150-585: Kangaroo Island , also known as Karta Pintingga (lit. '[The] Island of the Dead' in the language of the Kaurna people), is Australia 's third-largest island , after Tasmania and Melville Island . It lies in the state of South Australia , 112 km (70 mi) southwest of Adelaide . Its closest point to the mainland is Snapper Point in Backstairs Passage , which is 13.5 km (8.4 mi) from
300-523: A "natural" condition that would not have existed at the time of European occupation. Items of Kaurna material culture, such as traditional objects, spears, boomerangs and nets etc. are extremely rare. Interest in collecting and conserving Kaurna culture was not common until their display at the 1889 Paris Exhibition spurred an interest in Indigenous culture, by which time the Kaurna traditional culture
450-648: A 25% stake in the voyage and they returned to Nantes on 8 December 1784. On 21 April 1785, he wrote to Benjamin Franklin requesting a recommendation to be accepted as a member of the Society of the Cincinnati . He signed his letter 'Commander of the private frigate Comte d'Angevilliers , Maison Peltier du Doyer quai de l'hôpital'. On 22 July 1785, the Baudin brothers bought Caroline , a ship of 200 tons, built by
600-507: A bed of grass. An elderly woman was lying on her side, draped in a fishing net and wrapped in a Kangaroo skin cloak. The grave was topped with a layer of grass covered by marine sponges. Similar to a Peramangk dreamtime legend, the Kaurna regard the 35 miles from the Mount Lofty Ranges to Nuriootpa as the body of a giant called Nganno (often pronounced Nunoo) who was killed there after attacking their tribe. The peaks of
750-630: A botanical garden on the Caribbean island of Martinique . Born a commoner in Saint-Martin-de-Ré on the Île de Ré on 17 February 1754, Nicolas Baudin joined the merchant navy as an apprentice ( pilotin ) at the age of 15; he was then "of average height with brown hair". He then joined the French East India Company at the age of 20 on Flamand . He returned from India on L'Étoile and arrived at Lorient . At
900-546: A ceremony led by elder Jeffrey Newchurch at Kingston Park Coastal Reserve , south of Adelaide . John Carty, Head of Humanities at the South Australian Museum , said that the museum was "passionate" about working with the Kaurna people to repatriate their ancestors , and would also be helping to educate the community about what it means to Aboriginal people. The Museum continues to receive further remains of Aboriginal people from overseas museums, in addition to
1050-791: A combined 6 MW through the Kingscote substation to provide stability of supply if the submarine cables are unavailable. Kangaroo Island is reliant on ferry services for the majority of its transport to and from the mainland. Ferry services are currently provided by two companies, Kangaroo Island SeaLink which uses two ferries, the Sealion 2000 and the Spirit of Kangaroo Island , to provide freight and passenger services, and Kangaroo Island Connect, which commenced services in June 2018 and provides passenger services only. From 1907 to 1961, Karatta
1200-527: A day or two later. The arrival of the Africaine , under John Finlay Duff , in November that year, was notable for the deaths of E. W. Osborne and Dr. John Slater, who perished on an exploratory trek from Cape Borda to Kingscote. A number of shore-based bay whaling stations operated on the coast in the 1840s. These were located at Doyle's Bay, D'Estrees Bay and Hog Bay. Numerous ships have been wrecked on
1350-704: A fur-trading venture to the north-west coast of America, but the ship foundered off Asuncion Island in the Northern Marianas Islands in late 1789. Baudin made his way to Mauritius, where he purchased a replacement ship, Jardinière II , but this vessel was wrecked in a cyclone that struck Port Louis on 15 December 1789. Baudin embarked on the Spanish Royal Philippines Company ship, Placeres , which sailed from Port Louis for Cadiz in August 1790. Placeres called at
1500-560: A general store and fuel and are home to hotels. Facilities such as banking and large supermarkets are available in Kingscote and Penneshaw . According to the 2021 Census, the island has a population of 4,894. Population growth has slowed in past years, with the attraction of mainland Australia for younger adults being the key factor. Censuses show the number of residents aged 55 and over increased from 24.1% in 2001 to 29.8% in 2006, 34.9% in 2011, 41% in 2016, and 43.5% in 2021. The economy
1650-413: A hard battle, Baudin escaped, but two other ships owned by Beaumarchais were captured. Reaching Saint-Domingue, the ship sank on 23 March 1783 at Puerto Plata, but the freight was saved. He negotiated for it and set off once again for Nantes on 23 April on Prince Royal , which he had bought on the spot. On 30 August he resold the boat, which in the meantime had become Union des 6 Frères , to Robert Pitot,
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#17327724255641800-597: A newly purchased ship, renamed Belle Angelique . The expedition returned to France in June 1798 with a large collection of plants, birds and insects , which was incorporated into Bonaparte's triumphal procession, on 27 July, celebrating his recent Italian victories. On the recommendation of the Naval Minister to the Directory, Baudin was reinstated into the navy with the rank of Chief of Staff to Admiral Bruix , who at his request, granted to Marie-Etienne Peltier
1950-478: A search for fauna and flora that could be brought back for cultivation in France. The expedition would also have the aim of promoting the economic and commercial interests of France in the regions to be visited. The expedition would require two well-equipped ships, which would carry a team of astronomers, naturalists and scientific draughtsmen over whom Baudin as commander would have absolute authority. The first part of
2100-788: A serious drop in numbers in the early 1830s (and possibly again in 1889) due to a smallpox epidemic which is thought to have originated in the eastern states and spread along the Murray River as Indigenous groups traded with each other. This devastated their lives in every way. An outbreak of typhoid, due to pollution by Europeans of the River Torrens , lead to many deaths and a rapid population decline, though accurate figures were not recorded. Many contracted other diseases against which they lacked immunity, such as measles , whooping cough , typhus , dysentery and influenza. The groups lost their identities as they merged with others, and
2250-591: A shipbuilder from the Isle de France who had just been freed from an English prison, and established himself as a trader in Bordeaux. The insurance company reimbursed Beaumarchais through his shipbuilder Peltier Dudoyer. On 16 April 1784, Baudin left once more for Saint-Domingue on Comte d'Angevillier , 1,000 tons with eight cannon, and built by Jean Peltier. He was still accompanied by his brother Alexandre Baudin as first mate. They were now 29 and 27 years old. Baudin had
2400-456: A shopping trolley'. The vessel subsequently underwent a A$ 1 million refit of its propulsion system in September 1989 which improved its reliability. Island Seaway began to experience competition from Kangaroo Island SeaLink which began services from Cape Jervis to Penneshaw in 1989. SeaLink acquired the ferry service originally introduced by Peter March. His "Philanderer Ferries" pioneered
2550-503: A short-lived venture with SeaWay , which travelled from Wirrina Cove to Kingscote from September 2004 until February 2005. SeaWay could not handle rough weather as well as SeaLink vessels which impacted the service's reliability. Under different proprietorship, SeaWay recommenced services in August 2007. However, in May 2008, the operator of SeaWay announced suspension of services until October 2008, citing increased fuel prices. In June 2008
2700-471: A speech to the local Indigenous population through a translator, William Wyatt (later third interim Protector of Aborigines ), assisted by Williams and Cronk. Gawler actively encouraged the settlers to learn Kaurna, and advocated using the Kaurna names for geographic landmarks. In October 1838 two German missionaries , Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schürmann , arrived on the same ship as Gawler in 1838, and immediately set about learning and documenting
