80-451: Karan Nagar is the notified area and the town in the city of Srinagar in the Indian administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . A portion of Karan Nagar in the name of Deewan Bagh was the first declared civil colony in 1942 by the former princely state government of Jammu and Kashmir . It is a posh locality of Srinagar city . The famous SMHS hospital and Government Medical College
160-736: A Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar . Some of
240-561: A Hindu place of worship into Muslim shrine in Kashmir also appears from Srinagar under Sikandar's rule. Sikandar's successor Zain-ul-Abidin undertook several constructions in and around Srinagar. He built the Zainakadal bridge connecting the two halves of the city on either side of the Jhelum river, the Mar canal and two islands inside Dal lake called Sona Lank and Rupa Lank. He also built
320-638: A family from Swat which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani and were associated to the Kubrawiya , a Sufi group in Kashmir. He worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan . He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah
400-481: A large army. Sultan Shihabu’d-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Sutlej. Since
480-598: A metro system in the city. The feasibility report for the Srinagar Metro is planned to be carried out by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . In December 2013, the 594m cable car allowing people to travel to the shrine of the Sufi saint Hamza Makhdoom on Hari Parbat was unveiled. The project is run by the Jammu and Kashmir Cable Car Corporation (JKCCC), and has been envisioned for 25 years. An investment of 300 million INR
560-576: A newly constructed 11 km long Banihal tunnel, and subsequently to the Indian railway network after a few years. It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for a train to cross the tunnel. It is the longest rail tunnel in India. This railway system, proposed in 2001, is not expected to connect the Indian railway network until 2017 at the earliest, with a cost overrun of 55 billion INR. The train also runs during heavy snow. There are proposals to develop
640-528: A part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include Chashma Shahi (the royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); Nishat Bagh (the garden of spring); Shalimar Bagh ; the Naseem Bagh. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden is a botanical garden in the city, set up in 1969. The Indian government has included these gardens under "Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir" in
720-516: A period of internal instability in the valley, and added it to their Kabul province. Mughal emperor Akbar visited the valley three times. During his second visit in 1592, an elaborate Diwali celebration was held in Srinagar. On the final such visit, he was accompanied by the first recorded European visitors to the area. Akbar built fortifications around the Hari Parbat hill, and established
800-572: A possible Turkish origins. Andre Wink puts forward the opinion that Shah Mir was possibly of Afghan, Qarauna Turk, or even Tibetan origin, while A.Q. Rafiqi believes that Shah Mir was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat. Some scholars state that Shah Mir arrived from the Panjgabbar valley (Panchagahvara), which was populated by Khasa people, and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. Older sources by contemporary Kashmiri historians, such as Jonaraja , state that Shah Mir
880-456: A stone shrine for his Islamic teacher at Madin Sahib , and a brick mausoleum for his mother constructed using materials from a Hindu structure and showing Timurid influences, where he was also buried after his death. He is also credited with establishing industries around the arts of shawl and carpet weaving, papier-maché, and wood carving in Srinagar. The Mughals annexed Kashmir in 1586 after
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#1732776564503960-403: A township called Nagar Nagar there. He also built a shrine for Hamza Makhdoom , a Sufi mystic of Kashmir's Rishi order , on the southern slope of Hari Parbat which was later expanded several times. His successor Jahangir was particularly fond of the Kashmir valley and frequently visited it. His rule brought prosperity to Srinagar, and several Mughal gardens were built in the city and around
1040-578: A viral illness. Shihabu’d-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. A town named Shihabu’d-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. In 1380 C.E. Qutbud’din died and
1120-747: Is 14 km (8.7 mi) north of Srinagar, and is a world class wetland spread over 13.75 km (5.31 sq mi) including lake and marshy area . It is the most accessible and well-known of Kashmir's wetlands which include Hygam, Shalibug and Mirgund. A record number of migratory birds have visited Hokersar in recent years. Birds found in Hokersar are migratory ducks and geese which include brahminy duck , tufted duck , gadwall , garganey , greylag goose , mallard , common merganser , northern pintail , common pochard , ferruginous pochard , red-crested pochard , ruddy shelduck , northern shoveller , common teal , and Eurasian wigeon . Under
