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95-456: Kanteletar is a collection of Finnish folk poetry compiled by 19th-century Finnish linguist Elias Lönnrot . It is considered to be a sister collection to the Finnish national epic Kalevala . The poems of Kanteletar are based on the trochaic tetrameter , generally referred to as "Kalevala metre". The name consists of the base word kantele (a Finnish zither -like instrument) and
190-744: A commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group, Hurriganes . The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally respected names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that left perhaps a deeper mark in the history of popular music than any other Finnish group by being an influence for groups such as Guns N' Roses . In 1990s Finnish rock and metal music started to gain international fame with such bands as The 69 Eyes , Amorphis , Children of Bodom , Ensiferum , Norther , Wintersun , HIM , Impaled Nazarene , Lordi , Negative , Nightwish , The Rasmus , Sentenced , Sonata Arctica , Stratovarius , and Tarja Turunen ,
285-549: A declaration of full independence from Russia on 6 December 1917, Finnish Independence Day . Notably, nationalists did not consider the Swedish-speakers members of a different (Swedish) nation; in fact, many Fennomans came from Swedish-speaking families. The majority ethnic group of Finland is the Finns . Most Finns speak Finnish as their mother tongue. The Finnish language is not an Indo-European language . It belongs to
380-545: A family. Traditionally, men were the wage-earners and women remained in the home and cared for children. However, since the Second World War, gender roles have changed. Today, both men and women are dual wage-earners. The welfare system allows for generous parental leave with income-based benefits. Finnish parents have the option to take partial or total leave they are entitled to. A majority of mothers opt to take longer leave, up to one year. Finland's divorce rate
475-488: A feeling of national Romanticism and Nationalism throughout Europe. Finland's nationalism also grew, forming cultural identity and making control of the land a priority. Expression of Finnish identity by the University docent , A. I. Arwidsson (1791–1858), became an often quoted Fennoman credo: "Swedes we are not, Russians we do not want to become, let us, therefore, be Finns." Nationalism heightened and resulted in
570-526: A greater number of them were employed only part-time or worked in the service sector, where hours were shorter than they were in manufacturing . Studies have found, however, that women spent about twice as much time on housework as men—about three hours and forty minutes a day, compared with one hour and fifty minutes for men. Men did twice as many household repairs and about an equal amount of shopping, but they devoted only one-third to one-fourth as much time to cleaning, cooking, and caring for children. Given that
665-584: A more organic style of modernist architecture. Among his most famous buildings are Viipuri Library , Vyborg and the Baker House dormitory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts , US. Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture (e.g. the Paimio chair [ fi ] ) and glassware (e.g. Savoy vase ). Much of the folk music of Finland is influenced by traditional eastern Finnish e.g. Karelian melodies and lyrics, and
760-579: A role in the Finnish Music scene. Some important Jazz Musicians are the brothers Heikki and Pekka Sarmanto, Jukka Linkola, Keith Hall (UK), Esko Linnavalli and Vladimir Schafranov (Russia). There are numerous Jazz Clubs in Finland, such as Storyville, The Hot Tomato and UMO Jazz Club (UMO is the acronym for Uuden Musiikin Orkesteri, meaning the"New Music Orchestra). Finnish electronic music such as
855-462: A small log building partially buried in the earth. A " smoke sauna " was used to cure meats in pre-industrial years as well as, to bathe or a sterile environment for childbirth, but this tradition has declined in favor of a modern invention, the continuously heated sauna, which is hotter, cleaner and faster to heat up. In Finnish saunas, temperature is set to about 60–100 °C (sometimes up to 120 °C), and small amounts of water thrown on rocks atop
950-436: A solo artist, who is popular for mixing classical music with Metal/Rock. In the late 1990s the cello metal group Apocalyptica played Metallica cover versions as cello quartettos and sold half a million records worldwide. Some of the Finland's most domestically popular rock groups are CMX and Eppu Normaali . Finland also helped bring Folk Metal music more popularity, through bands such as Turisas and Finntroll . In
1045-492: A status recognised by the state, such as the Sami , Swedish-speaking Finns , Karelians , Romani , Jews , and Tatars , maintain their cultural identities within Finland. Many Finns are emotionally connected to the countryside and nature, as large-scale urbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon. The Scandinavian ice sheet covered most of northern Europe. Following its recession around 8000 BC, people began arriving in what
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#17327753155861140-571: A visit from Joulupukki ( Father Christmas , Santa Claus ). Traditional meals are typically only eaten on Christmas followed by sauna . Christmas Day is reserved for a "quiet day" and the holidays end after the 26th, St. Stephen's Day ( tapaninpäivä ). Easter is a combination of Christian and Pagan customs. Either on Palm Sunday or the Holy Saturday , children dress up as witches ( noita ) and go from door to door, giving away daffodil adorned branches of willow in exchange for sweets. This
