Karaman Eyalet ( Ottoman Turkish : ایالت قرهمان , romanized : Eyālet-i Ḳaraman ) was one of the subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire . Its reported area in the 19th century was 30,463 square miles (78,900 km).
67-623: In 1468, the formerly independent principality of Karaman was annexed by the Ottomans; Mehmed II appointed his son Mustafa as governor of the new eyalet, with his seat at Konya . The eyalet consisted of seven sanjaks between 1700 and 1740: Konya , Niğde , Kayseri , Kırşehir , Beyşehir , Aksaray , and Akşehir . This Ottoman Empire –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Principality of Karaman The Karamanids ( Turkish : Karamanoğulları or Karamanoğulları Beyliği ), also known as
134-822: A "second Iran" in Anatolia. Iranian cultural, political, and literary traditions deeply influenced Anatolia in the early 13th century. The notable historian Ibn Bibi composed a six-volume Persian language poetic work called the Selçukname , modeled after the Shahnamah , which focused on the Seljuk sultans. Despite their Turkic origins, the Seljuks used Persian for administrative purposes; even their histories, which replaced Arabic, were in Persian. Their usage of Turkish
201-669: A model for the later devşirme during the time of the Ottoman Empire . The earliest documented Rum Seljuq copper coins were made in the first part of the twelfth century in Konya and the eastern Anatolian emirates. Extensive numismatic evidence suggests that, starting in the middle of the thirteenth century and continuing until the end of the Seljuk dynasty, silver-producing mints and silver coinage flourished, particularly in central and eastern Anatolia. Most of Kilij Arslan II's coins were minted in Konya between 1177–78 and 1195, with
268-576: A pitched battle, the Seljukid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuk ranks. Süleymanshah himself was wounded and withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for
335-627: A result of the intrigues of the chancellor Mu'in al-Din Suleyman, the Pervane , Karaman Bey and his two brothers, Zeynül-Hac and Bunsuz, marched toward Konya , the Seljuq capital, with 20,000 men. A combined Seljuq and Mongol army, led by the Pervane, defeated the Karamanid army and captured Karaman Bey's two brothers. After Karaman Bey died in 1262, his older son, Mehmet I of Karaman , became
402-705: A secret route, presumably guided by the Byzantines. Suleiman tried, unsuccessfully, to conquer Aleppo in 1086, and died in the Battle of Ain Salm , either fighting his enemies or by suicide. In the aftermath, Suleiman's son Kilij Arslan I was imprisoned and a general of his, Abu'l-Qasim , took power in Nicaea. Following the death of sultan Malik Shah in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and established himself in his father's territories between 1092 and 1094, possibly with
469-467: A significant portion of the townspeople knew the language. One of its most famous Persian writers, Rumi , took his name from the name of the state. Moreover, Byzantine influence in the Sultanate was also significant, since Byzantine Greek aristocracy remained part of the Seljuk nobility, and the native Byzantine (Rûm) peasants remained numerous in the region. Based on their genealogy, it appears that
536-648: A small amount also occurring in Sivas, which the Rum Seljuks conquered from the Danishmendids. Sivas may have started minting coins in 1185–1186. The majority of Kılıj Arslan II's coins are silver dirhams ; however, there are also a few dinars and one or two fulūs (small copper coins) issues. Following his death the sultanate was divided among his sons. Muhyiddin Mesut, son of Kilij Arslan II, minted coins in
603-500: Is a representation of the ideal Seljuq king of the Great Age. The image initially appeared on Rum Seljuq copper coins in the late eleventh century. The first to add equestrian iconography to silver and gold coins was Suleiman II of Rûm (r. 1196–1204). Antalya minted coins with Kaykaus I 's name from November 1261 to November 1262. Between 1211 and 1219, the bulk of his coins are minted at Konya and Sivas. A significant portion of
670-623: Is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding Mongols . The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by Baiju in the Battle of Köse Dağ (a mountain between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan ), resulting in the Seljuk Turks being forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals. The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after
737-479: The Byzantine cities of Nicaea (present-day İznik ) and briefly also Nicomedia (present-day İzmit ). Around two years later, he established a principality that, while initially a Byzantine vassal state , became increasingly independent after six to ten years. Nevertheless, it seems that Suleiman was tasked by Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos in 1085 to reconquer Antioch and the former travelled there on