1200-657: Is Islam with 96% of the population being Muslim. Hindus constitute the second largest religious group representing 2.75% of the population. The remaining population constitutes Sikhs, Buddhist and Jains. Kashmiri Hindus constituted 21.9% of Srinagar's population as per 1891 census and 2.75% as per 2011 census. The city is served by many highways, including National Highway 1A and National Highway 1D . Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport has regular domestic flights to Leh , Jammu , Chandigarh , Delhi and Mumbai and occasional international flights. An expanded terminal capable of handling both domestic and international flights
1280-736: Is a city in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the largest city and summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered union territory . It lies in the Kashmir Valley along the banks of the Jhelum River , and the shores of Dal Lake and Anchar Lakes , between the Hari Parbat and Shankaracharya hills. The city is known for its natural environment, various gardens, waterfronts and houseboats . It
1360-405: Is a wetland situated near Srinagar. Thousands of migratory birds come to Hokersar from Siberia and other regions in the winter season. Migratory birds from Siberia and Central Asia use wetlands in Kashmir as their transitory camps between September and October and again around spring. These wetlands play a vital role in sustaining a large population of wintering, staging and breeding birds. Hokersar
1440-499: Is also broadcast. The city is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium , where international cricket matches have been played. The first international match was played in 1983 in which West Indies defeated India and the last international match was played in 1986 in which Australia defeated India by six wickets. Since then no international matches have been played in the stadium due to the security situation (although
1520-564: Is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts like the Kashmir shawl (made of pashmina and cashmere wool ), papier-mâché, wood carving, carpet weaving, and jewel making, as well as for dried fruits . It is the second-largest metropolitan area in the Himalayas (after Kathmandu , the capital of Nepal). Founded in the 6th century during the rule of the Gonanda dynasty according to
1600-666: Is bounded by Aali Kadal towards South, Batmaloo towards West, Safa Kadal towards North and Nawabazar towards East. The area is situated at an elevation of 1,592 m (5,223 ft) above mean sea level . All Saints Church , also known as All Hallows Church, is a historical Protestant church located in Karan Nagar. It is part of the Church of North India . The church is dedicated to All Saints . Srinagar Srinagar (English: / ˈ s r iː n ə ɡ ər / ; Kashmiri pronunciation: [siriːnagar] )
1680-415: Is located here. It is located about 2 km (1.2 mi) from the commercial center of Kashmir, Lal Chowk . Karan Nagar is named after Karan Singh , prince regent of Jammu and Kashmir. Karan Nagar was the land owned by Karan's father Hari Singh , the last Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir . The property of Karan Nagar was sold by Karan Singh 's Dharmarth Trust to the state government. The town had
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#17327765645031760-512: Is one of several places that have been called the " Venice of the East ". Lakes around the city include Dal Lake – noted for its houseboats – and Nigeen Lake . Apart from Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake, Wular Lake and Manasbal Lake both lie to the north of Srinagar. Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia. Srinagar has some Mughal gardens , forming
1840-529: Is redeveloped for the particular sport in 2015. Srinagar is home to professional football club of I-League , Real Kashmir FC and Downtown Heroes FC of I-League 2 . There are certain other sports being played but those are away from the main city like in Pahalgam (Water rafting) and Gulmarg (skiing). Shah Mir dynasty The Shah Mir dynasty ( Kashmiri : شاه میٖر خاندان) or the House of Shah Mir ,
1920-475: Is said to have halved the city's population. Consequently, due to the famine and forced labour in the villages, a considerable number of people migrated to Srinagar. The Darbar Move was introduced in 1872 by Ranbir Singh , whereby the capital moved to Jammu for six months during the winter albeit later phased down by Hari Singh who "fixed his headquarters permanently at Jammu". The Ministers and Heads of Departments continued to followed it, nevertheless, it
2000-543: Is −20.0 °C (−4.0 °F) recorded on 6 February 1895. Srinagar has been ranked 43rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India. In November 2011, the City Mayors Foundation – an advocacy think tank – announced that Srinagar was the 92nd fastest growing urban areas in the world in terms of economic growth, based on actual data from 2006 onwards and projections to 2020. Srinagar
2080-533: The Köppen climate classification , Srinagar has a four-season humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with hot summers and cool winters. The valley is surrounded by the Himalayas on all sides. Due to influence from Himalayan rain shadow and western disturbances , Srinagar has year-round precipitation; the spring season is the wettest while autumn is the driest. The region also has less rain in the summer due to lying in
2160-578: The Maryuls were, at that time, tributary states of Moghulistan and Tibet , respectively. Shihab'ud-Din, along with Malik Candra, faced the Baltis and Kashgaris , defeating them easily and soundly. He then moved towards Ladakh, beating the joint forces of Ladakhis and Tibetis. After all these conquests, Shihab'ud-Din returned to Srinagar around 1370 and rather ought to live the rest of his life peacefully but just after some years, in 1373, he died due to