1235-467: Is 51% of marriages being dissolved (Statistics Finland, updated 5/07). Cohabitation is also common. Finland has the highest proportion of quarter lifers, (those in their twenties) who have left the nest (i.e. no longer live with parents) in Europe. Finnish people are stereotyped as being very introverted , having little interest in small talk , and being very protective of their personal space . This
1330-477: Is a symbol of the nation. Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene. Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years. Notable composers include Magnus Lindberg , Kaija Saariaho , Aulis Sallinen , and Einojuhani Rautavaara . The composers are accompanied by a large number of great conductors such as Sakari Oramo , Mikko Franck , Esa-Pekka Salonen , Osmo Vänskä , Jukka-Pekka Saraste , Susanna Mälkki , and Leif Segerstam . Some of
1425-496: Is also known for Suomisaundi , a kind of freestyle psychedelic trance that originated in Finland around the mid-1990s. The Finnish rock music scene emerged in the 1960s, pioneered by artists such as Blues Section and Kirka . In the 1970s Finnish rock musicians started to write their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade some progressive rock groups, such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam , gained respect abroad but failed to make
1520-481: Is in a healthy state, with detective stories enjoying a particular boom of popularity. Ilkka Remes , a Finnish author of thrillers , is very popular. Juha Vuorinen has received the Kultapokkari ('Golden Paperback') award for his humorous books, and in all has sold over two million books in Finland. Innovative functionalist movements have distinguished design of furniture, ceramics, glass, and textiles as well
1615-713: Is located by the Pärnu River. It has been dated to the beginning of the 9th millennium BC. The Kunda Culture received its name from the Lammasmäe settlement site in northern Estonia, which dates from earlier than 8500. Bone and stone artefacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in Latvia , northern Lithuania and southern Finland. Around 5300 BCE pottery and agriculture entered Finland. The earliest representatives belong to
1710-739: Is particularly evident in the representational romantic nationalism that blossomed at the end of the 19th century. Abstract art movements did not gain a foothold until the 1950s. When Sam Vanni 's monumental painting Contrapunctus [ fi ] (1959) won competition for mural in Helsinki, abstract art was considered to be accepted and established in Finland. In recent years, however, graphic artists have experimented with innovative processes of image production and multimedia technologies to create new forms of art that sometimes serve as critiques of society and technology. The Finnish contemporary art scene became much more visible than before with
1805-543: Is similar to the celebration of Halloween in some countries (such as the United Kingdom and the United States). Burning Easter bonfires is a Pagan custom meant to keep witches at bay. Vappu , or May Day is a national holiday, an event for Finns to emphatically welcome spring after several months of little daylight. It can be compared to Mardi Gras with parades and parties. Traditionally, the event begins on
1900-467: Is the Finnish Gypsies who have existed since the 17th century. For centuries Gypsy men were horse traders, whereas in the post-war era they have turned to horse breeding and dealing in automobiles and scrap metal. Women traditionally engage in fortune-telling and handcrafts. Gypsies have been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. "A permanent Advisory Commission on Gypsy Affairs
1995-554: Is today Finland, with a majority presumably traveling from the south and east. Recent archaeological finds also reveal the presence of the north-western Komsa culture in northern Finland to be as old as the earliest discoveries on the Norwegian coast. What is today Finland belonged to the northeastern Kunda culture until around 5000 BC and the Comb Ceramic culture from about 4200–2000 BC. The Kiukainen culture appeared on
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#17327753155862090-737: The Baltic Sea region in Northern and Eastern Europe who speak Finnic languages . They include the Finns , Estonians (including Võros and Setos ), Karelians (including Ludes and Livvi ), Veps , Izhorians , Votes , and Livonians . In some cases the Kvens , Ingrians , Tornedalians and speakers of Meänkieli are considered separate from the Finns. The bulk of the Finnic peoples (more than 98%) are ethnic Finns and Estonians, who reside in
2185-616: The Baltic States , Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multistory apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Public saunas were previously common, but the tradition has declined when saunas have been built nearly everywhere (private homes, municipal swimming halls, hotels, corporate headquarters, gyms, etc.). Though Finnish written language could be said to exist since Mikael Agricola translated
2280-658: The Bronze Age in Estonia is dated to approximately 1800 BC, in present-day Finland some time after 1500 BCE. The coastal regions of Finland were a part of the Nordic Bronze Culture, whereas in the inland regions the influences came from the bronze-using cultures of Northern Russia. The first fortified settlements, Asva and Ridala on the island of Saaremaa and Iru in Northern Estonia, began to be built. The development of shipbuilding facilitated
