112-1893: Karangasem , also spelled Karang Asem , is a Balinese name and may refer to: Locations [ edit ] Kingdom of Karangasem, a former Bali kingdom where a royal palace was located, and the royal family itself Karangasem Regency of Bali province in Indonesia Karangasem District of Karangasem Regency, the seat of the former royal palace and eponymous main settlement, Karangasem Subdistrict/Village [ edit ] Karangasem, Bulu, Rembang Karangasem, Bulu, Sukoharjo Karangasem, Cawas, Klaten Karangasem, Cibeber, Cilegon Karangasem, Jenu, Tuban Karangasem, Karangasem, Karangasem Karangasem, Karangwareng, Cirebon Karangasem, Kertanegara, Purbalingga Karangasem, Klampis, Bangkalan Karangasem, Kutorejo, Mojokerto Karangasem, Lawiyan, Surakarta Karangasem, Leuwimunding, Majalengka Karangasem, Lumbang, Pasuruan Karangasem, Paliyan, Gunung Kidul Karangasem, Petarukan, Pemalang Karangasem, Plumbon, Cirebon Karangasem, Ponjong, Gunung Kidul Karangasem, Sampang, Cilacap Karangasem, Sayung, Demak Karangasem, Sedan, Rembang Karangasem, Talun, Pekalongan Karangasem, Tanon, Sragen Karangasem, Terisi, Indramayu Karang Asem, Tungkal Ilir, Banyuasin Karangasem, Wirosari, Grobogan Karangasem, Wonorejo, Pasuruan Karang Asem Barat, Citeureup, Bogor Karangasem Selatan, Batang, Batang Karang Asem Timur, Citeureup, Bogor Karangasem Utara, Batang, Batang Railway Station [ edit ] Karangasem Station of Java's Eastern Line Railway (Indonesia), in Glagah District of Banyuwangi Regency . Topics referred to by
224-586: A Colony , Gelgel Kingdom Bali for example expanded their influence and established a colony in the Blambangan region at the eastern tip of Java to the western part of the Sumbawa island, while Karangasem Kingdom established their colonial settlements in western parts of Lombok , then the Klungkung kingdom conquered of Nusa Penida in the later period. Since the mid-19th century, the colonial state of
336-603: A World Heritage Site . Among these Hindu kingdoms, Majapahit kingdom was the largest and the last significant Hindu kingdom in Indonesian history . Majapahit was based in East Java, from where it ruled a large part of what is now Indonesia. The remnants of the Majapahit kingdom shifted to Bali during the sixteenth century after a prolonged war by and territorial losses to Islamic sultanates. The heritage of Hinduism left
448-665: A Javanese queen in the Balinese court suggests that either Bali had allied with East Java, or Bali was Java's vassal; their marriage was a political arrangement to seal Bali as part of the East Javanese Mataram realm. The royal Balinese couple was the parents of the famous king of Java, Airlangga (1001–late 1040s). Airlangga's younger brothers Marakata and later Anak Wungçu rose to the Balinese throne. The rock-cut candi shrine of Gunung Kawi in Tampaksiring
560-623: A battle between the mythical characters Rangda the witch (representing adharma, something like disorder) and Barong the protective spirit represented with a lion mask (representing dharma ), in which performers fall into a trance, the good attempts to conquer evil, the dancers express the idea that good and evil exists within each individual, and that conquering evil implies ejecting evil from oneself. Balinese paintings are notable for their highly vigorous yet refined, intricate art that resembles baroque folk art with tropical themes. The dance-drama regularly ends undecided, neither side winning, because
672-778: A decline of their own unique ' Hindu Kaharingan ' traditions and renewed external domination. By contrast, most Javanese were slow to consider Hinduism at the time, lacking a distinct organization along ethnic lines and fearing retribution from locally powerful Islamic organizations like the Nahdatul Ulama (NU). Several native tribal peoples with beliefs such as Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan , Buginese Tolotang , Torajan Aluk Todolo , Tenggerese Budho, and Batak Malim , with their own unique syncretic faith, have declared themselves as Hindus in order to comply with Indonesian law, while preserving their distinct traditions with differences from mainstream Indonesian Hinduism dominated by
784-532: A diverse way of life. It includes many of the Indian spiritual ideas, cherishes legends and myths of Indian Puranas and Hindu Epics, as well as expresses its traditions through unique set of festivals and customs associated with a myriad of hyangs - the local and ancestral spirits, as well as forms of animal sacrifice that are not common in India. The Balinese temple is called Pura . These temples are designed on
896-436: A family deity, called Kula dewa, who resides in the temple called the family temple that the individual and his family patronize. Balinese Hindu follow a 210-day calendar (based on rice crop and lunar cycles), and each temple celebrates its anniversary once every 210 days (the calendar is known as Pawukon calendar ). Unique rituals and festivals of Balinese Hindus , that are not found in India, include those related to death of
