kuznetsk Alatau in the east. From the Mongolian plateau the ascent is on the whole gentle, but from the plains of Siberia it is much steeper. The range includes a number of subsidiary ranges of an Alpine character, such as the Aradan , Borus , Oy , Kulumys , Mirsky , Kurtushibin , Uyuk , Sheshpir-Taiga , Ergak-Targak-Taiga , Kedran and Nazarovsky ranges. The most important peaks are Kyzlasov Peak (2,969 m (9,741 ft)), Aradansky Peak (2,456 m (8,058 ft)), Bedelig Golets (2,492 m (8,176 ft)), Samzhir (2,402 m (7,881 ft)), Borus (2,318 m (7,605 ft)) and Zvezdny Peak (2,265 m (7,431 ft)). Between

135-537: A snowline depression of 1500 m against the current height of the snowline. Under the condition of a comparable precipitation ratio there might result from this a glacial depression of the average annual temperature of 7.5 to 9 °C for the Last Ice Age against today. According to Sev’yan I. Vainshtein , Sayan reindeer herding, as historically practiced by the Evenks , is "the oldest form of reindeer herding and

162-535: Is a National Park bigger than Yellowstone and strictly protected as a transition zone between Central Asian Steppe and the Siberian Taiga . Despite Hovsgol's protected status, illegal fishing is common and prohibitions against commercial fishing with gillnets are seldom enforced. The lake is traditionally considered sacred in a land suffering from arid conditions where most lakes are salty. The Hövsgöl (Khövsgöl) Long-term Ecological Research Site (LTERS)

189-632: Is a lake in Khövsgöl Province , Mongolia . It is the largest freshwater lake in the country by volume and second largest by area after Uvs Lake . It is nicknamed the "Younger sister" of those two "sister lakes". The lake's name is also spelled Hovsgol , Khövsgöl , or Huvsgul in English texts. In Mongolian it is also referred to as Хөвсгөл далай ( Hövsgöl dalai ; lit.   ' Ocean Khövsgöl ' ) or Далай ээж ( Dalai éj ; lit.   ' Ocean Mother ' ). Lake Khuvsgul

216-575: Is a protected and isolated area, having been kept closed by the Soviet Union since 1944. At 92°E the Western Sayan system is pierced by the Ulug-Khem ( Russian : Улуг-Хем ) or Upper Yenisei River , and at 106°, at its eastern extremity, it terminates above the depression of the Selenga - Orkhon Valley . It stretches almost at a right angle to the Western Sayan for 650 km (400 mi) in

243-599: Is associated with the earliest domestication of the reindeer by the Samoyedic taiga population of the Sayan Mountains at the turn of the first millennium A.D." The Sayan region was apparently the origin of the economic and cultural complex of reindeer hunters-herdsmen that we now see among the various Evenki groups and the peoples of the Sayan area. The ancestors of modern Evenki groups inhabited areas adjacent to

270-546: Is located about 11 km from the lake's eastern shore, and 50 km north of the town of Hatgal . Khuvsgul is one of seventeen ancient lakes in the world, being more than 2 million years old, and the most pristine (apart from Lake Vostok ), as well as being the most significant drinking water reserve of Mongolia. Its water is potable without any treatment. Hovsgol is an ultra oligotrophic lake with low levels of nutrients, primary productivity and high water clarity ( Secchi depths > 18 m are common). The Lake area

297-712: Is located farther westwards (e.g. in the Volga - Kama region ) while the Proto-Turkic homeland is located farther eastwards (e.g. "in the southern fringe of the [Northern Eurasian Greenbelt] in Northeast Asia ... near eastern Mongolia"). The Sayan Solar Observatory is located in these mountains ( 51°37′18″N 100°55′07″E  /  51.62167°N 100.91861°E  / 51.62167; 100.91861 ) at an altitude of 2,000 meters. Lake Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l Lake Khövsgöl ( Mongolian : Хөвсгөл нуур )

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324-514: Is located in the northwest of Mongolia near the Russian border , at the foot of the eastern Sayan Mountains . It is 1,645 metres (5,397 feet) above sea level , 136 kilometres (85 miles) long and 262 metres (860 feet) deep. It is the second-most voluminous freshwater lake in Asia, and holds almost 70% of Mongolia's fresh water and 0.4% of all the fresh water in the world. The town of Hatgal lies at

351-478: Is species-poor compared to that of Lake Baikal. Species of commercial and recreational interest include Eurasian perch ( Perca fluviatilis ), burbot ( Lota lota ), lenok ( Brachymystax lenok ), and the endangered endemic Hovsgol grayling ( Thymallus nigrescens ). Though endangered by poaching during its spawning runs, the Hovsgol grayling is still abundant throughout much of the lake. The name Khövsgöl

378-481: Is strong enough to carry heavy trucks; transport routes on its surface offer shortcuts to the normal roads. However, this practice is now forbidden, to prevent pollution of the lake from both oil leaks and trucks breaking through the ice. An estimated 30–40 vehicles have broken through the ice into the lake over the years. There is a roughly elliptical island in the middle of the lake, named Wooden Boy Island , measuring 3 km east–west and 2 km north–south. It