2375-552: The Christianization of Finland in the 11th century, Finnish paganism was the primary religion. Song magic and bear worship were distinctive marks of the ancient religion. A contemporary revival of the belief system exists, called suomenusko . Christianity entered Finnish culture in the 12th century. As in 2016, 72.8% of Finns belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church and 1.1% belong to
2470-637: The Finnish Orthodox Church . Finnish holidays are similar to the Western Christian calendar and Protestant traditions. Holidays and traditions are a blend of the thousand year old Christian presence and vestiges of old Finnish pagan traditions . Notable among these is Juhannus , the Finnish Midsummer. A majority of Finns retreat to summer cottages ( mökki ) on any one of Finland's numerous lakes. Depending on
2565-474: The Independence Day . Christmas is the most extensively celebrated holiday: usually at least 24 to 26 December are holidays. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland. The word is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sámi languages) dating back 7,000 years. The sauna's purpose is to bathe, and the heat (either dry or steam) opens pores in the skin and thoroughly cleanses
2660-635: The New Testament into Finnish in the 16th century as a result of the Protestant Reformation , few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century, which saw the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement . This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as Kalevala , the Finnish national epic . The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino . Juhani Aho
2755-690: The Pit–Comb Ware culture , known for their distinctive decorating patterns. This marks the beginning of the Neolithic , Until the early 1980s, the arrival of Finnic peoples, the ancestors of the Estonians, Finns, and Livonians on the shores of the Baltic Sea around 3000 BC, was associated with the Pit–Comb Ware culture However, such a linking of archaeologically defined cultural entities with linguistic ones cannot be proven and it has been suggested that
2850-572: The Sähkö Recordings record label enjoys underground acclaim. Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager , meaning hit ) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music ; tango , a style of Argentine music , is also popular. One of the most productive composers of popular music was Toivo Kärki , and the most famous singer Olavi Virta (1915–1972). Among
2945-460: The Uralic language family. Finns are traditionally divided into subgroups ( heimo ) based on their dialect, but these groupings have only minor importance due to 20th-century urbanization and internal migration. The largest subculture in Finland is its Swedish-speaking Finns . The political party Swedish People's Party ( Svenska Folkpartiet ), has traditionally had a small but important part of
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3040-540: The Volga Finns such as the Mari , rather than to Baltic Finns. The results suggest that the territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have been settled by Finnic-speaking tribes since the early Mesolithic period. On the other hand, some linguists do not consider it likely that a Baltic Finnic language form could have existed at such an early date. According to these views, the Finnic languages appeared in Finland and
3135-489: The feminising morpheme -tar and can be roughly interpreted as "maiden of the kantele" or "zither-daughter", a kind of muse . Kanteletar was published in 1840 under the name Kanteletar taikka Suomen Kansan Wanhoja Lauluja ja Wirsiä ( "Kanteletar or Old Songs and Hymns of the Finnish People" ). Lönnrot got the foundation for the collection on his journeys in 1838 after he met rune singer Mateli Kuivalatar on
3230-493: The 1986 Equality Act, a number of updates have been made. The most recent, the Non-Discrimination Act passed in 2015, prohibited discrimination based on gender identity or gender expression and a gender equality plan requirement was extended to comprehensive schools and employers. It also made pay surveys more precise, a National Non-Discrimination and Equality Tribunal [ fi ] was established, and
3325-439: The 2000s Finnish rock bands started to sell well internationally. The Rasmus finally captured Europe (and other places, like South America) in the 2000s. Their 2003 album Dead Letters sold 1.5 million units worldwide and garnered them eight gold and five platinum albums designations . But so far the most successful Finnish band in the United States has been HIM ; they were the first band from Finland to ever sell an album that
3420-627: The 31st poem of the second book. The name of the poem is Onpa tietty tietyssäni (I Am Thinking of a Particular One) and has been translated: His image is fastened in my mind My sweet one in my memory, My little bird flies along with me My dear one under my wing. Viipurin Lauluveikot "Yhä kohoaa tuttu torni". Fuga-9234. ISRCFIVLV0700001-12. Viipurin Lauluveikot 2007. Viipurin Lauluveikot "Te luulette meidän unohtaneen". Fuga-1981. Culture of Finland The culture of Finland combines indigenous heritage, as represented for example by