2850-707: A storm while attempting to enter Table Bay at the Cape of Good Hope. Baudin survived the wreck and made his way to the US, from where he went to France. As the Cape had been occupied by the English in June 1795, Baudin went back to New England. On 23 November 1795, he set sail from New York as a passenger on board the American ship, Ocean , under the command of Captain Vredemburgh and also accompanied by General de Rochambeau ,
3000-506: A succession of smaller airlines from the 1970s tried with varying success to maintain a 'second string' presence. Island Air and Pagas operated briefly in the 1970s, whilst the most successful, Emu Airways , commenced in 1980 and made its final flight in November 2005. Emu flew Piper Chieftain aircraft to Kingscote, American River, Penneshaw and Parndana, before air regulations dictated abandonment of all airstrips except Kingscote. Air Kangaroo Island (formerly Air Transit), flew Cessna 402s to
3150-546: A suite of nine zoologists and botanists, including Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour . Baudin left Le Havre on 19 October 1800, stopped off in Santa Cruz de Tenerife , then sailed straight to the Ile de France arriving on 15 March 1801, 145 days later. The over-long voyage, with early rationing, left sailors and scientists feeling discouraged, but the colony was happy to build up the crews in case of conflict and to make use of
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#17327724255643300-705: A week from Melbourne over the peak tourist season in December and January. An $ 18 million upgrade of the Kingscote Airport was completed in May 2018. Around 1938, the Salt Company on Kangaroo Island used a rail tractor built by W. Day & Sons of South Melbourne to transport salt on a short narrow gauge railway between its factory and the port in Muston . Salt was obtained from Muston Lake, White Lagoon, Salt Lagoon and smaller lagoons near Kingscote . It
3450-458: A woman always lived with her husband's band following her marriage. Each band was also composed of two exogamous moieties , the Karuru and Mattari, which traced their descent matrilineally to an ancestral totemic being. All the children of a marriage would take their mother's moiety as children were considered to have "inherited" their "flesh and blood" from their mothers alone. Marriage within
3600-409: Is South Australia's first colonial settlement. It was later suggested that Kingscote could serve as the capital of South Australia, but the island's resources were insufficient to support such a large community, so the settlement of Adelaide was chosen. There are several smaller towns on the island. Penneshaw , the second largest town on Kangaroo Island, has a population of around 300 and is located on
3750-549: Is a teacher of Kaurna language and culture. Nicolas Baudin Nicolas Thomas Baudin ( French: [nikɔla bodɛ̃] ; 17 February 1754 – 16 September 1803) was a French explorer, cartographer, naturalist and hydrographer, most notable for his explorations in Australia and the southern Pacific . He carried a few corms of Gros Michel banana from Southeast Asia , depositing them at
3900-486: Is based on The Kaurna People (1989). Many Kaurna people grew up in Bukkiyana (Point Pearce mission) and Raukkan (Macleay mission) and experienced some aspects of Narungga and Ngarrindjeri culture, and gradually started reclaiming Kaurna skills and Dreaming stories. The Kaurna Aboriginal Community and Heritage Association ( KACHA ) is recognised as the representative body for all Kaurna people. Starting life as
4050-520: Is connected to the main South Australian power grid by a pair of 33 kV subsea cables across Backstairs Passage. The original 30-year-old 10,000 kVA cable was retained when the second cable, with double its capacity, was laid in 2018 at a cost of $ 45 million. Before the new cable was commissioned, University of Technology Sydney conducted a study to assess the viability of renewable energy technology being used to independently generate
4200-552: Is expected to reach the mark of $ 168 million by December 2020. Some of the most popular tourist spots are: Kangaroo Island is also considered to be one of South Australia's best locations for scuba diving, with many popular locations along the north coast. Many of South Australia's iconic marine species can be seen there, including the Leafy seadragon . Penneshaw jetty is known for its Gorgonian corals and there are many other timber jetties and shipwrecks that can be dived and enjoyed around
4350-460: Is mostly agricultural (grapes, honey, wool, meat and grain). Traditionally, sheep grazing has been the key element in agriculture on the Island; however, in recent times, more diverse crops, such as potatoes and canola , have been introduced. Cattle farming has grown as well, with good quality beef cattle being raised in the higher rainfall areas. Tourism and fishing also play significant roles, with
4500-487: Is now in doubt, following the collapse of Great Southern Plantation Ltd. in May 2009. The island has 30 wine growers and 12 wineries. The first vineyard was planted near Eastern Cove in 1976 and the first wine made in 1982. This was blended with Tolleys Barossa wine and sold from the cellar door of Eastern Cove Wine as KI-Barossa blend. The Florance vineyard was established under supervision of B. Hayes, who produced its first wine – Eastern Cove Cygnet – and introduced it at
4650-613: Is possible on the northern beaches, such as Emu Bay, Stokes Bay or Snellings Beach, and at Island Beach on the Dudley Peninsula. The south coast has dangerous undertows and is more suitable for stronger and experienced swimmers only. An ocean pool with easy shore and pontoon access exists at Kingscote and is free to use. The island is home to the Kangaroo Island Football League and has several other organised sporting competitions. Kangaroo Island
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4800-580: The Campbell Macquarie , which was engaged in salt harvesting on the island. When she was wrecked later that year, 30 tons of the mineral was recovered from her cargo. Most ships of the " First Fleet of South Australia " that brought settlers for the new colony first stopped at Nepean Bay. The first was Duke of York commanded by Captain Robert Clark Morgan on 27 or 28 July 1836; Lady Mary Pelham , under Robert Ross, arrived
4950-618: The Adelaide Hills , and the Warriparinga Living Kaurna Cultural Centre in Marion , and claiming that they were owed nearly $ 50 million in rent. The South Australian Government rejected the claim. The Kaurna people were a hunter-gatherer society, who changed their dwellings according to climatic conditions: in summer they would camp near the coastal springs fishing for mulloway . With
5100-533: The Adelaide tribe by the early settlers. Kaurna culture and language were almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the British colonisation of South Australia in 1836. However, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. The phrase Kaurna meyunna means "Kaurna people". The early settlers of South Australia referred to
5250-859: The Bedford Park area ( Warriparinga ), down the Fleurieu Peninsula , and efforts have been made to preserve and commemorate it where possible. Munaitjerlo is an ancestral being who created the Moon and stars before himself becoming the Sun. The word Munaitjerlo was believed by Teichelmann to also refer to the Kaurna Dreamtime itself. The mythology of the Mura-Muras, ancestral beings who created landscape features and introduced laws and initiation, can be found in southwest Queensland ,
5400-730: The British Bee Journal , 1 November 1885, added "They came from the apiary of Mr. Chas. Fullwood." A. E. Bonney quickly commenced queen bee breeding near Adelaide at his Upper Kensington apiary in January 1884. In the South Australian Advertiser , 7 March 1884, Bonney stated "About three weeks ago I divided the original colony, and the Chamber of Manufactures now possesses three good swarms of Ligurians; two of these will probably be ready to send out towards
5550-530: The Fleurieu Peninsula . The native population of Aboriginal Australians that once occupied the island (sometimes referred to as the Kartan people ) disappeared from the archaeological record sometime after the land became an island following the rising sea levels associated with the Last Glacial Period around 10,000 years ago. It was subsequently settled intermittently by sealers and whalers in