1008-626: A loved one followed by cremations, cockfights, tooth filings, Nyepi and Galungan. Each temple anniversary, as well as festivals and family events such as wedding include flowers, offerings, towering bamboos with decoration at the end and a procession. These are celebrated by the community with prayers and feast. Most festivals have a temple as venue, and they are often occasions for prayers, celebration of arts and community. Some traditions, in contrast, involve animist rituals such as caru (animal blood sacrifice) such as Tabuh Rah (lethal cockfighting) or killing of an animal to appease buta kala (spirits of
1120-580: A millennium of the native Balinese independent kingdoms, as the local government changed to Dutch colonial administration, and later to the provincial government of Bali within the Republic of Indonesia . Bali has been inhabited by humans since Paleolithic times (1 Million BCE to 200,000 BCE), testified by the finding of ancient tools such as hand axes in Sembiran and Trunyan villages in Bali, followed by
1232-630: A more pronounced history of resistance to Islamization in East Java , Hindu communities are also expanding in Central Java (Lyon 1980), for example in Klaten , near the ancient Hindu monuments of Prambanan . Today the Prambanan temple stages various annual Hindu ceremonies and festivals such as Galungan and Nyepi. In West Java , a Hindu temple Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta was built on
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#17327874828681344-468: A national rather than just a Balinese concern. While Hindus in Bali, with their large majority, developed and freely practiced their religion, in other islands of Indonesia they suffered discrimination and persecution by local officials as these Hindus were considered as those who had left Islam, the majority religion. However, the central government of Indonesia supported the Hindus. In the 1960s, Hinduism
1456-502: A new native dynasty quite independent from Java. In the late 13th century, Bali once again appeared in Javanese sources. In 1284, the Javanese king Kertanegara launched a military offensive expedition against the Balinese ruler. According to the Javanese chronicle Deśavarṇana : "In Śaka 'bodies-sky-suns' (1206, AD 1284) he then sent emissaries to Bali to crush it, and before long its queen was overcome and duly brought as captive before
1568-743: A pantheon of deities and that tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray. However, officially, Indonesian government considers and advertises Indonesian Hinduism as a monotheistic religion with certain officially recognized beliefs that comply with its national ideology. Indonesian school text books describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers , and Hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam. Scholars contest whether these Indonesian government recognized and assigned beliefs reflect
1680-800: A religion to gain full Indonesian citizenship rights, and officially Indonesia did not recognize Hindus. It considered Hindus as orang yang belum beragama (people without religion), and as those who must be converted. In 1952, the Indonesian Ministry of Religion declared Bali and other islands with Hindus as needing a systematic campaign of proselytization to accept Islam. The local government of Bali, shocked by this official national policy, declared itself an autonomous religious area in 1953. The Balinese government also reached out to India and former Dutch colonial officials for diplomatic and human rights support. A series of student and cultural exchange initiatives between Bali and India helped formulate
1792-578: A ship to establish a fort and a trading post in Bali, but the mission failed as ship foundered on the reef of the Bukit peninsula . By the 16th century, the Puri (Balinese court) of Gelgel become a powerful polity in the region. The successor of Dewa Ketut, Dalem Baturenggong , reigned in the mid-16th century. He received a Javanese sage called Nirartha who fled from the decline of Hinduism in Java. The King become
1904-525: A significant impact and imprint in Javanese and Sundanese art and culture. The wayang puppet performance as well as wayang wong dance and other Javanese and Sundanese classical dances are derived from episodes of Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata . Although the vast majority of Javanese and Sundanese now identify as Muslim, these art forms still survive. Hinduism has survived in varying degrees and forms on Java. Certain ethnic groups in Java, such as