3515-893: The Baltic region only during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1800 BC), if not later. The Finnic peoples share a common cultural heritage: the art of ancient "rune" (poem) singing in the Kalevala meter , estimated to be 2,500–3,000 years old. The Finnish and Estonian national epics, Kalevala and Kalevipoeg , are both written in this meter. The Veps are the only Baltic Finnish people with no significant corpus of Kalevala meter oral poetry. The poetic tradition has included epic poems (known mostly in Karelia and Ingria , perhaps as survivals from an earlier, wider distribution), lyric poems and magic chants. The ancient rune singing has inspired
3610-472: The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1986. In several areas, however, the country's small feminist movement maintained that the circumstances in which Finnish women lived needed to be improved. Most striking was the disparity in wages. Although women made up just under half the workforce and had a tradition of working outside the home, they earned only about two-thirds of
3705-453: The Finnish architecture. Finnish design combines local artistic themes with tools and materials adapted to demanding northern conditions. Many artists and architects, from Akseli Gallen-Kallela to Alvar Aalto , have designed furniture and tableware during their career. Forces, shapes, colors, and textures of the northern landscape and the human relationship to nature have strongly influenced also painting, sculpture, and other art forms. This
3800-523: The Finns due to their nomadic lifestyle. Their native language is not Finnish, but one of the three Sami languages spoken in Finland. However, modern times have brought most Sami to urban areas, where they assimilate to mainstream society and speak Finnish. 10% of Sami continue herding in Northern Finland. Currently, the Sami are a 5% minority in their native Finnish Lapland. Another nomadic group
3895-611: The Lapps or Sami people, first appear. The opening chapter of the Old East Slavic Primary Chronicle (early 12th century) lists the following peoples living "in the share of Japheth " among others: Chud , Merya , Muroma , Ves , Cheremis , Mordvin , Chud Zavolochskaya ('beyond the portages'), Perm , Pechera , Sum ( Suomi , possibly referring to Finns proper ), Yam ( Häme , referring to Tavastians ), Yugra and Liv . The Chudes , as mentioned in
Kanteletar - Misplaced Pages Continue
3990-582: The Livs and Estonians, then the Finns underwent defeat, baptism, military occupation and sometimes extermination by groups of Germans, Danes and Swedes. Finland was governed as a part of Sweden, while Estonia was under a Baltic German knightly brotherhood before becoming parts of Russian Empire. Finland and Estonia became independent in 1917–1918 (see history of Finland and history of Estonia ). The Karelians remained under Russian and then Soviet rule, and their absolute and relative numbers dwindled. When urbanization
4085-527: The Migration Period in 400–600 AD, the Estonian influence gradually weakened. By the end of the period, clearly defined tribal dialectical areas – Finns proper , Tavastians , Karelians , Northern Estonians, Southern Estonians, and Western Estonians including the islanders—had emerged, the population of each having formed its own understanding of identity. The word Finn is first mentioned in
4180-936: The Swedish-Finnish culture. The daily newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet ('Capital City Paper') is the largest Swedish daily newspaper in Finland and has its headquarters in Helsinki. The Swedish-speaking minority has been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. They are still considered the upper-class in Finland, especially in Helsinki, and have earned nicknames, such as "Svenska talande bättre folk" ('Swedish speaking better people'). Swedish-Finns are also sometimes referred to as "Ankkalampi" ( Ankdammen or 'The Duck Pond') due to their relatively small number where everybody knows each other. Today, however, most differences are blurred (though rich, powerful Swedish-speaking families still exist) due to mixed marriages and inter-cultural homogenization and communication. The Swedish-Finnish group does have unique traditions distinct from
4275-639: The US, including the TWA Flight Center at New York's Kennedy Airport and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. The works of Finland's most noted modernist architect, Alvar Aalto, regarded as one of the major figures in the world history of modern architecture, has had significant worldwide influence; he was instrumental in bringing functionalist architecture to Finland, but also made his reputation for developing
4370-595: The agricultural roots are embedded in the rural lifestyle. Finns are also nationalistic, as opposed to self-identification with ethnicity or clan. With the emergence of reform, the Compulsory Education Act made education a civil right and available to all citizens, except for tertiary education, which is free of charge, and admissions are based strictly on test scores. The beliefs of the Finns are future employment security necessitating higher education in today's increasingly technological world. Prior to
4465-701: The banks of the Koitere . The poems sung by Kuivalatar were recorded in Lönnrot's notes. Kanteletar consists of three books. The first book includes 238 lyrical poems which Lönnrot named Yhteisiä Lauluja or "Common Songs". These songs are divided into four sections: common themes, for a wedding crowd, shepherds , and children. The second book contains 354 lyrical poems which was called Erityisiä Lauluja or "Special Songs". These songs are divided as songs for girls, women, boys and men. There are 60 historic poems, romances , legends , ballads and lyrical epic poems in