5700-645: The Northern Territory and in the Flinders Ranges through to Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. As it is known that the Kaurna shared a common Dreaming with these peoples it is likely they shared the Mura-Muras as well. By way of contrast, the travels of Tjilbruke are well known from Norman Tindale 's research. The Kaurna seasonal calendar is divided into four seasons, roughly equivalent to summer, autumn, winter and spring: From
5850-571: The SeaWay's operating company was placed in administration and the vessel advertised for sale. With the introduction by SeaLink of the Island Navigator , the fate of Island Seaway was sealed, with the service subsequently withdrawn and SeaLink drawing on Government subsidies to operate all freight services to and from the Island. SeaLink now holds a virtual monopoly on sea transport to Kangaroo Island, primarily due to its long term lease of
6000-502: The South Australia Act 1834 which enabled the province of South Australia to be established, acknowledged Aboriginal ownership and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would "affect the rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own persons or in the persons of their descendants of any land therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such natives". Although
6150-626: The Thura-Yura branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages . The first word lists taken down of the Kaurna language date to 1826. A knowledge of Kaurna language was keenly sought by many of the early settlers. William Williams and James Cronk were the first settlers to gain a working knowledge of the language, and to publish a Kaurna wordlist, which they did in 1840. When George Gawler , South Australia's third Governor, arrived in October 1838, he gave
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6300-904: The Tjilbruke Track Committee based at the South Australian Museum, it was renamed as the Kaurna Heritage Committee before growing into KACHA, which encompasses broader issues than cultural heritage concerns, including rebuilding the language and culture. The Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation represents Kaurna people, and was involved in the creation of the Wangayarta memorial park and burial site in 2021. There are at least two groups of Kaurna traditional dancers in South Australia: Many places around Adelaide and
6450-477: The federal government and the Kaurna people, with formal recognition coming after the Federal Court judgement, 18 years after lodgement. This was the first claim for a first land use agreement to be agreed to in any Australian capital city. The rights cover Adelaide's whole metropolitan area and includes "17 parcels of undeveloped land not under freehold". Some of the land is Crown land , some belongs to
6600-412: The last glacial period . Known as (Karta) Pintingga ('Island of the Dead') by the mainland Aboriginal peoples, the existence of stone tools and shell middens shows that Aboriginal people once lived on Kangaroo Island. It is thought that they occupied it as long ago as 16,000 years before the present and may have only disappeared from the island as recently as 2000 years ago. There is however evidence of
6750-410: The parklands which surround the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide , and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people in 1997. The naming process, which assigned an extra name in the Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003, and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012. On 1 August 2019, the remains of 11 Kaurna people were laid to rest at
6900-759: The 1850s, there were few remaining Kaurna in the Adelaide area. In 1850 the children (mostly from the Murray River area, but including a few Kaurna ) at the Native School (which had been on Kintore Avenue since 1846) were transferred to the Poonindie Native Training Institution near Port Lincoln , on the Eyre Peninsula , over 600 kilometres (370 mi) away. Moorhouse resigned as Protector in 1856, and in 1857
7050-460: The 1930s. In 1959, the airline was acquired by Airlines of South Australia (ASA), a subsidiary of Ansett . The airline's final service was on 4 April 1986. ASA primarily operated Convairs , Douglas DC-3 and Fokker F-27 aircraft. A Piaggio P.166 was used infrequently in the 1970s, whilst Rossair operated Cessna 402s in an arrangement with ASA to replace the F27s in off-peak times. Following
7200-550: The 1970s onwards, a number of elders and community leaders led a cultural revival, and were responsible for introducing Kaurna perspectives into the SA education curriculum, establishing the Tjilbruke Dreaming Track and other initiatives. These people included Lewis O'Brien , Gladys Elphick , Alitya (Alice) Rigney , and Georgina Williams of the South Australian Museum . Much of its Aboriginal Studies curriculum
7350-611: The Aboriginal presence, and Womadelaide is held each year in Botanic Park without acknowledgement of the Aboriginal encampments 150 years ago on the same land. There is a tradition of performing corroborees and dances dating back to the 1840s, including the "Grand Corroboree" at the Adelaide Oval in 1885 and corroborees at the beaches of Glenelg and Henley Beach around the turn of the century. This huge omission in
7500-592: The Act guaranteed land rights under force of law for the Indigenous inhabitants, it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters, who interpreted the Act to mean "permanently occupied". In 2000, a group called Kaurna Yerta Corporation lodged a native title claim on behalf of the Kaurna people. The claim covers over 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of land stretching from Cape Jervis to Port Broughton , including
7650-414: The Adelaide area took place without any conflict. The population again severely declined upon the arrival of Anglo-European colonial settlers with South Australia Governor Captain John Hindmarsh as Commander-in-chief in December 1836 at Holdfast Bay (now Glenelg ). According to an entry in the South Australian Register (30 January 1842), the Kaurna population numbered around 650. They had suffered
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#17327724255647800-408: The Canaries in a replacement vessel, Fanny , and reached Trinidad in April 1797. The British, who had just captured the island from the Spanish in February 1797, refused to allow Baudin to recover the collection of natural-history specimens. Baudin took Fanny to St. Thomas and St. Croix , and then to Puerto Rico , specimens being collected in all three islands. At St Croix, Fanny was replaced by
7950-410: The Cape Jervis berth. Sealink's agreement with the SA Government, expiring in 2024, precludes other operators from using the Cape Jervis facility for one hour before, and one hour after any scheduled SeaLink service. Kangaroo Island residents have expressed displeasure with the exclusive arrangement granted to SeaLink. Guinea Airways operated the first commercial service to Kangaroo Island, commencing in
8100-488: The Cape of Good Hope Jardinière sailed across the Indian Ocean to the coast of New Holland (Australia), but two consecutive cyclones prevented the expedition from doing any work there and forced Baudin to take the ship to Bombay for repairs. From Bombay the expedition proceeded to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa, where it gathered botanical and zoological collections. The expedition came to an abrupt end in June 1794 when Jardinière went aground in
8250-450: The Cape of Good Hope where it took on board the large number of plant and animal specimens collected in South Africa for the Imperial palace at Schönbrunn by Georg Scholl , the assistant of Franz Boos . Because of the poor condition of the ship, Placeres had to put in at the island of Trinidad in the West Indies, where Scholl's collection of specimens was deposited. Baudin proceeded to Martinique , from where he addressed an offer to
8400-463: The Executor of his will Citizen Louis Peltier (brother of Jean Peltier Dudoyer), Judge of the Court of Appeal of this colony, to whom he entrusts the execution of the present document wishing and expecting that his goods be distrained in accordance with usual custom." A number of monuments have been established around Australia, including eight at various locations around Western Australia. In Western Australia, there are many places that bear names from
8550-399: The Fleurieu Peninsula have names either directly or partially derived from Kaurna place names, such as Cowandilla , Aldinga , Morialta and Munno Para . Some were the names of the Kaurna bands who lived there. There are also a few Kaurna names hybridised with European words. The Adelaide City Council began the process of dual naming all of the city squares, each of the parks making up