2240-730: The Rajatarangini , the city took on the name of an earlier capital thought to have been founded by the Mauryas in its vicinity. The city remained the most important capital of the Kashmir Valley under the Hindu dynasties, and was a major centre of learning. During the 14th–16th centuries the city's old town saw major expansions, particularly under the Shah Mir dynasty , whose kings used various parts of it as their capitals. It became
2320-522: The Sanskrit name shri-nagara which have been interpreted distinctively by scholars in two ways: one being "The city of "Shri " (श्री), the Hindu goddess of prosperity, meaning " City of Lakshmi " and other being sūrya-nagar , meaning " City of the Surya " (trans) "City of Sun ." The name was used for an older capital in the vicinity of the present-day city, before being used for it. Between
2400-541: The Sikh Empire assumed control of Kashmir. Under them, Srinagar , the old name of the city, was restored. The situation in the city did not improve much under Sikh rule, and the city remained in a state of decay. They also imposed several restrictions on Muslim religious expression, and closed the gates of the Jamia Mosque, which remained closed until 1843. A Shia-Sunni riot happened in the city in 1837. With
2480-484: The 14th and 19th centuries, and especially during Mughal rule, the city was also referred to simply as Kashmir or Shahr-i-Kashmir ( lit. ' City of Kashmir ' ). According to the Rajatarangini of Kalhana , a capital city by the name of Srinagari was built in the Kashmir valley by Ashoka . Kalhana calls this capital puranadhisthana , Sanskrit for 'old capital', identified as present-day Pandrethan, 3.5 kilometres south-east of Srinagar. A 'new capital'
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2560-540: The Dal lake and Jhelum river. A long embankment was constructed on the Jhelum by Pravarasena to protect the city from floods, parts of which have survived to the present day. The two capitals are also mentioned in the chronicle of Chinese traveller Huein Tsang who visited the city in 631 CE. Although several other capitals of Kashmir were constructed by other rulers over the next few centuries, Pravarasena's Srinagar survived as
2640-650: The Dal lake during his and his successor Shah Jahan 's reign, including the Shalimar and Nishat Bagh . Empress Nur Jahan built the Pathar Mosque on the left bank of Jhelum river opposite the Khānqāh-e-Moula in 1623, the mosque was however deemed unfit for worship soon after its construction and used instead for non-religious purposes. Shah Jahan made Kashmir into a separate Subah (province) with its administrative seat at Srinagar in 1638. The Aali Masjid
2720-538: The Kashmir valley, and 'Srinagar' fell into disuse as a name for it. During the rule of Qutbuddin, Islamic preacher Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani visited the valley and established his seat of preaching in Srinagar. Sultan Sikandar Shahmiri (1389–1413 CE) built the Khanqah-e-Moula at this location, and also built the Jamia Mosque at Nowhatta in 1402. The oldest surviving example of forcible conversion of
2800-571: The Khokhar dominated Pothohar , which extended from Attock to Sialkot . His commander-in-chief (Mir Bakhshi), Malik Candra, on the other hand, subdued Jammu , Kishtwar , Chamba , and other hill states . Occupying all the bordering states in the south, Shihab'ud-Din went on to defeat the Dardic forces of Gilgit and the hill states of the north. Baltistan under the Maqpons and Ladakh under
2880-412: The administration of the state grew. During this time, Srinagar, and in turn the Kashmir Valley, was connected to the rest of India via roads, which saw increased trade with Punjab . In 1886, a municipality was established for the city of Srinagar. Works for sanitation and urban development undertaken by the municipality were often met with stiff opposition by the residents, who were averse to changes. In
2960-716: The battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. As a broad minded intellectual, Shihab'ud-Din , in the first half of his tenure, took care of the Sultanate and brought stability to the social and integral structure of Kashmir. Full of animation and efficiency, Shihab'ud-Din set out to conquer its neighbour polities to expand and glorify his state. Marching through Baramulla , he first occupied Pakhli and went on to add Swat to his realm. Next, he invaded
3040-480: The capital. The city was divided into several parts, each with its own guardian deity, which continue to be worshipped by Hindu Kashmiris . The 8th century scholar Adi Shankara visited the city and founded the Shankaracharya Temple here, at the site of the earlier Jyeshteshwara Temple. The city gradually extended to the left bank of the Jhelum river, and in the early 12th century the royal palace
3120-415: The city and the urban agglomeration has average literacy rate of approximately 70%. The child population of both the city and the urban agglomeration is approximately 12% of the total population. Males constituted 53.0% and females 47% of the population. The sex ratio in the city area is 888 females per 1000 males, whereas in the urban agglomeration it is 880 per 1,000. The predominant religion of Srinagar