4560-399: The body. Cedar or birch branches can be tapped along the body to stimulate blood circulation. The sauna soothes sore and aching muscles. The Finns often use and have used the sauna to recover from hard physical labor. Sauna culture dictates subdued speech and time for thought to soothe the mind. Sauna is not to be rushed as it is essential to spiritual living. The structure of the sauna began as
4655-403: The bulk of family chores fell to women, and that they were five times more likely than men to head a single-parent family, the shortcomings of Finland's child day-care system affected women more than it did men. The Equality Law that went into effect in 1987 committed the country to achieve full equality for women. In the late 1980s, there was a timetable listing specific goals to be achieved during
4750-714: The clear beginning of social stratification. The first reported individuals with the y-DNA haplotype N-M231 in the Baltic are from the Iron Age, alongside Siberian ancestry. The Roman Iron Age is roughly dated to between AD 50 and 450, the era that was affected by the influence of the Roman Empire . In material culture this is reflected by a few Roman coins, some jewellery and artefacts. The abundance of iron artefacts in Southern Estonia speaks of closer mainland ties with southern areas, while coastal Finland and
4845-403: The country's national languages Finnish (a Uralic language) and Swedish (a Germanic language), and the sauna , with common Nordic and European cultural aspects. Because of its history and geographic location, Finland has been influenced by the adjacent areas, various Finnic and Baltic peoples as well as the former dominant powers of Sweden and Russia. Finnish culture is built upon
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#17327753155864940-624: The creation of the national epic of Finland, Kalevala compiled by Elias Lönnrot , and the music of Arvo Pärt , the best-known Estonian composer in the classical field. J. R. R. Tolkien has highlighted the importance of Kalevala as a source for his legendarium , including The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings . The region has been populated since the end of the last glacial era, about 10,000 BC. The earliest traces of human settlement are connected with Suomusjärvi culture and Kunda culture . The Early Mesolithic Pulli settlement
5035-740: The earliest East Slavic chronicles, are in a 12th-century context usually considered to be Estonians , although the name sometimes referred to all Finnic peoples in north-western Rus . According to the Primary Chronicle, the Chudes' lands were bounded by the Varangian Sea (Baltic Sea). In 1030 Yaroslav I the Wise invaded the country of the Chudes and laid the foundations of Yuriev (the historical Russian name of Tartu , Estonia). They remained until 1061 when, according to chronicles, Yuryev
5130-679: The establishment of Kiasma , the Museum of Contemporary Art in Helsinki in 1998. The architecture of Finland has a notable history spanning over 800 years. As a land of predominating forests, wood provided the natural building material for both housing and public buildings up until the 20th century. The more limited history of stone buildings before the 19th century was realised, however, in various stone churches, castles and fortresses. Finnish architecture has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as Jugendstil (or Art Nouveau ), Nordic Classicism and Functionalism . Three of
5225-556: The eve of Vappu by former and current students putting on their student caps (graduation cap). Finnish Independence Day is 6 December and a national holiday. All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of Parliament . The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays. The main Christian holidays are Christmas, Epiphany , Easter, Ascension Day , Pentecost , and All Saints' Day . The secular holidays are New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer Day , and
5320-603: The form Fenni in the 1st century AD by Roman historian Tacitus . However, it is possible that he was referring to the people of northern Europe in general, particularly the Lappic or Sami people . After that the name Finni is used by Claudius Ptolemaeus (around 150) and the Eastern Roman writer Jordanes in his Getica (551). References to Finnic tribes become much more numerous from the Viking Age (800–1050). It
5415-445: The increase of settlement finds in the period is more likely to have been associated with an economic boom related to the warming of climate. Some researchers have even argued that a form of Uralic languages may have been spoken in Estonia and Finland since the end of the last glaciation. Through archaeogenetics the population has been shown to derive the bulk of its ancestry from Eastern Hunter-Gatherers of Russia. The beginning of
5510-560: The independent position of the Ombudsman for Equality [ fi ] was strengthened. It has been clarified that in the Equality Act, the phrase 'gender identity' refers to an individual's experience of their own gender, through clothing, behaviour, or by other means. The Finnish family life is usually understood to be centered on the nuclear family , rather than the extended family . There are usually one or two children in