8700-498: The French and the British were at war at the time, the men met peacefully. They both used the fresh water seeping at what is now known as Hog Bay near Frenchman's Rock and the site of present-day Penneshaw . Baudin named the Island Île Borda , in honour of Jean-Charles de Borda , although the French chart published by Louis de Freycinet after Baudin's death referred to the Island as Île Decres . A community of sealers and escaped convicts existed on Kangaroo Island from 1802 to
8850-408: The French government decided to proceed with an expedition confined to a survey of western and southern New Holland. In October 1800, Baudin was selected by Bonaparte, whose wife Josephine had something of a fascination with Australia, to lead what has become known as the Baudin expedition to map the coast of New Holland. He had two ships, Géographe and Naturaliste captained by Hamelin , and
9000-417: The Governor of Saint Lucia, the French Consul in Boston and a colonial trader from Saint-Domingue, Jean Baptiste Rivière de la Souchère (known as Souchère-Rivière). They arrived in Le Havre on 21 December 1795. Baudin believed that he was expected and offered his services and his talents. He wrote to the Minister to give notice of his imminent arrival in Paris. He would have been somewhat disappointed had he seen
9150-444: The Imperial flag to the Indian Ocean and China, and in January 1792 he was granted a commission of captain in the Imperial navy for this purpose. A ship, called Jardinière , was acquired and the botanists Franz Bredemeyer and Joseph van der Schot appointed to the expedition. After delays caused by the outbreak of war between France and Austria (April 1792), Jardinière departed from the Spanish port of Málaga on 1 October 1792. From
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#17327724255649300-567: The Imperial government in Vienna to conduct to Canton commissioners who would be empowered to negotiate with the Chinese merchants there a settlement of the debts incurred by the Imperial Asiatic Company, which would enable the company to renew its trade with China. On its return voyage from Canton, the proposed expedition would call at the Cape of Good Hope to pick up Scholl and the remainder of his natural-history collection for conveyance to Schönbrunn. After returning to Vienna in September 1791, Baudin continued to press his case for an expedition under
9450-480: The Island in the 1990s. From 1986 to 1990, Lloyd Aviation operated Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante aircraft, before flying the Short 330 . For several years in the 1980s, Commodore Airlines (eventually becoming State Air) offered another alternative service. QantasLink briefly operated a service after the demise of Emu Airways, commencing 18 December 2005, but withdrew less than six months later. QantasLink also operated direct flights from Kangaroo Island to Melbourne,
9600-514: The Kangaroo Island coastline. The earliest was the cutter William (20 tons), which was wrecked while trying to enter Hog Bay on 23 August 1847. The largest vessel lost was Portland Maru (5,865 tons), which sank at Cape Torrens on 20 March 1935. The greatest loss of life occurred with the wreck of Loch Sloy on 24 April 1899 at Maupertuis Bay , when 31 people were drowned, and one initial survivor subsequently perished. Twenty-seven people drowned at West Bay in September 1905, when Loch Vennachar
9750-401: The Kartan people on the mainland, for instance at Hallett Cove . A mainland Aboriginal dreaming story tells of the Backstairs Passage flooding: "Long ago, Ngurunderi's two wives ran away from him, and he was forced to follow them. He pursued them and as he did so he crossed Lake Albert and went along the beach to Cape Jervis . When he arrived there he saw his wives wading half-way across
9900-434: The Kaurna also used this as a weapon against the colonists by lighting fires to deliberately destroy fences, survey pegs and to scatter livestock. Due to this regular burning by the time the first Europeans arrived, the foothills' original stringybark forests had been largely replaced with grassland. Since the late 1960s, restrictions on foothills subdivision and development have allowed regeneration of native trees and bush to
10050-429: The Kaurna and Ramindjeri people were reduced to very few. In the 1840s, Murray River people invaded, stealing women and children, while the government suppressed the Kaurna attempts at self-defence. Some Kaurna moved north to join other tribes. The Colonisation Commissioners had promised to protect the Aboriginal people and their property as well as making provision for their subsistence, education and advancement, with
10200-451: The Kaurna and prominent in the early settlers' accounts. She was responsible for identifying locations of cultural significance in the city, such as the lake in the Adelaide Botanic Garden and Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga , and Whitmore Square has been given her name in honour of the prior occupation of the land by the Kaurna people. Unlike the rest of Australia, South Australia was not considered to be terra nullius . The enactment of
10350-406: The Kaurna were vastly outnumbered by the colonists, who numbered 117,727. Adults were also relocated from the city to places such as Willunga , Point McLeay , and Point Pearce in the 1860s. In 1888 a German missionary reported that there was "scarcely one remaining". Some of the Kaurna people settled at Point McLeay and Point Pearce married into local families, and full-blood Kaurna still lived at
10500-399: The Mount Lofty Ranges and Mount Bonython are jureidla (conserved in the toponym Uraidla ), namely his "two ears". There are other traditional stories connected to the two peaks Mt Lofty and Mt Bonython, one story concerning two men and another referring to the two moiety groups of the Kaurna. The general theme of these stories surrounding the two peaks is the importance of community and
10650-555: The Ranges; some on the Waterfall Gully . Although Governors Hindmarsh (1836–1838) and Gawler (1838–1841) had orders to extend the protection of British law to the people and their property, the colonists' interests came first; their policy of "civilising" and "protecting" the Indigenous people nonetheless assumed a peaceful transfer of land to the settlers. All land was offered up for sale and bought by settlers. The Lutheran missionaries Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schurmann studied Kaurna language and culture, and were able to inform
10800-466: The South Australian Museum apologised to the Kaurna people for having held 4,600 Aboriginal remains over the past 165 years, and buried the first 100 remains of their ancestors at the site. A second round of burials took place in June 2022. Jack Kanya Kudnuitya Buckskin (born c. 1986 ), a Kaurna/ Narungga man also known as Vincent Buckskin, who was Young South Australian of the Year in 2011,
10950-593: The Thébaudière brothers. He was to take the last Acadians to Louisiana. He was a few months behind his brother Alexandre who was captain of Saint Remy , built by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. In La Nouvelle Orléans local merchants contracted him to take a cargo of wood, salted meat, cod and flour to Isle de France (now Mauritius ), which he did in Josephine (also called Pepita ), departing New Orleans on 14 July 1786 and arriving at Isle de France on 27 March 1787. In
11100-549: The University of South Australia in 1990. The wine carried a Kangaroo Island appellation label as first wine 100% of the region. Kangaroo Island is noted for its honey and its Ligurian honey bees . The island has the world's only pure-bred and disease-free population of this type of bee. The exporting of pure-bred queen bees is a notable industry for the island. For this reason, there are significant quarantine restrictions on bringing bee products and bee-handling equipment onto
11250-724: The age of 27 he was named captain of Apollon , a civilian frigate of 1,100 tons and 42 cannon, fitted out by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. He was to form part of the convoy which took the Legion of Luxembourg to strengthen the defence of the Dutch Cape Colony at the Cape of Good Hope . However, during a stopover in Brest, the Comte d'Hector decided he would appoint a man with more experience, Felix de Saint-Hilaire. Having returned to Nantes, and to