2016-460: A site with minor archaeological remnants attributed to the kingdom of Blambangan , the last Hindu polity on Java. A further important site is Pura Loka Moksa Jayabaya (in the village of Menang near Kediri), where the Hindu king and prophet Jayabaya is said to have achieved spiritual liberation ( moksa ). A further Hindu movement in the earliest stages of development was observed in the vicinity of
2128-1075: A square Hindu temple plan, as an open air worship place within enclosed walls, connected with series of intricately decorated gates to reach its compounds. Each of these temples has a more or less fixed membership; every Balinese belongs to a temple by virtue of descent, residence, or affiliation. Some house temples are associated with the family house compound (also called banjar in Bali), others are associated with rice fields, and still others with key geographic sites. In rural highlands of Bali, banua (or wanwa , forest domain) temples in each desa (village) are common. The island of Bali has over 20,000 temples, or about one temple for every 100 to 200 people. Temples are dedicated to local spirits as well as to deities found in India; for example, Saraswati, Ganesha, Wisnu, Siwa, Parvati, Arjuna, and others. The temple design similarly amalgamate architectural principles in Hindu temples of India and regional ideas. Each individual has
2240-622: A state academy for teachers of Hindu religion in 1993, before being converted into the Hindu Religion State College in 1999, and then into the Hindu Dharma State Institute in 2004. The general beliefs and practices of Agama Hindu Dharma are a mixture of ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit only monotheist belief under the national ideology of panca sila . Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had
2352-558: A steady period of decline with conflict over succession, among other was Regreg war (1404 to 1406). In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against King Singhawikramawardhana and captured Trowulan. The usurped king moved the capital further inland to Daha (the former capital of Kadiri), effectively split Majapahit into two centres of powers; Trowulan and Daha. Singhawikramawardhana was succeeded by his son Ranawijaya in 1474, that ruled from Daha. To keep Majapahit influence and economic interest, Kertabhumi awarded Muslim merchant trading rights on
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#17327874828682464-597: A vassal dynasty in Samprangan in the present-day Gianyar regency , close to the old royal centre Bedulu. This event took place in the mid-14th century. The first Samprangan ruler Sri Aji Kresna Kepakisan sired three sons. Of these the eldest, Dalem Samprangan , succeeded to the rulership but turned out to be an incompetent ruler. His youngest brother Dalem Ketut founded a new royal seat in Gelgel while Samprangan lapsed in obscurity. The first European contact with Bali
2576-419: Is a fusion of Hinduism and Buddhism with animism; it is considered Buddhist by the government. In parts of Samarinda and Lombok especially Cakranegara , Nyepi is celebrated. A majority of the population on the small island of Tanimbar Kei practices a variant of the Hindu religion, which involves a form of ancestral worship. The island of Tanimbar Kei is not part of Tanimbar, as the name might suggest, but
2688-803: Is also found in Torue (41%) and Sausu (30%) districts in Parigi Moutong; Tomoni Timur (35%), Angkona (27%), Simbuang (36%) and Tellulimpo E (40%) districts in South Sulawesi ; and Cakranegara district (39%) in Mataram (14%) in Lombok . According to the 2018 civil registration, there were a total of 4,646,357 Hindus in Indonesia, compared to the 4,012,116 Hindus in 2010 census. The percentages of Hinduism in Indonesia increased from 1.69% in 2010 to 1.74% in 2018 in 8 years respectively. According to
2800-488: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Bali Kingdom The Kingdomship of Bali ( Balinese : ᭚ᬓᭂᬭᬚ᭡ᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ; romanized : Kĕrajaan Bali ) was a series of Hindu - Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali , in Lesser Sunda Islands , Indonesia . With a history of native Balinese kingship spanning from
2912-480: Is identified by the ancient Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese as " hyang ", which can mean either “ divine ” or “ ancestral ”. In modern Indonesian , "hyang" tends to be associated with the notion of God . Hindu influences reached the Indonesian Archipelago as early as the first century. In tales like the "Kidung Harṣa Wijaya" one reads that "rata bhaṭṭāra Narasingha" supposedly was a scion in
3024-538: Is not entirely unclear about the diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to 78 CE . Stories from the Mahabharata Epic have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century; whose versions mirror those found in southeast Indian peninsular region (now Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh ). The Javanese prose work Tantu Pagelaran of