5605-457: The internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila , Soile Isokoski , Kari Kriikku , Pekka Kuusisto , Réka Szilvay , and Linda Brava . Modern Finnish popular music includes a renowned heavy metal music scene, in common with other Nordic countries , as well as a number of prominent rock bands, hip hop performers, pop music and dance music acts such as Bomfunk MCs , Darude and Waldo's People . Jazz also plays
5700-400: The islands of western and northern Estonia communicated with their neighbours mainly by sea. Between 200 and 400 AD, a group of Baltic Sea Finns in southwestern Finland ( Finland proper ), who had traveled there from the areas of nowadays Estonia, began moving inland towards Tavastia . Between 200 and 400 AD, the Finns proper themselves became divided geographically in three parts: During
5795-544: The last 30 years, scientific research in physical anthropology, craniometric analyses, and mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal DNA frequencies have reduced the likelihood of the Migration Theory—a major westward migration as recently as 3,000 years ago. The Settlement Continuity Theory asserts that at least the genetic ancestors of the Finnic peoples were among the earliest indigenous peoples of Europe . The origin of
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#17327753155865890-494: The lyricists, Sauvo Puhtila [ fi ] (1928–2014), Reino Helismaa (died 1965) and Veikko "Vexi" Salmi are a few of the most notable writers. The composer and bandleader Jimi Tenor is well known for his brand of retro-funk music. Notable Finnish dance and electronic music artists include Jori Hulkkonen , Darude , JS16 , DJ Proteus [ fi ] , Fanu , DJ Muffler [ fi ] , trance duo Super8 & Tab and DJ Orkidea . Finnish dance music
5985-583: The mainstream Finnish-speaking ones but does not live in a different society. The group has various origins, both from language switching and from immigration. The Lapland region of the North holds the Sami population. Up to around 1500, the Sami were mainly fishermen and trappers, usually in a combination, leading a nomadic lifestyle decided by the migrations of the reindeer. Traditionally, Sami people engaged in fishing, trapping and herding reindeer. They have traditionally organized their societies differently from
6080-695: The middle of the 1st century. The oldest iron items were imported, although since the 1st century iron was smelted from local marsh and lake ore. Settlement sites were located mostly in places that offered natural protection. Fortresses were built, although used temporarily. The appearance of square Celtic fields surrounded by enclosures in Estonia date from the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The majority of stones with man-made indents, which presumably were connected with magic designed to increase crop fertility, date from this period. A new type of grave, quadrangular burial mounds, began to develop. Burial traditions show
6175-483: The number of women studying at the university level, for example, was slightly ahead of the number of men. In addition to an expanding welfare system, which since World War II had come to provide them with substantial assistance in the area of childbearing and child-rearing, women had made notable legislative gains that brought them closer to full equality with men. In 1972 the Council for Equality [ fi ]
6270-465: The people who lived around the Baltic Sea area during the Mesolithic Era continues to be debated by scientists. From the middle of the Neolithic onward, there is a certain extent of agreement among scholars: it has been suggested that Finnic tribes arrived in the Baltic region from the east or south-east around the period 4000–3000 BC and merged with the original inhabitants, who then adopted
6365-443: The poem singing has been diminishing, but Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades and has become a part of popular music , for example, the group Värttinä . The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami , are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called Joik . The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect. The first Finnish opera
6460-519: The population in the mid-1980s, did have a privileged place. They were the first in Europe to gain the franchise, and by the 1980s they routinely constituted about one-third of the membership of the Eduskunta (parliament) and held several ministerial posts. In the 1980s, about 75 percent of adult women worked outside the home; they made up about 48 percent of the workforce. Finnish women were as well educated as their male counterparts, and, in some cases,
6555-491: The proto-Finno-Ugric language and the Pit–Comb Ware culture of the newcomers. The members of this new Finno-Ugric-speaking ethnicity are thought to be the ancestors of modern-day Estonians. The Y-chromosomal data has also revealed a common Finnic ancestry for the males of the neighbouring Balts , speakers of the Indo-European Baltic languages . According to the studies, Baltic males are most closely related to
6650-662: The region, a bonfire at midnight celebrates the summer solstice , and in Åland , the Swedish-originated tradition of dancing around the Maypole is observed. The midsummer traditions also include different versions of pairing magic and folklore in the festivities. Midsummer Day is also Flag Day in Finland. The Finnish Christmas, Joulu , follows traditions of Christmas trees and the Advent calendars . Holidays start on 23 December. Gift giving occurs on Christmas Eve with