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#1732772761080804-661: The Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman ( Turkish : Karamanoğulları Beyliği ), was an Anatolian beylik of Salur tribe origin, centered in South-Central Anatolia around the present-day Karaman Province . From the mid 14th century until its fall in 1487, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the most powerful beyliks in Anatolia. The Karamanids traced their ancestry from Hodja Sad al-Din and his son Nure Sufi Bey , who emigrated from Arran (roughly encompassing modern-day Azerbaijan ) to Sivas because of
871-608: The Greek Ῥωμαῖοι (Romaioi). The Sultanate of Rûm seceded from the Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077, just six years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia were conquered at the Battle of Manzikert (1071). It had its capital first at Nicaea and then at Iconium . It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on
938-630: The Karamanids in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly longer and coins of Seljuk mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the Ottomans. The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuks, based its political, religious and cultural heritage on the Turco-Persian tradition and Greco-Roman world , even to
1005-613: The Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached Lake Van . Trade through Anatolia from Iran and Central Asia was developed by a system of caravanserai . Especially strong trade ties with the Genoese formed during this period. The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established following the conquest of Byzantine Anatolia: Danishmendids , House of Mengüjek , Saltukids , Artuqids . The Seljuk sultans bore
1072-618: The Ottoman dynasty , which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Ottoman Empire . Since the 1030s, migratory Turkish groups in search of pastureland had penetrated Byzantine borders into Anatolia. In the 1070s, after the battle of Manzikert , the Seljuk commander Suleiman ibn Qutulmish , a distant cousin of Alp Arslan and a former contender for the throne of the Seljuk Empire , came to power in western Anatolia . Between 1075 and 1081, he gained control of
1139-399: The 13th century, most Muslim inhabitants in major Anatolian urban hubs reportedly spoke Persian as their main language. It was in this century that the proneness of imitating Iran in terms of administration, religion and culture reached its zenith, encouraged by the major influx of Persian refugees fleeing Mongol invasions, who brought Persian culture with them and were instrumental in creating
1206-719: The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them. However, this alleged sabotage of the Crusade by the Byzantines was likely fabricated by Odo, who saw the Empire as an obstacle, and moreover Emperor Manuel had no political reason to do so. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and participated in 1148 in an ill-advised attack on Damascus, which ended in their retreat. In
1273-724: The Egyptian sultan Sayf ad-Din Inal sent an army to retake Tarsus from the Karamanids. The Egyptian Mamluks damaged Konya after defeating the Karamanids, and Mehmet Bey retreated from Konya . Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey pursued and captured him; according to an agreement between the two leaders, Mehmet Bey was exiled to Egypt for the rest of his life. During the Crusade of Varna against the Ottomans in 1443–44, Karamanid İbrahim Bey marched on Ankara and Kütahya , destroying both cities. In
1340-402: The Georgians. Suleiman II died in 1204 and was succeeded by his son Kilij Arslan III , whose reign was unpopular. Kaykhusraw I seized Konya in 1205 reestablishing his reign. Under his rule and those of his two successors, Kaykaus I and Kayqubad I , Seljuk power in Anatolia reached its apogee. Kaykhusraw's most important achievement was the capture of the harbour of Attalia (Antalya) on
1407-537: The Islamic Near East may have experienced a "silver famine" owing to little, or very little, silver mintings from the eleventh and most of the twelfth centuries. However, at the start of the thirteenth century a "silver flood" occurred in Rum Seljuq territory when Anatolian silver mines were discovered. The fineness of Rum Seljuq dirhams is similar to that of dinars ; frequently, both were struck using
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#17327727610801474-583: The Karamanid army had 25,000 riders and 25,000 saracens . They could also rely on some Turkmen tribes and their warriors. Their economic activities depended mostly on control of strategic commercial areas such as Konya , Karaman and the ports of Lamos, Silifke , Anamur , and Manavgat . 66 mosques , 8 hammams , 2 caravanserais and 3 medreses built by the Karamanids survived to the present day. Notable examples of Karamanid architecture include: 2nd:1352 2nd:1356 2nd:1340 2nd:1349 2nd:1421 2nd:1423 Sultan of R%C3%BBm The Sultanate of Rûm