11400-533: The annoyance of Beaumarchais, the owner of the vessel, Baudin's uncle entrusted him with the command of Aimable Eugenie , a ship of 600 tons, to go to Saint-Domingue and then to the US. He went back to Bordeaux and left the Gironde on 9 December 1782 as part of a convoy of five merchant vessels. Three days later, in the Action of 12 December 1782 , the convoy was attacked by an English ship, HMS Mediator . After
11550-672: The atmosphere between the French and American crews on Lion became unbearable, Baudin was assigned by Lamotte-Picquet to Duc de Choiseul , a ship equipped by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. Officially it was heading for Saint-Domingue , but in fact the destination was Nova Scotia. However the vessel was shipwrecked at Liverpool, Nova Scotia . Baudin was wounded, taken prisoner by the British on 24 April 1778 and interned in Halifax , Canada. After one month, he escaped with 10 other prisoners and hid among
11700-402: The authorities of their exclusive ownership of land inherited through the paternal line. Gawler reserved several areas for the Kaurna people, but the settlers protested and these areas were subsequently sold or leased. Within ten years, all of the Kaurna and Ramindjeri lands were occupied by Europeans. Wild fauna disappeared as European garden practices were introduced and grazing animals destroyed
11850-650: The beginning of 1778, he was to set sail from Nantes on Lion as second lieutenant. It was a ship equipped by his uncle, Jean Peltier Dudoyer, at the request of the Americans , which would become a privateer and be renamed Deane . At first the Minister for the Navy was against it, but he finally changed his mind and authorised the departure, as France had signed a treaty with the United States on 6 February. Since
12000-468: The bulbs, lilies and tubers that the Kaurna had tended for food. Elders no longer had authority; their entire way of life had been undermined. The Kaurna may have numbered several thousand before European contact, but were down to about 700 by the time of the formal establishment of the colony in 1836. Initially, contacts began with the arrival of sealers and whalers in the 1790s. Sealers established themselves on Kangaroo Island as early as 1806, and raided
12150-407: The bundle being used as a pillow at night. Burial by bodies of water was common with the use of sandy beaches, sand dunes and banks of rivers. A large number of graves have been found on Glenelg beach and at Port Noarlunga . Similarly, an unusually complex burial at Kongaratti was found. The grave was rectangular and lined with slate , the base was also lined with slate which had been covered with
12300-592: The cemetery to accommodate the repatriated remains of Kaurna people, called Wangayarta , in Evanston South . It was designed by a group that included elders Uncle Jeffrey Newchurch, Aunty Heather Agius, Uncle Major "Moogy" Sumner , and many others, and was supported by the Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation. The memorial site is in the shape of the Kaurna shield, to protect the ancestors now buried there. In November 2021,
12450-460: The chamber from Queensland, was sent safely to Mr Turner, at Smith's Bay, Kangaroo Island." Kangaroo Island is one of South Australia's most popular tourist attractions, attracting over 140,000 visitors each year, with international visitors, primarily from Europe, accounting for more than 25% of these visits. There were 114 businesses operating in the sector in June 2016 and the visitor expenditure reached $ 123 million in December 2017. The expenditure
12600-522: The chief zoologist and intellectual leader of the mission, wrote a report for Bonaparte on ways to invade and capture the colony. Realising that Géographe could not venture into some of the shallow waters along the Australian coast that he was intending to survey, he bought a new ship, Casuarina , named after the wood it was made from, and placed it under the command of Louis de Freycinet , who would, 15 years later, make his own circumnavigation of
12750-424: The coastline and ran extensively inland. The coastline was essential for seafood hunting and the inland territories provided food, clothing and protection for the people during bad weather. The pangkarra were also grouped into larger areas of land called yerta . As all the members of a band were related, marriage between a man and a woman within the same band was forbidden. Bands were patrilineal and patrilocal :
12900-521: The coastline, in Encounter Bay in present-day South Australia . Baudin then stopped at the British colony at Sydney for supplies, and from there he sent home Naturaliste , carrying all of the specimens that had been collected by both ships up to that time. According to recent research by academics from the University of Adelaide , during Baudin's expedition, François Péron , who had become
13050-770: The collection of plant specimens he had gathered there and at the Cape back to Europe, which Baudin did, with Josephine arriving at Trieste on 18 June 1788. The Imperial government in Vienna was contemplating organizing another natural-history expedition, to which Boos would be appointed, in which two ships would be sent to the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of India, the Persian Gulf, Bengal, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Cochin China, Tongking, Japan, and China. Baudin had been given reason to hope that he would be given command of
13200-630: The collection of specimens he had left in Trinidad. The museum and the French government accepted the proposal, and Baudin was appointed commander of an expedition in Belle Angélique, with four assigned botanists: René Maugé , André Pierre Ledru, Anselme Riedlé and Stanislas Levillain. Belle Angélique cleared Le Havre on 30 September 1796 for the Canary Islands, where the ship was condemned as unseaworthy. The expedition sailed from
13350-690: The command of a corsair, the Virginie . Baudin joined Bruix on Océan , on which Bruix was in charge of the squadron which resupplied Genoa. On 24 July 1798, at the suggestion of the Ministry of Marine , Baudin presented to the Assembly of Professors and Administrators of the National Museum of Natural History a plan for a hydrographic-survey expedition to the South Seas , which would include
13500-641: The course of the voyage, Josephine had called at Cap‑Français in Haiti to make a contract to transport slaves there from Madagascar; while in Haiti he also encountered the Austrian botanist Franz Joseph Märter, who apparently informed him that another Austrian botanist, Franz Boos , was at the Cape of Good Hope awaiting a ship to take him to Mauritius. Josephine called at the Cape and took Boos on board. At Mauritius, Boos chartered Baudin to transport him and
13650-486: The crossing from Cape Jervis to Penneshaw, with Philanderer 3 being a passenger and vehicle carrying catamaran style vessel. In the 1980s, two passenger only services, Hydroflite H33 , and Islander , operated for a short time from Glenelg to Kingscote. SeaLink has outlasted several competing companies since it began operations. Boat Torque, a Western Australian company, operated Superflyte from 1994 until 1997, sailing from Glenelg to Kingscote. Kangaroo Island Ferries had
13800-439: The early 19th century, and from 1836 on a permanent basis during the British colonisation of South Australia . Since then the island's economy has been principally agricultural, with a southern rock lobster fishery and with tourism growing in importance. The largest town, and the administrative centre, is Kingscote . The island has several nature reserves to protect the remnants of its natural vegetation and native animals, with
13950-675: The end of the month." And on 9 May 1884 "To show that I think highly of the Ligurians, I may say that in March I imported two more colonies from Queensland. … During Easter holidays Mr Justice Boucaut took one queen [bred and mated in Adelaide] in a full colony to Mr Buick, of American River, Kangaroo Island." From the South Australian Advertiser, 1 August 1884 "On June 25 the original hive of Ligurian bees, imported by
14100-483: The entire Adelaide metropolitan area. The Ramindjeri people contested the southern portion of the original claim. In March 2018 the determination was made and the Kaurna were officially recognised as the traditional owners of the land from "Myponga to Lower Light". An Indigenous land use agreement for the area was finalised on 19 November 2018. The agreement was among the South Australian government ,