405-838: The Mator and Kamas peoples being assimilated altogether. According to Juha Janhunen , and other linguists, the homeland of the Uralic languages is located in South-Central Siberia in the Sayan Mountains region. Meanwhile, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern taiga - steppe zone of the Sayan-Altay region. Alternatively, the Proto-Uralic homeland

432-462: The Eastern Sayan, as well as the highest point of the whole Sayan system, 3,491 m (11,453 ft) high Mount Munku-Sardyk , is located in the range of the same name in this area. 2,939 m (9,642 ft) high Pik Tofalariya is the highest point of Irkutsk Oblast . The mountains of the Eastern Sayan characteristically display alpine relief forms. In general, rivers flowing down from

459-532: The Sayan Mountains, and it is highly likely that they took part in the process of reindeer domestication along with the Samoyedic population." The local indigenous groups that have retained their traditional lifestyle nowadays live almost exclusively in the area of the Eastern Sayan mountains. However, the local reindeer herding communities were greatly affected by russification and sovietization , with many Evenks losing their traditional lifestyle and groups like

486-481: The Snirsdaja valley, outlet glaciers flowed to the north to Lake Baikal. The Snirsdaja-valley-outlet glacier has calved, among other outlet glaciers, at c. 400 m asl into Lake Baikal (51°27’N/104°51’E). The glacial (Würm ice age = Last Glacial Period = MIS 2) glacier snowline (ELA) as altitude limit between glacier feeding area and ablation zone has run in these mountains between 1450 and 1250 m asl. This corresponds to

513-482: The Tunkinskaya Dolina valley, joining to a c. 30 km-wide parent glacier. Its glacier tongue that flowed down to the east, to Lake Baikal, came to an end at 500 m asl (51°48’28.98"N/103°0’29.86"E). The Khamar Daban mountains were covered by a large-scale ice cap filling up the valley relief. From its valley heads, e.g. the upper Slujanka valley (51°32’N/103°37’E), but also through parallel valleys like

540-437: The breach of the Yenisei and Lake Khövsgöl at 100° 30' E. the system bears also the name of Yerghik-Taiga. The flora is on the whole poor, although the higher regions carry good forests of larch , pine , juniper , birch , and alder , with rhododendrons and species of Berberis and Ribes . Lichens and mosses clothe many of the boulders that are scattered over the upper slopes. The Eastern Sayan stretches almost at

567-402: The lake, showing that even small rural populations can cause high plastics pollution levels, as high as elsewhere around the world. The park is home to a variety of wildlife such as ibex , argali , elk , wolf , wolverine , musk deer , brown bear , Siberian moose , and sable . It has also been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International . Hovsgol's fish community

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594-500: The ranges form gorges and there is an abundance of waterfalls in the area. In this area that currently shows only small cirque glaciers, at glacial times glaciers have flowed down from the 3492 m high Munku Sardyk massif situated west of Lake Baikal and from the 12.100 km extended completely glaciated granite-gneiss plateau (2300 m asl) of the East-Sayan mountains as well as the east-connected 2600 – 3110 m-high summits in

621-588: The rapid expansion of the Tsardom of Russia , the mountain range served as the border between Mongolian and Russian cultures and cultural influences. The Sayan Mountains' towering peaks and cool lakes southwest of Tuva give rise to the tributaries that merge to become one of Siberia's major rivers, the Yenisei River , which flows north over 3,400 kilometres (2000 mi) to the Arctic Ocean . This

648-514: The southern border of the great Siberian taiga forest, where the dominant tree is the Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica ). The lake is surrounded by several mountain ranges. The highest mountain is the Bürenkhaan / Mönkh Saridag (3,492 metres (11,457 feet)), whose peak, north of the lake, lies exactly on the border with Russia . The lake freezes over completely in winter, and the ice cover

675-597: The southern end of the lake. Lake Khuvsgul's watershed is relatively small, and it has only small tributaries. It is drained at the southern end by the Egiin Gol , which connects to the Selenge and ultimately flows into Lake Baikal . Between the two lakes, its waters travel more than 1,000 km (621 mi), and fall 1,169 metres (3,835 feet), although the line-of-sight distance is only about 200 km (124 mi). Its location in northern Mongolia forms one part of

702-834: The upper reaches of the Kazyr and Kizir rivers, several ridges, such as the Kryzhin Range form a cluster culminating in the 2,982 m (9,783 ft) high Grandiozny Peak , the highest point in Krasnoyarsk Krai. To the southeast rise the highest and most remote subranges, including the Bolshoy Sayan and Kropotkin Range , as well as " Goltsy " type of mountains, such as the Tunka Goltsy , Kitoy Goltsy , Botogolsky Goltsy , among others. The highest point of

729-538: Was established in 1997 and an extensive research program began soon thereafter. Now part of an international network of long-term study sites, the Hövsgöl LTERS provides a stage for nurturing Mongolia's scientific and environmental infrastructures, studying climate change, and developing sustainable responses to some of environmental challenges facing the lake and its watershed. Recent studies has identified high levels of plastic pollution (esp. microplastics ) in

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