1541-588: The Mediterranean coast in 1207. His son Kaykaus captured Sinop and made the Empire of Trebizond his vassal in 1214. He also subjugated Cilician Armenia but in 1218 was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo, acquired from al-Kamil . Kayqubad continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225. In the 1220s, he sent an expeditionary force across the Black Sea to Crimea . In
1608-716: The Mongol invasion in 1230. The Karamanids were members of the Salur tribe of Oghuz Turks . According to others, they were members of the Afshar tribe , which participated in the revolt led by Baba Ishak and afterwards moved to the western Taurus Mountains , near the town of Larende , where they came to serve the Seljuks . Nure Sofi worked there as a woodcutter. His son, Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey , gained tenuous control over
1675-540: The Pride of Islam . When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuk dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II, Mesud II , established himself as sultan in Kayseri . He was murdered in 1308 and his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to the Seljuk dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by
1742-471: The Seljuk sultanate. Suleiman II rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia, with an army of 150,000–400,000 and encamped in the Basiani valley. Tamar of Georgia quickly marshaled an army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort, David Soslan . Georgian troops under David Soslan made a sudden advance into Basiani and assailed the enemy's camp in 1203 or 1204. In
1809-487: The Seljuk sultans favored Christian ladies, just like the early Ottoman sultans. Within the Seljuk harem, Greek women were the most dominant. Cultural Turkification in Anatolia first started during the 14th-century, particularly during the gradual rise of the Ottomans . With a population that included Byzantine Greeks , Armenians , Kurds , Turks, and Persians, the Seljuks were very successful between 1220 and 1250 and set
1876-569: The approval of Malik Shah's son and successor Berkyaruq . Kilij Arslan, although victorious against the People's Crusade of 1096, was defeated by soldiers of the First Crusade and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with its capital in Konya . He defeated three Crusade contingents in the Crusade of 1101 . In 1107, he ventured east and captured Mosul but died
1943-405: The battle, where he died in 1246; his death started a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260. The Seljuk realm was divided among Kaykhusraw's three sons. The eldest, Kaykaus II (1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river Kızılırmak . His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) and Kayqubad II (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of
2010-704: The brunt of the Crusades and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ . For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the Ilkhanate . Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate, Mesud II , was murdered in 1308. The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small Anatolian beyliks (Turkish principalities), among them that of
2077-532: The city and damaged it; this would not be the last Karamanid invasion of Ottoman lands. However, Mehmet Bey was captured by Bayezid Pasha and sent to prison. He apologized for what he had done and was forgiven by the Ottoman ruler. Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey captured Tarsus while Mehmet Bey was in prison. Mustafa Bey, son of Mehmet Bey, retook the city during a conflict between the Emirs of Sham and Egypt . After that,
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2144-576: The daughter of the Ottoman sultan Murat I , the first important contact between the two dynasties. As Ottoman power expanded into the Balkans , Aleaddin Ali Bey captured the city of Beyşehir , which had been an Ottoman city. However, it did not take much time for the Ottomans to react and march on Konya, the Karamanoğlu capital city. A treaty between the two kingdoms was formed, and peace existed until
2211-574: The east he defeated the Mengujekids and began to put pressure on the Artuqids . Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around Diyarbakır , but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named Baba Ishak . After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It
2278-420: The end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the beyliks (including the early Ottoman state) and Seljuk governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the khutbah in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin,