14250-474: The entire Bible, their recorded vocabulary of over 2,000 words was the largest wordlist registered by that time, and pivotal in the modern revival of the language. Kaurna territory extended from Cape Jervis at the bottom of the Fleurieu Peninsula to Port Wakefield on the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent , and as far north as Crystal Brook in the Mid North . Tindale claimed clans were found living in
14400-424: The first time the route was operated. In January 2007, Air South commenced four services daily using Titan nine seat aircraft, but ceased flights in October 2009. In June 2017, Qantas announced direct Qantaslink flights to Kangaroo Island from Adelaide and Melbourne from December 2017, offering five flights a week from Adelaide over the peak summer months, reducing to three flights a week after Easter, and two flights
14550-419: The friendly communities of Acadia . Appointed captain of the transport vessel Amphitrite , he was sunk by the English 160 nautical miles (290 km) out to sea, rescued in a rowing boat and made his way to Cape Cod and then Boston. As captain of Revanche , 400 tons, equipped by Jeange and sons of Bordeaux, with 30 men and 12 cannon, he was retaken by the English outside Cap-Français , heading for Boston. He
14700-888: The historian Auguste Toussaint believed that he was interred in the Kerivel family vault. However, the historian Edward Duyker likes to think that Baudin was buried in Le Cimetière de l’Ouest in the district of Port Louis , "just a few hundred metres from the explorer’s certain love: the sea". These were his last wishes: "He gives and bequeaths to citizen Augustin Baudin, his brother, currently in India, his silver marine watch, his night telescope and an 'Oriental Neptune'. He gives and bequeaths to Citizen Ronsin, wife of Citizen Louis Peltier, his porcelain from Saxony and Chantilly, consisting of three services, one of twelve cups, one of six and one of two pieces plus his gold watch. He names as
14850-469: The history books has been described as "strategic forgetting" by anthropologist W. E. H. Stanner . The last surviving person of full Kaurna descent, a woman called Ivaritji (Amelia Taylor or Amelia Savage ) died in 1929. Born in Port Adelaide in the late 1840s, her name means "gentle, misty rain" in the Kaurna language. Her father, Ityamai-itpina , known as "Rodney", was one of the leaders of
15000-425: The island experiencing over 186,000 visitors per annum, and some of the best southern rock lobster being sourced from the island's rugged south coast. Kangaroo Island has South Australia's only eucalyptus oil distillery, with oil distilled from the endemic Kangaroo Island narrow leaf mallee . The future of over 19,000 hectares, which had been planted (or were due to be planted) with blue gum for future harvesting,
15150-401: The island's power with a combination of wind , solar and biomass . Although the study concluded that it was indeed possible for the island to sustainably produce its own power for around the same price as the new cable, SA Power Networks ultimately decided against the idea. The Kangaroo Island power station has three 2 MWe Caterpillar 3516B diesel generators capable of providing
15300-452: The island. The Advertiser , 24 December 1883, reported "A few weeks since the Chamber of Manufactures forwarded an order to Mr. Carroll, a bee master, near Brisbane, for a swarm of Ligurian bees." The American Bee Journal , 25 November 1885, stated "Several pure colonies were reared from this one, [the first hive from Queensland] and two of them were sent to Kangaroo Island, where they appear to thrive well." An almost word perfect report in
15450-485: The island. The Kangaroo Island Council provides local government for the entire island and was formed in 1996, following amalgamation of the previous District Councils of Kingscote and Dudley . Kangaroo Island is in the federal Division of Mayo and in the state Electoral district of Mawson . A 2005 enquiry into the financial sustainability of local government in South Australia determined that 26 out of 68 councils in South Australia were considered unsustainable in
15600-580: The junction of the Playford and West End Highways. The second highest point is Mount MacDonnell at 299 m (981 ft) above sea level . It is separated from Yorke Peninsula to the northwest by Investigator Strait and from Fleurieu Peninsula to the northeast by Backstairs Passage . A group of islets, the Pages , lie off the eastern end of the island. Kangaroo Island separated from mainland Australia around 10,000 years ago, due to rising sea level after
15750-504: The land "Kanguroo (sic) Island", due to the endemic subspecies of the western grey kangaroo , Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus , after landing near Kangaroo Head on the north coast of the Dudley Peninsula . He was closely followed by the French explorer Commander Nicolas Baudin , who was the first European to circumnavigate the Island and who mapped much of the island (which is why so many areas have French names). Although
15900-507: The language. In December 1839, they opened a school at Piltawodli (in the west Park Lands north of the River Torrens ) where the children were taught to read and write in Kaurna. Schurmann and Teichelmann (and later Samuel Klose ) translated the Ten Commandments and a number of German hymns into Kaurna, with Schürmann attempting to 'Christianize' and 'civilize' the people. Although they never achieved their goal of translating
16050-410: The large amount of remains it already has. While many of these ancestral remains may be returned to Country by their families, who many of these people were is unknown. Due to the large number of remains which continues to grow and that many are unknown, a way to return these ancestors to Country, such as a memorial park, needed to be found. In 2021, a new 2 ha (4.9-acre) burial site was built in
16200-524: The largest and best-known being Flinders Chase National Park at the western end. The island is 145 kilometres (90 mi) long west/east and between 0.94 and 54 km (1 and 34 mi) from its narrowest to widest north/south points. Its area covers 4,405 km (1,701 sq mi). Its coastline is 540 km (336 mi) long, and its highest point of 307 metres (1007 ft) is in Flinders Chase National Park, west of
16350-615: The little note at the top of the letter 'Could Bonneville please tell me if he knows Captain Baudin and for which mission he was responsible?' He managed to send Jardinière ' s cargo of natural history specimens to the island of Trinidad . In Paris, Baudin visited Antoine de Jussieu at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris in March 1796 to suggest a botanical voyage to the Caribbean, during which he would recover
16500-415: The long term. Among these was Kangaroo Island Council, due to its large land area, extensive road network, low population and high tourism visitation. A long term financial plan adopted by council included a rate increase of 2% above CPI for the ten years from 2010. On 13 May 2010, a development plan was authorised, representing a comprehensive review of Kangaroo Island's planning regulations. Safe swimming
16650-473: The mainland by kidnapped women seeking to escape from their captors. 'A fine specimen of her race' was pointed out to J. W. Bull as having swum the passage in 1835, and a woman and her baby were found dead on the beach after a presumed crossing in 1871. In 1803, sealers from the American brig Union built the schooner Independence , the first ship built in South Australia, at what is now American River . In 1812, Richard Siddins reached Kangaroo Island on
16800-405: The mainland for Kaurna women, both for the sexual opportunities and the workforce they could supply in skinning the sealers' prey. Wary of Europeans from their experience with sealers, the Kaurna generally stayed aloof when the first colonists arrived. The timing was important. Summer was a period when the Kaurna traditionally moved from the plains to the foothills, so that the initial settlement of
16950-473: The means to develop the property or make farming a viable option for the Kaurna. Many Kaurna people worked for the settlers and were well thought of, but the work was seasonal and the rewards inadequate, and their tribal obligations were not understood by their employers. Grey started the use of rations to maintain the peace and to persuade the people to send their children to school. According to Moorhouse, "almost whole tribes" had disappeared by 1846, and by