6745-427: The relatively ascetic environmental realities, traditional livelihoods, and heritage of egalitarianism (e.g. Everyman's right , universal suffrage ) and the traditionally widespread ideal of self-sufficiency (e.g. predominantly rural lifestyles and modern summer cottages ). There are cultural differences among the various regions of Finland , especially minor differences in dialect . Minorities, some of which have
6840-427: The remainder of the 20th century. The emphasis was equality for everyone, rather than protection for women. Efforts were undertaken not only to place women in occupations dominated by males but also to bring males into fields traditionally believed to belong to the women's sphere, such as child care and elementary school teaching. Another aim was for women to occupy a more equal share of decision-making positions. Since
6935-509: The shores of the Baltic Sea around 1000 BC, at which time Finns and Estonians separated. The Migration Theory has been called into question since 1980 based on genealogy , craniometry and archaeology . Recently, a modified form of the Migration Theory has gained new support among the younger generation of linguists, who consider that archaeology, genes and craniometric data cannot supply evidence of prehistoric languages. During
7030-555: The southwestern coast of Finland around 1200 BC. From 1100 to 1200, the crown of Sweden started to incorporate Finland. However, Novgorod also attempted to gain control. Several wars occurred between 1400 and 1700 where Finland fought against Sweden, Novgorod, the Grand Duchy of Moscow , and imperial Russia. In 1721, the Nystad Peace Treaty was signed, ending Swedish dominance in the Baltic region. In 1809, Finland
7125-739: The spread of bronze. Changes took place in burial customs, a new type of burial ground spread from Germanic to Estonian areas, stone cist graves and cremation burials became increasingly common beside small numbers of boat-shaped stone graves. In terms of genetics, the Bronze Age population of the East Baltic derives most of their ancestry from the Corded Ware culture with an elevated amount of Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer ancestry, but showing no prevalence of Siberian related ancestry. The Pre-Roman Iron Age began in about 500 BC and lasted until
7220-444: The stove emit steam, which produces a heat sensation. Some Finns prefer the "dry sauna" using very little steam if any. Traditional sauna includes the process of perspiring and cooling several times. A part of the cooling process is a swim in the lake before returning to the sauna for an additional sweat. Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden,
7315-646: The third book have generally been collected from Russia and Karelia . Kanteletar and Kalevala has generally been used as a source of inspiration in the arts . They have been used as a source of lyrics for Finnish folk music in addition to archived Finnish folk poetry. The Kalevala-metred poems had originally been sung poetry. For example, the lyrics in the Värttinä song Niin mie mieltynen (The Beloved, Music: P. Lehti – Words: S. Reiman, trad.) Onpa tietty tietyssäni, mesimarja mielessäni. Lempilintu liitossani, soriainen suojassani. are taken directly from
7410-601: The third book, which is called Virsi-Lauluja or "Hymns". There are 24 new poems in the preface . Lönnrot's third edition of Kanteletar in 1887 had the third book revised in full, as it contained 137 poems. Later editions adhered to the original printing with the exception of 10 poems which were taken from the third book as an appendix . The lyrical poetry of Kanteletar comes, for the most part, from Finnish Karelia . In his foreword, Lönnrot makes note of Lieksa , Ilomantsi , Kitee , Tohmajärvi , Sortavala , Jaakkima and Kurkijoki as places where he traveled. The poems of
7505-536: The twenty most common occupations were the two sexes equally represented. Only in occupations relating to agriculture , forestry , and school teaching was a rough parity approached, and as few as 6 percent of Finns worked in jobs where 40 to 60 percent of workers were of the opposite sex. Studies also found that equal educational levels did not—in any category of training—prevent women's wages from lagging behind those paid to men. Women tended to occupy lower positions, while males were more often supervisors or managers. This
7600-407: The two independent Finnic nation states — Finland and Estonia . Finnic peoples are also significant minority groups in neighbouring countries of Sweden , Norway and Russia, especially Karelia . According to the "Migration Theory" that was based primarily on comparative linguistics , the proto- Finns migrated from an ancient homeland somewhere in north-western Siberia or western Russia to
7695-406: The wages paid to men. Occupations in which women predominated, such as those of retail and office personnel, were poorly paid in contrast to those in which men constituted the majority. Despite the sexes' equal educational attainments, and despite a society where sexual differentiation played a smaller role than it did in many other countries, occupational segregation in Finland was marked. In a few of
7790-412: The western parts of the country were influenced by Nordic dance music. Traditional form of singing, rune-singing i.e. poem singing was preserved better in the eastern Finland, and it was often accompanied by the traditional instrument kantele . This type of music is often seen as more pure form of traditional music, since it lacks Germanic influence. Since Nordic dance music became popular the popularity of