2345-534: The end, the crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a victory for the Muslims. It would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century. Mesud's son, Kilij Arslan II , is the first known Seljuk ruler who is known to have used the title of sultan and captured the remaining territories around Sivas and Malatya from
2412-740: The expense of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and perhaps at the expense of Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV , 1248–1265); in any case it is certain that he fought against the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and probably even died in this fight) to such extent that King Hethum I (1226–1269) had to place himself voluntarily under the sovereignty of the great Khan , in order to protect his kingdom from Mamluks and Seljuks (1244). The rivalry between Kilij Arslan IV and Izz al-Din Kaykaus II allowed
2479-474: The general confusion, Mehmed Bey captured Konya on 12 May and placed on the throne a pretender called Jimri , who claimed to be the son of Kaykaus . In the end, however, Mehmed was defeated by Seljuq and Mongol forces and executed with some of his brothers in 1278. Despite these blows, the Karamanids continued to increase their power and influence, largely aided by the Mamluks of Egypt , especially during
2546-660: The groundwork for later Islamization of Anatolia. In their construction of caravanserais , madrasas and mosques , the Rum Seljuks translated the Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone. Among these, the caravanserais (or hans ), used as stops, trading posts and defense for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built during the Anatolian Seljuk period, are particularly remarkable. Along with Persian influences, which had an indisputable effect, Seljuk architecture
2613-513: The head of the house. He immediately negotiated alliances with other Turkmen clans to raise an army against the Seljuqs and Ilkhanids . During the 1276 revolt of Hatıroğlu Şemseddin Bey against Mongol domination in Anatolia, Karamanids also defeated several Mongol-Seljuq armies. In the Battle of Göksu in 1277 in particular, the central power of the Seljuq was dealt a severe blow. Taking advantage of
2680-728: The last of the Danishmends. At the Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176, Kilij Arslan II also defeated a Byzantine army led by Manuel I Komnenos . Despite a temporary occupation of Konya in 1190 by the Holy Roman Empire 's forces of the Third Crusade , the sultanate was quick to recover and consolidate its power. During the last years of Kilij Arslan II's reign, the sultanate experienced a civil war with Kaykhusraw I fighting to retain control and losing to his brother Suleiman II in 1196. Following Kilij Arslan II's death,
2747-549: The meantime, the Ottoman sultan Murad II was returning from Rumelia with a victory against the Hungarian Crusaders. Like all other Islamic emirates in Anatolia, the Karamanids were accused of treason. Hence, İbrahim Bey accepted all Ottoman terms. The Karamanid state was eventually terminated by the Ottomans in 1487, as the power of their Mameluke allies was declining. Some were resettled in various parts of Anatolia. Large groups were accommodated in northern Iran on
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2814-690: The mountainous parts of Cilicia in the middle of the 13th century. A persistent but spurious legend, however, claims that the Seljuq Sultan of Rum , Kayqubad I , instead established a Karamanid dynasty in these lands. Karaman Bey expanded his territories by capturing castles in Ermenek , Mut , Ereğli , Gülnar , and Silifke . The year of the conquests is reported as 1225, during the reign of Ala al-Din Kaykubadh I (1220–1237), which seems excessively early. Karaman Bey's conquests were mainly at
2881-532: The names of the sultans, there are variants in form and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one source or the other, either for fidelity in transliterating the Persian variant of the Arabic script which the sultans used, or for a rendering corresponding to the modern Turkish phonology and orthography. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use alternatively in reference to their legacy. While
2948-528: The native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, he had to return to his home base in Egypt , and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely. Also, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia captured the Mediterranean coast from Selinos to Seleucia , as well as the cities of Marash and Behisni , from the Seljuk in the 1240s. Near
3015-424: The northwesterly cities of Ankara, Çankırı, Eskişehir, and Kaztamunu from 1186 to 1200. Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II 's reign in Erzurum, another son of Kilij Arslan II, minted silver dirhams in 1211–1212. The sun-lion and the equestrian are the two central motifs in the Rum Seljuq numismatic figural repertoire. The image of a horseman with two more arrows ready and his bow taut represents strength and control and