17100-437: The missions and scattered in the settled districts in the late 19th century, despite the wide belief that the "Adelaide tribe" was extinct by the 1870s. Rations continued to be supplied in Adelaide and from ration depots in the country. Although the office of Protector was restored in 1861, the government did not play an active role in Aboriginal affairs, leaving their welfare to the missionaries. A Select Committee reported that
17250-602: The neighbouring Ramindjeri tribe asserts a historical territory including the whole southern portion of the Fleurieu Peninsula and Kangaroo Island , extending as far north as Noarlunga or even the River Torrens . This overlaps with a significant portion of the territory claimed by both the Kaurna and the neighbouring Ngarrindjeri to the east. However, linguistic evidence suggests that the Aboriginal people encountered by Colonel Light at Rapid Bay in 1836 were Kaurna speakers. The Berndts' ethnographic study, which
17400-437: The new skills they brought with them. The expedition reached Australia in May 1801, and explored and mapped the western coast, and a part of the little-known southern coast of the continent. The scientific endeavour proved a great success, with more than 2,500 new species discovered. The French also met Aboriginal peoples and treated them with great respect. In April 1802, Baudin met Matthew Flinders , also engaged in charting
17550-401: The north eastern tip of the Dudley Peninsula, on the eastern end of the island. It contains the ferry terminal, which brings most of the visitors to the island, along with all the necessary freight to sustain the local population. Parndana , in the centre of the island, has a population of about 150, but most do not live in the town; they are sprawled within a few kilometres. The historic area to
17700-400: The notion of unselfishness as a practice which supports community. A legend recounted variously by Unaipon and Milerum concerns a culture hero called Tjilbruke has topographical features that locate it in Kaurna territory. In Tindale's version Tjilbruke is associated with the glossy ibis ; the name actually refers to the blue crane . The "Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks" have been mapped from
17850-474: The ocean, particularly on the coastline, maximum temperatures in summer rarely exceed 35 °C (95 °F). Kaurna The Kaurna people ( English: / ˈ ɡ ɑːr n ə / , Kaurna : [ɡ̊auɳa] ; also Coorna , Kaura , Gaurna and other variations) are a group of Aboriginal people whose traditional lands include the Adelaide Plains of South Australia . They were known as
18000-552: The onset of winter, they would retire to the woodlands, often using hollowed out fallen redgums along creeks, with bark extensions as shelters. Sudden downpours could quench their fires, the maintaining of which was old women's work, with deadly consequences. At times they would have to impose themselves on otherwise despised tribes, such as the Ngaiawang and Nganguruku to trade goods like their cloaks, quartz flints and red ochre in order to obtain firesticks. Among their customs
18150-511: The police and new settlers, also sharing their language, culture and beliefs with the missionaries. An early settler in Marryatville , George Brunskill , reported that the "local Blacks" were harmless, did not steal, and returned borrowed items promptly. Much goodwill was shown on both sides, but as the settler numbers grew, their drunkenness, violence, exploitation and failure to practise the reciprocity expected in Aboriginal culture soured
18300-511: The position was abolished. The Kaurna people had to accept colonial domination more quickly than in other regions, and they mostly chose to co-exist peacefully with the settlers. Most, however, resisted the "civilising" policies of the government and the Christian teachings of the missionaries. Being so small in number by the 1850s, some were absorbed into the neighbouring Narungga or Ngarrindjeri groups, and some married settlers. By 1860
18450-464: The post of Protector of Aborigines set up with this aim. William Wyatt was followed by the first official appointment in the role, Matthew Moorhouse , who held the post from 1839 to 1856. He reported in 1840 that many Kaurna were friendly and helpful, and that by 1840, about 150 spoke at least some English. Many Kaurna men, such as Mullawirraburka ("King John") and Kadlitpinna ("Captain Jack") helped
18600-444: The practice regularly. Very little is known of Kaurna rites and mythology as colonial written records are fragmentary and rare. Physically, the Kaurna practised chest scarification and performed circumcision as an initiatory rite and were the southernmost Indigenous language group to do so. Waterfall Gully has been linked to initiation rites. Historical accounts of Kaurna burial rites are unreliable as any gathering of Kaurna
18750-579: The race was doomed to extinction. Some Aboriginal people (Kaurna and others) moved around and sometimes visited the city, camping in Botanic Park , then called the Police Paddocks. In 1874, 18 men and women were arrested and charged as "vagrants", and after a 14 days' imprisonment were sent back to Goolwa and Milang . Running battles between the police and similar groups continued for decades. History books about Adelaide have largely ignored
18900-545: The relationships. After a few incidents involving the executions of Aboriginal men after the murders of settlers, sometimes on flimsy evidence, and a blind eye turned to violence against Indigenous people, the situation escalated. The Maria massacre of shipwrecked people on the Coorong led to further violent clashes and harsh penalties were imposed to protect the settlers. Missionaries Teichelmann and Schurmann, Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector Edward John Eyre questioned
19050-399: The same moiety was forbidden. Girls became marriageable at puberty , usually around 12 years of age. Conversely, men were only allowed to marry after the age of 25. Sexual relations were relatively free and uninhibited, regardless of marital status. Kaurna ownership of property was communal; the reproductive organs were seen no differently from any other form of property, and thus adultery
19200-464: The shallow channel which divided Naroongowie from the mainland. He was determined to punish his wives, and angrily ordered the water to rise up and drown them. With a terrific rush the waters roared and the women were carried back towards the mainland. Although they tried frantically to swim against the tidal wave they were powerless to do so and were drowned." On 23 March 1802, British explorer Matthew Flinders , commanding HMS Investigator , named
19350-605: The ships of this expedition. Later in 1788, Baudin sailed on a commercial voyage from Trieste to Canton in Jardinière . He apparently arrived at Canton from Mauritius under the flag of the US, probably to avoid the possibility of having his ship seized by the Chinese for payment of the debts owed them by the Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste. From there, he sent Jardinière under her second captain on
19500-466: The site of the Adelaide city centre . Kaurna people also resided in the suburb of Burnside , and an early settler of the village of Beaumont described the local people thus: At every creek and gully you would see their wurlies and their fires at night ... often as many as 500 to 600 would be camped in various places ... some behind the Botanic Gardens on the banks of the river; some toward
19650-476: The south-east of the township, known as the Research Centre to locals, was home to the research station that was set up in the 1940s and 1950s to research the viability of agriculture in the area and still has a small settlement of about 20 people. American River , on the north coast between Kingscote and Penneshaw , has about 300 residents. Penneshaw and Parndana each have basic facilities, including
19800-579: The state government and some is private land owned by corporations. Justice Debra Mortimer said it would be "the first time in Australia that there [had] been a positive outcome within the area of (native title) determination". In 2009, a group called Encompass Technology wrote to the Governor of South Australia on behalf of the Kaurna people, asserting sovereignty over the Marble Hill ruins in