3200-710: The city depict the historical cultural and religious diversity of the city as well as the Kashmir valley. There are many religious holy places in Srinagar. They include: Additional structures include the Dastgeer Sahib shrine, Mazar-e-Shuhada, Roza Bal shrine, Khanqah of Shah Hamadan , Pathar Masjid ("The Stone Mosque"), Hamza Makhdoom shrine, tomb of the mother of Zain-ul-abidin, tomb of Pir Haji Muhammad, Akhun Mulla Shah Mosque, cemetery of Baha-ud-din Sahib, tomb and Madin Sahib Mosque at Zadibal. Apart from these, dozens of smaller mosques are located all over
3280-620: The city, which has a human population of just under 900,000. In a survey conducted by an NGO, it was found that some residents welcomed this program, saying the city was overrun by dogs, while critics contended that more humane methods should be used to deal with the animals. The situation has become alarming with local news reports coming up at frequent intervals highlighting people, especially children being mauled by street dogs. Religion in Srinagar City (2011) As of 2011 census Srinagar urban agglomeration had 1,273,312 population. Both
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3360-458: The city. Several temples and temple ghats are located on the banks of river Jhelum in Srinagar, including Shurayar temple, Gadhadhar temple, Pratapishwar temple, Ganpatyar Ganesh temple, Purshyar temple, Sheshyar temple, Raghunath Mandir, Durga Patshala and Dhar temple. Gurdwaras are located in Rainawari, Amira Kadal, Jawahar Nagar, Mehjoor Nagar, Shaheed Gunj, Maharajpur and Indra Nagar areas of
3440-426: The city. The city expanded rapidly between 1891 and 1941, partly due to increased migration from the countryside as a result of famines and due to improvements in sanitation and urban development as well as economic expansion, in particular the growth of the textile and tourism industries in the city. Many Punjabis also settled in Srinagar during this time for trade, commerce and administration. Srinagar emerged as
3520-467: The city. There are three Christian churches in Srinagar. The Sheikh Bagh Cemetery is a Christian cemetery located in Srinagar that dates from the British colonial era. The oldest grave in the cemetery is that of a British colonel from the 9th Lancers of 1850 and the cemetery is valued for the variety of persons buried there which provides an insight into the perils faced by British colonisers in India. It
3600-444: The decent population of Kashmiri Pandits before their exile in last decade of twentieth century. Kashmiri is the local language in the area, people also use English and Urdu as the official languages of the area. The area is located at 34°04′45″N 74°47′56″E / 34.0791°N 74.799°E / 34.0791; 74.799 2 km (1.2 mi) towards north from district headquarters of Srinagar . The area
3680-543: The eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar , a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau . The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar. Zain-ul-Abidin
3760-701: The establishment of Dogra rule following the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar , Srinagar became the capital of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir . Taxes were increased and the production of silk, saffron, paper, tobacco, wine, and salt, as well as the sale of grain, became the monopoly of the state. It was a capital offence for a Muslim to kill a cow as late as the 1920s; later, the penalty was reduced to ten years of imprisonment and still later to seven years (Section 219 of Ranbir Penal Code ). The Dogras found Srinagar deteriorating, filthy and overcrowded. The city used to see several break-outs of cholera , as well as earthquakes, floods, fires and famines. The famine of 1877–79
3840-528: The hands of the Afghan Durrani Empire . The Afghans undertook reconstructions in Srinagar and built the palace at Shergarhi at the site of a pre-existing ancient palace, as well as the fort atop Hari Parbat. However, contemporary accounts describe the city as filthy and deteriorating, and it also saw worsening inter-community relations during Afghan rule, with repeated Hindu-Muslim and Shia-Sunni riots, and state persecution of Pandits. In 1819,
3920-489: The hub of political activity within the Kashmir valley during later Dogra rule. Kashmiris at large despised the Dogra rule and considered the dynasty an "alien rule". Many Muslim leaders competed for influence and control over Muslim shrines in the city through which they sought to become representatives of Kashmiri Muslims . Sheikh Abdullah , and his National Conference (NC), eventually succeeded in doing so. In 1947, after
4000-530: The late 19th and early 20th century, modern tourism began to take hold in the city, especially on and around the Dal lake, with houseboats being built to accommodate British officers and their families who came in the summers seeking respite from the heat of the plains of northern India. The Shergarhi Palace was greatly modified by the Dogras, who used it as their official residence in the city. Pratap Singh and his successor Hari Singh also laid out several parks in
4080-525: The leadership of a Mayor . The Srinagar district along with the adjoining Budgam and Ganderbal districts forms the Srinagar Parliamentary seat . Srinagar's city government attracted brief international attention in March 2008 when it announced a mass poisoning program aimed at eliminating the city's population of stray dogs. Officials estimate that 100,000 stray dogs roam the streets of