7885-680: The world's most noted figures in architecture history were Finns; Eliel Saarinen was a major influence in Art Nouveau architecture, with such buildings as the Helsinki Central railway station and, following his emigration to the US, the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan. His son, Eero Saarinen , though born in Finland is also regarded as an American architect, and created significant pieces of architecture throughout
7980-563: The world, the Washington-based Population Crisis Committee reported in 1988 that Finland, slightly behind top-ranked Sweden and just ahead of the United States, was one of the very best places in which a woman could live. The group reached this conclusion after examining the health, educational, economic, and legal conditions that affect women's lives. When compared with women of other nations, Finnish women, who accounted for just over 50 percent of
8075-651: Was annexed by Russia . However from 1809 to 1917, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy with the Russian Czar as the constitutional monarch. In southeastern Finland , the region of Karelia , where most of the Russo-Swedish conflicts occurred, was influenced by both cultures while remaining peripheral to both epicentres of power. The verses in Finland's national epic, the Kalevala , originate mainly from Karelia and Ingria . The 19th century brought
8170-597: Was burned down by the Chudes. According to Old East Slavic chronicles, the Chudes were one of the founders of the Rus' state . The northern (or eastern) Chudes were also a mythical people in folklore among Northern Russians and their neighbours. In Komi mythology, the Northern Chudes represent the mythic ancestors of the Komi people. In the 13th century the east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: first
8265-457: Was certified gold by the RIAA. Most recently, the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest with a record 292 points, giving Finland its first ever victory. Rock bands such as The 69 Eyes and Indica enjoy cult following abroad. Baltic Finns The Baltic Finnic peoples , often simply referred to as the Finnic peoples , are the peoples inhabiting
8360-421: Was established to advise lawmakers on methods for realizing full legal equality for women. In 1983 legislation arranged that both parents were to have equal rights for custody of their children. A year later, women were granted equal rights in the establishment of their children's nationality. Henceforth any child born of a Finnish woman would have Finnish citizenship. After a very heated national debate, legislation
8455-597: Was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twelve times. After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously Mika Waltari . Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939, so far the only Nobel prize-winning Finnish author. The Second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna . Literature in modern Finland
8550-489: Was not until about 1171 that the word Finni was employed to mean the Finns . The term Aestii , the name of the Estonians, occurs first again in Tacitus; however, it might have indicated Balts. In Northern sagas (13th century), the term started to be used to indicate the Estonians. In a Norwegian text (11th–12th century) , the name Kiriali , referring to Karelians, and the term cornuti Finni , interpreted as referring to
8645-507: Was passed in 1985 that gave women an equal right to decide what surname or surnames they and their children would use. These advances were capped by The Act on Equality between Women and Men [ fi ] that went into effect in early 1987 forbidding any discrimination based on sex and protecting against this discrimination. Once these laws were passed, Finnish authorities signed the United Nations Convention on
8740-407: Was set up in 1968, and in 1970 racial discrimination was outlawed through an addition to the penal code. The law punished blatant acts such as barring Gypsies from restaurants or shops or subjecting them to unusual surveillance by shopkeepers or the police." Today, financial aid is provided to improve the standard of living for 5,000–6,000 Finnish Gypsies. After examining the position of women around
8835-412: Was the case everywhere, whether in schools or universities, in business, in the civil service, or politics at both the local level and the national level. In addition to occupying a secondary position in the workplace, women had longer workdays because they performed a greater share of household tasks than did men. On the average, their workweek outside the home was several hours shorter than men's because
8930-604: Was the subject of a 2005 book Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf by Richard Lewis. In October 2018, the BBC published an article on this subject. The Finnish society encourages equality and liberalism with a popular commitment to the ideals of the welfare state ; discouraging disparity of wealth and division into social classes. Everyman's right (Ministry of Environment, 1999) is a philosophy carried over from ancient times. All citizens have access to public and private lands for agrarian activities or leisure. Finns value being close to nature;
9025-615: Was written by the German composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote Maamme/Vårt land (Our Land) , Finland's national anthem . In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo . He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia , which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and
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