3082-538: The point of naming their sons with New Persian names. The Seljuks of Rum had inherited the administrative method of Persian statecraft from the Seljuk Empire, which they would later pass on to the Ottomans. As an expression of Turco-Persian culture, Rum Seljuks patronized Persian art , architecture , and literature . Unlike the Seljuk Empire, the Seljuk sultans of Rum had Persian names such as Kay Khosrow , Kay Kawad/Qobad , and Kay Kāvus . The bureaucrats and religious elite of their realm were generally Persian. In
3149-445: The reign of Baybars . Karamanids captured Konya on two more occasions at the beginning of the 14th century but were driven out the first time by emir Chupan , the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, and the second time by Chupan's son and successor Timurtash . An expansion of Karamanoğlu power occurred after the fall of the Ilkhanids in the 1330s. A second expansion coincided with Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Ali Bey's marriage to Nefise Hatun ,
3216-412: The reign of Bayezid I . Timur gave control of the Karamanid lands to Mehmet Bey, the oldest son of Aleaddin Ali Bey. After Bayezid I died in 1403, the Ottoman Empire went into a political crisis as the Ottoman family fell prey to internecine strife. It was an opportunity not only for Karamanids but also for all of the Anatolian beyliks . Mehmet Bey assembled an army to march on Bursa . He captured
3283-403: The river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near Aksaray and all of Anatolia became officially subject to Möngke Khan . In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and Kaykhusraw III (1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or
3350-422: The road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of Sultanhanı , covering 3,900 m (42,000 sq ft). Two caravanserais carry the name Sultan Han , the other one being between Kayseri and Sivas. Furthermore, apart from Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to caravanserais built there. These are Alacahan in Kangal , Durağan , Hekimhan and Kadınhanı , as well as
3417-458: The same dies. The Seljuq silver coinage's superior quality and prominence contributed to the dynasty's affluence throughout the early part of the thirteenth century and explains why it served as a kind of anchor for the local "currency community." The Empire of Trebizond and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia silver coins were modeled after the fineness and weight specifications of Rum Seljuq coins. ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) As regards with
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#17327727610803484-435: The same year fighting Malik Shah's son, Mehmed Tapar . He was the first Muslim commander against the crusades. Meanwhile, another Rum Seljuk, Malik Shah (not to be confused with the Seljuk sultan of the same name), captured Konya. In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son, Mesud I , took the city with the help of the Danishmends . Upon Mesud's death in 1156, the sultanate controlled nearly all of central Anatolia. The Second Crusade
3551-403: The same year, fighting the Sultan of Rum , who had not paid the tax, and he managed to defeat the sultan a second time. Rukn al-Din Kilidj Arslan IV got rid of almost all hostile begs and amirs except Karaman Bey, to whom he gave the town of Larende (now Karaman , in honour of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260) in order to win him to his side. In the meantime, Bunsuz, brother of Karaman Bey,
3618-431: The settlement in Kalehisar contiguous to an ancient Hittite site near Alaca , founded by the Seljuk commander Hüsameddin Temurlu , who had taken refuge in the region after the defeat in the Battle of Köse Dağ and had founded a township comprising a castle, a madrasa, a habitation zone and a caravanserai, which were later abandoned apparently around the 16th century. All but the caravanserai, which remains undiscovered,
3685-408: The sultan's influential regents. The Seljuk state had started to split into small emirates ( beyliks ) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuk control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the Mamluk Sultan Baibars raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan , temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuk realm. But since
3752-463: The sultanate was divided amongst his sons. Elbistan was given to Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II , but when Erzurum was taken from the Saltukids at the start of the thirteenth century, he was installed there. Tughril governed Erzurum from 1192 to 1221. During 1211–1212, he broke free from the Seljuk state. In 1230, Jahan Shah bin Tughril who was allied to the Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din, lost the Battle of Yassıçemen , allowing for Erzurum to be annexed by