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#17327765645034160-468: The leeward side of the rain shadow which blocks the monsoon winds from the south. Winters are colder in the region than most areas with monsoon climates due to these influences and its elevation, with daily maximum temperatures averaging 7.1 °C (44.8 °F) in January and dropping below freezing point at night. Moderate to heavy snowfall occurs in winter and the highway connecting Srinagar with
4240-501: The minority Hindus—particularly the Kashmiri Pandits —during the insurgency which resulted in their ultimate exodus . Kashmiri Hindus constituted 8.39% of Srinagar's population in the 1981 census and 2.75% in the 2011 census. The Gawakadal massacre took place in the city in January 1990, resulting in 50–100 deaths. As a result, bunkers and checkpoints are found throughout the city, although their numbers have come down in
4320-580: The most well-known. After passing through the hands of the Afghan Durranis and the Sikhs in the late 18th and early 19th century, it eventually became the summer capital of the Dogra kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846. The city became a popular tourist destination among Europeans and Indian elites during this time, with several hotels and its iconic houseboats being built. In 1952, the city became
4400-729: The oldest and earliest Institutions of the country including the University of Kashmir dating back to 1948 while the National Institute of Technology Srinagar was established during the second Five year plan . The educational institutions in the City include: Schools Medical colleges Universities General degree colleges Srinagar is broadcasting hub for radio channels in UT which are Radio Mirchi 98.3FM, Red FM 93.5 and AIR Srinagar . State television channel DD Kashir
4480-459: The past few years as militancy has declined. However, protests still occur against Indian rule, with large demonstrations happening in 2008, 2010 , 2013, and 2016 . After revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir and the subsequent devolution of the state into a union territory in August 2019, a lockdown was imposed in Kashmir, including in Srinagar. The city is located on both
4560-552: The previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions; further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, at least in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which,
4640-403: The princely state's accession to India following an invasion of the state by Pakistani irregulars in the aftermath of the partition of India , Indian forces were airlifted to Srinagar on 27 October to defend the city and the larger Kashmir valley. The National Conference also established a popular people's militia in the city to aid the army in their defence of the territory. Srinagar became
4720-399: The rest of India faces frequent blockades due to icy roads, landslides and avalanches. Summers are warm to hot, slightly moderated from its elevation, with a July daytime average of 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). The average annual rainfall is around 697.5 millimetres (27.46 in). The highest temperature reliably recorded is 38.3 °C (100.9 °F) recorded on 10 July 1946, and the lowest
4800-437: The reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haider Khan. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat ,
4880-637: The sides of the Jhelum River , called Vyath in Kashmir. The river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in the Wular Lake . The city is known for its nine old bridges, connecting the two parts of the city. There are a number of lakes and swamps in and around the city. These include the Dal , the Nigeen , the Anchar , Khushal Sar , Gil Sar and Hokersar . Hokersar
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#17327765645034960-483: The situation has now improved quite considerably). Srinagar has an outdoor stadium namely Bakshi Stadium for hosting football matches. It is named after Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad . The city has a golf course named Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar located on the banks of Dal lake, which is considered one of the best golf courses of India. Football is followed by the youth of Srinagar and the TRC Turf Ground
5040-464: The spiritual centre of Kashmir, and attracted several Sufi preachers. It also started to emerge as a hub of shawl weaving and other Kashmiri handicrafts. In the late 16th century, the city became part of the Mughal Empire , many of whose emperors used it as their summer resort. Many Mughal gardens were built in the city and around Dal lake during this time, of which Shalimar and Nishat are
5120-443: The summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir , a region administered by India as a state, with Jammu being its winter capital. It was the flashpoint of violence during the 1990s and early 2000s insurgency in the region. In 2019, it became the summer capital of a smaller region which is administered by India as a union territory, after the former state's reorganisation . The earliest records, such as Kalhana's Rajatarangini , mentions
5200-485: The summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir when it was established in 1952. In 1963–1964, the relic at the Hazratbal Shrine in Srinagar briefly disappeared, causing political turmoil. Following this, the shrine was reconstructed between 1968 and 1979 in a Mughal-inspired style. In 1989, Srinagar became the focus of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir . The city saw increased violence against