19950-488: The time of South Australia's colonisation in 1836. A sealing gang led by Joseph Murrrell are reported landing at Harvey's Return in 1806–07, and they established a camp on the beach. The sealers were rough men and several kidnapped Aboriginal women from Tasmania and mainland South Australia. The women were kept prisoner as wives and virtual slaves. At least two contemporary accounts (Taplin 1867, Bull 1884) report reputed crossings of Backstairs Passage from Kangaroo Island to
20100-612: The use of a foreign legal code against the Indigenous peoples, and Moorhouse complained of police hostility towards Aboriginal people, but Governor George Grey stood firm, and martial law was applied even where there had been little previous contact with the settlers. Moorhouse and Grey gave up trying to settle the local Aboriginal people as farmers, and discouraged settlement at Pirltawardli . The 1847 Vagrancy Act restricted their free movement. Teichelmann tried to establish an Aboriginal mission settlement at Happy Valley , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Adelaide, but he lacked
20250-1141: The various indigenous tribes of the Adelaide Plains and Fleurieu Peninsula as "Rapid Bay tribe", "the Encounter Bay tribe", "the Adelaide tribe", the Kouwandilla tribe, "the Wirra tribe", "the Noarlunga tribe" (the Ngurlonnga band) and the Willunga tribe (the Willangga band). The extended family groups of the Adelaide Plains, who spoke dialects of a common language, were named according to locality, such as Kawanda Meyunna (North men), Wirra Meyunna (Forest People), Pietta Meyunna (Murray River people), Wito Meyunna (Adelaide clan's former name), Tandanya (South Adelaide people), etc. – but they had no common name for themselves. The name Kaurna
20400-569: The vicinity of Snowtown , Blyth , Hoyleton , Hamley Bridge , Clarendon , Gawler and Myponga . The stringy bark forests over the back of the Mount Lofty Ranges have been claimed as a traditional boundary between Kaurna and Peramangk people. Tunkalilla Beach (keinari), 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Cape Jervis, is the traditional boundary with the Ramindjeri . This is the most widely cited alignment of Kaurna territorial boundaries. However, according to Ronald and Catherine Berndt
20550-618: The voyage would be devoted to a thorough exploration of the coast of Chile and the collection of animal, bird and plant specimens suitable for acclimatization in France, followed by a survey of the coasts from Peru to Mexico. The expedition would then continue into the Pacific Ocean, including a visit to Tahiti and the Society Islands, and would be completed with a survey of the yet unexplored south-west coast of New Holland (Australia). After considering this extensive proposal,
20700-512: The withdrawal of ASA, Kendell Airlines (another Ansett subsidiary), operated 19-seat Fairchild Metroliners and 34-seat SAAB aircraft to the Island. Upon Ansett's ultimate demise in 2002, Regional Express (Rex) acquired the Kendell aircraft and continued services to Kingscote Airport until early 2020, when it ceased operation citing competition from Qantas In competition with the larger aircraft, and generally with more flexible timetables,
20850-405: The world in the corvette l'Uranie . He then headed back to Tasmania , before continuing along the southern and western coasts of Australia to Timor , mapping as he went. In very poor health, he then turned for home. Baudin died of tuberculosis at Mauritius on 16 September 1803, at the age of 49, apparently in the home of Madame Alexandrine Kerivel. Baudin's exact resting place is not known, but
21000-470: Was conducted in the 1930s, identified six Ngarrindjeri clans occupying the coast from Cape Jervis to a few kilometres south of Adelaide. The Berndts posited that the clans may have expanded along trade routes as the Kaurna were dispossessed by colonists. A main Kaurna presence was in Tarndanyangga ("red kangaroo place") near the River Torrens and the creeks that flowed into it, an area that became
21150-539: Was no longer practised. Many hundreds of objects were sent to the Paris exhibition and these were never returned to Australia. The Kaurna collection held by the South Australian Museum contains only 48 items. In September 2002, a Living Kaurna Cultural Centre was opened at Warriparinga in the southern suburbs area of Adelaide. The Kaurna people lived in family groups called bands, who lived in defined territories called pangkarra which were "passed" from father to son upon his initiation. Pangkarra always had access to
21300-455: Was not recorded until 1879, used by Alfred William Howitt in 1904, but not widely used until popularised by Norman B. Tindale in the 1920s. Most likely, it is an exonym introduced from the Ramindjeri or Ngarrindjeri word kornar meaning "men" or "people". Kaurna meyunna , meaning Kaurna people, is often used in greetings and Welcome to Country or Acknowledgement of Country ceremonies. Kaurna'war:a (Kaurna speech) belongs to
21450-461: Was practically ubiquitous. The visitation of men from distant tribes was seen as a good opportunity to enhance the gene pool . The practice of milla mangkondi or wife stealing was also common, for the same reason. Although this custom was hated by some victims, as arranged marriages were the norm, some women saw it as an opportunity to choose their own partners and actively encouraged a preferred suitor; all Kaurna bands are said to have engaged in
21600-616: Was replaced by the Government run A$ 23 million Island Seaway . Built locally in Port Adelaide by Eglo Engineering , Island Seaway used the same loading platforms as Troubridge . Island Seaway was severely criticised as being unsuitable for the Backstairs Passage crossing. Seventy-five sheep and cattle died on the inaugural trip due to carbon monoxide poisoning, and the ship was once described as 'steering like
21750-417: Was sold to domestic and industrial users, e.g. for fish and meat preservation and tanning. The salt exports from Kangaroo Island to Adelaide rose from 13 tons in 1843 to 20,000 tons in 1913. Plans for further railway lines did not pass the planning stage. Having a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ), the winters between June and September are mild and wet, the summers usually warm and dry. Tempered by
21900-466: Was taken to Jamaica as a prisoner, then exchanged at the request of the Comte d'Argout, the Governor of Saint-Domingue. He returned to France on board the frigate Minerve , under the command of Captain de Grimouard, who was later guillotined at Rochefort under the Convention. Back in France, he was appointed captain at the admiralty of La Rochelle on 2 March 1780 and was to sail in merchant ships. At
22050-465: Was the practice of fire-stick farming (deliberately lit bushfires for hunting purposes) in the Adelaide Hills , which the early European settlers spotted before the Kaurna were displaced. These fires were part of a scrub clearing process to encourage grass growth for emu and kangaroo . This tradition led to conflict with the colonists as the fires tended to cause considerable damage to farmland. In an official report, Major Thomas O'Halloran claimed
22200-605: Was the prime freight and passenger vessel operating between Port Adelaide and Kingscote. Following withdrawal from service of Karatta , RW Miller operated the MV Troubridge , in later years as a joint venture with the South Australian Government. Troubridge was a roll on, roll off vessel of 1,996 tons, which used specially designed loading gantries at Port Adelaide , Port Lincoln and Kingscote. Troubridge operated until 1 June 1987, when it
22350-409: Was thought to be for a funeral. As soon as a person died the body was wrapped in the clothes they had worn in life. The body was then placed on a wiralli (crossed sticks that form the radii of a circle) and an inquest was held to determine cause of death. The body was then buried. Children under four years were not buried for some months, but were wrapped and carried by their mothers during the day with
22500-525: Was wrecked. The first lighthouse built was erected at Cape Willoughby in 1852; this was also the first lighthouse to be erected in South Australia. This was followed by the Cape Borda Lightstation in 1858, the Cape du Couedic Lighthouse in 1906 and Cape St Albans Lighthouse in 1908. All lighthouses continue to be operational. The biggest town on Kangaroo Island is Kingscote . Originally established at Reeves Point on 27 July 1836, it
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