3819-407: The territory of present-day Azerbaijan . The main part was brought to the newly conquered territories in north-eastern Bulgaria – the Ludogorie region, another group – to what is now northern Greece and southern Bulgaria— present-day Kardzhali region and Macedonia . Ottomans founded Karaman Eyalet from former territories of Karamanids. According to Mesâlik-ül-Ebsâr, written by Şehâbeddin Ömer,
3886-420: The township of Akhan within the Denizli metropolitan area. The caravanserai of Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription in Arabic with information relating to the tower, two further inscriptions in Armenian and Syriac , since it was constructed by the sultan Kayqubad I 's doctor ( hekim ), who is thought to have been a Christian convert to Islam . There are other particular cases, like
3953-403: The tribes in the border areas to live virtually independently. Karaman Bey helped Kaykaus, but Arslan had the support of both the Mongols and Pervâne Sulayman Muin al-Din (who had the real power in the sultanate). The Mongolian governor and general Baiju was dismissed from office in 1256 because he had failed to conquer new territories. Still, he continued to serve as a general and appeared,
4020-685: The two palaces built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names Kubadabad Palace and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as Alâeddin Mosque and the port city of Alanya he had captured as " Alaiye ". Similarly, the medrese built by Kaykhusraw I in Kayseri, within the complex ( külliye ) dedicated to his sister Gevher Nesibe , was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by Kaykaus I in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese. Period post-First Crusade Second Crusade Period post-Second Crusade Third Crusade Period post-Third Crusade Fourth Crusade Fifth Crusade Sixth Crusade and aftermath Seventh Crusade End of
4087-465: Was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples ( Rûm ) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071). The name Rûm was a synonym for the medieval Eastern Roman Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish . The name is derived from the Aramaic ( romī ) and Parthian ( frwm ) names for ancient Rome , via
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#17327727610804154-459: Was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. After crossing Byzantine territory into Anatolia, both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that
4221-399: Was chosen as a Candar , or bodyguard, for Kilij Arslan IV . Their power rose as a result of the unification of Turkish clans that lived in the mountainous regions of Cilicia with the new Turkish population transferred there by Kayqubad. Good relations between the Seljuqs and the Karamanids did not last. In 1261, on the pretext of supporting Kaykaus II , who had fled to Constantinople as
4288-403: Was dedicated to Sultan Kaykhusraw I . Even the Tārikh-i Āl-i Saldjūq , an anonymous history of the Sultanate of Rum, was written in Persian. The sultans of Rum were largely not educated in Arabic. This clearly limited the Arab influence, or at least the direct influence, to a relatively small degree. In contrast, Persian literature and Iranian influence expanded because most sultans and even
4355-576: Was explored in the 1960s by the art historian Oktay Aslanapa , and the finds as well as several documents attest to the existence of a vivid settlement in the site, such as a 1463 Ottoman firman which instructs the headmaster of the madrasa to lodge not in the school but in the caravanserai. The Seljuk palaces, as well as their armies, were staffed with ghilmān ( Arabic : غِلْمَان ), singular ghulam ), slave-soldiers taken as children from non-Muslim communities, mainly Greeks from former Byzantine territories. The practice of keeping ghilmān may have offered
4422-438: Was hardly promoted at all. Even Sultan Kilij Arslan II , as a child, spoke to courtiers in Persian. Khanbaghi states the Anatolian Seljuks were even more Persianized than the Seljuks that ruled the Iranian plateau. Persian poetry was written by sultans Suleiman II , Kayqubad I , and Kaykhusraw II . The Rahat al-sudur , the history of the Great Seljuk Empire and its breakup, written in Persian by Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi,
4489-413: Was inspired by local Byzantine architects, for example in the Celestial Mosque in Sivas , and by Armenian architecture . Anatolian architecture represents some of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire history of Islamic architecture. Later, this Anatolian architecture would be inherited by the Sultanate of India . The largest caravanserai is the Sultan Han (built-in 1229) on
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