5280-672: The tentative list for sites to be included in world Heritage sites . The Sher Garhi Palace houses administrative buildings from the state government. Another palace of the Maharajas, the Gulab Bhavan , has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel. The Shankaracharya Temple lies on a hill top in the middle of the city. The city is run by the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC) under
5360-412: Was a Kashmiri dynasty that ruled the Kashmir Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent . The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir . Modern scholarship differ on the origin of Shah Mir. However, modern historians generally accept that Shah Mir was from Swat in Dardistan . Some accounts trace his descent from the rulers of Swāt . Encyclopaedia of Islam (second edition) suggests
5440-462: Was a descendant of a convert from Hinduism only a few generation earlier, probably by a Sufi mystic. A. Q. Rafiqi states: Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (1301–1320), whose service he entered. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Annemarie Schimmel has suggested that Shah Mir belonged to
5520-411: Was built by king Pravarasena , called Parvarapura , in 6th century CE. Srinagari continued to be used as a name for this capital. This new capital was located at the base of the Hari Parbat hill on the right bank of the Jhelum, corresponding to the location of modern-day Srinagar. Kalhana describes the capital having several markets, mansions, wooden houses, grand temples and canals, and also refers to
5600-420: Was built during the reign of Aurangzeb (1658–1707), as was the Safa kadal bridge over the Jhelum. The moi muqaddas , a relic believed to be the hair strand of prophet Muhammad's beard, also arrived in Kashmir during this time, and was housed in a Mughal palace at Hazratbal , which became the Hazratbal Dargah . A number of Europeans visited the city during the later Mughal period. In 1753, Kashmir passed into
5680-453: Was damaged by floods in 2014. It contains a number of war graves. The notable interments here are Robert Thorpe and Jim Borst . Srinagar is home to various premiere Higher Education Institutes including the University of Kashmir , the Cluster University of Srinagar , Central University of Kashmir besides the National Institute of Technology Srinagar formerly known as Regional Engineering College (REC Srinagar). Most of these are among
5760-442: Was decent. Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat — a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel — is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. His policies, like with
5840-522: Was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 with Air India Express flights to Dubai . Hajj flights also operate from this airport to Saudi Arabia . Srinagar is a station on the 119 km (74 mi) long Banihal-Baramulla line that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla to Srinagar, Anantnag and Qazigund . The railway track also connects to Banihal across the Pir Panjal mountains through
5920-571: Was made, and it is the second cable car in Kashmir after the Gulmarg Gondola . Whilst popular since the 7th century, water transport is now mainly confined to Dal Lake , where shikaras (wooden boats) are used for local transport and tourism. There are efforts to revive transportation on the River Jhelum . Like the territory of Jammu and Kashmir , Srinagar too has a distinctive blend of cultural heritage. Holy places in and around
6000-455: Was shifted to this side. Rinchana , a Buddhist convert to Islam who briefly ruled Kashmir in the early 14th century, built the first mosque in Kashmir on the site of a Buddhist temple in a colony of Srinagar built by him. The Muslim rulers that came after him established their capitals in areas of present-day old city Srinagar. During the rule of the Sultans, the city became synonymous with
6080-417: Was still a move which was resented by Kashmiris, particularly Pandits. The Raghunath Temple was also completed during Ranbir Singh's rule. With a global decline in shawl trade during late 19th century, the shawl weaving class of the city was upended. Several changes were ushered in during the reign of Pratap Singh (1885–1925). A British Residency was established in Srinagar and direct British influence on
6160-485: Was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with
6240-690: Was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. Sultan Sikandar (1389–1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Internal rebellions were ably suppressed. A welfare-state was installed — oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Economic condition
6320-440: Was the descendant of Partha ( Arjuna ) of Mahabharata fame. Abu ’l-Fadl Allami , Nizam al-Din and Firishta , also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini , which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni translated into Persian at Akbar 's orders. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. Based on this tradition, Aziz Ahmad considers it more probable that Shah Mir
6400-466: Was the eighth sultan of Kashmir . He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah ( lit. ' Great King ' ) and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father's reign and allowed building of temples. Jizya was abolished too in his command. From the regulation of commodities to
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