3136-849: Is one of the Kai Islands . As of 2014, it is inhabited by ca. 600 people. The 2018 civil registration recorded the number of Hindus at 4,646,357 with some 90% of them residing in the Hindu heartland of Bali. Outside Bali , Hindus form a majority in Tosari district (66.3%) in Pasuruan Regency in Java , Balinggi district (77.3%) of Parigi Moutong Regency in Central Sulawesi , Mappak (50%) in Tana Toraja Regency in South Sulawesi . Significant Hindu population
3248-490: Is practised by about 1.68% of the total population, and almost 87% of the population in Bali . Hinduism was the dominant religion in the country before the arrival of Islam and is one of the six official religions of Indonesia today. Hinduism came to Indonesia in the 1st-century through Indian traders, sailors, scholars and priests. A syncretic fusion of pre-existing Javanese folk religion , culture and Hindu ideas, that from
3360-427: Is that they tend to rally around recently built temples (pura) or around archaeological temple sites (candi) which are being reclaimed as places of Hindu worship. The Parisada Hindu Dharma changed its name to Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia in 1984, in recognition of its national influence spearheaded by Gedong Bagus . One of several new Hindu temples in eastern Java is Pura Mandaragiri Sumeru Agung, located on
3472-628: Is the essence of the all prevading, infinite, undivided one. The petition's focus on the "undivided one" was to satisfy the constitutional requirement that Indonesian citizens have a monotheistic belief in one God. The petitioners identified Ida Sanghyang Widhi Wasa as the undivided one. In the Balinese language this term has two meanings: the Divine ruler of the Universe and the Divine Absolute Cosmic Law. This creative phrase met
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3584-511: The Balinese , and the Hindus celebrate ceremonies like Nyepi. Just like the Balinese people , the Osing people also share the puputan tradition. The Osing people differs from the Balinese people in terms of social stratification. Unlike the Balinese, the Osing people do not practice the caste system , even though they are Hindus. Among the non-Balinese communities considered to be Hindu by
3696-642: The Dutch East Indies began its involvement in Bali, as it launched its campaign against the Balinese minor kingdoms one by one. By the early 20th century, the Dutch had completed their conquest of Bali as these minor kingdoms fell under their control, either by force resulting in Puputan fighting followed by mass ritual suicide, or surrendering gracefully to the Dutch. Either way, despite some of these Balinese royal houses still surviving, these events ended
3808-684: The Indian subcontinent . The earliest evidences of Hindu influences in Java can be found in 4th century Tarumanagara inscriptions scattered around modern Jakarta and Bogor . In the sixth and seventh centuries many maritime kingdoms arose in Sumatra and Java which controlled the waters in the Straits of Malacca and flourished with the increasing sea trade between China and India and beyond. During this time, scholars from India and China visited these kingdoms to translate literary and religious texts. From
3920-736: The Indonesian archipelago . Sunni Muslim traders of the Shafi'i fiqh , as well as Sufi Muslim traders from India, Oman and Yemen brought Islam to Indonesia. The earliest known mention of a small Islamic community midst the Hindus of Indonesia is credited to Marco Polo , about 1297 AD, whom he referred to as a new community of Moorish traders in Perlak . Four diverse and contentious Islamic Sultanates emerged in north Sumatra ( Aceh ), south Sumatra, west and central Java, and in southern Borneo ( Kalimantan ). These Sultanates declared Islam as their state religion and fought against each other as well as
4032-603: The Itihasa (mainly Ramayana and the Mahabharata ). The epics Mahabharata and Ramayana became enduring traditions among Indonesian believers, expressed in shadow puppet ( wayang ) and dance performances. As in India, Indonesian Hinduism recognizes four paths of spirituality, calling it Catur Marga . These are bhakti mārga (path of devotion to deities), jnana mārga (path of knowledge), karma mārga (path of works) and raja mārga (path of meditation). Bhakti marga has
4144-577: The Javanese language , and expressed in art form. Rishi Agastya , for example, is described as the principal figure in the 11th century Javanese text Agastya parva ; the text includes puranas , and a mixture of ideas from the Samkhya and Vedanta schools of Hinduism. The Hindu-Buddhist ideas reached the peak of their influence in the 14th century. The last and largest among the Hindu-Buddhist Javanese empires, Majapahit , influenced
4256-568: The Majapahit era. For the Tengger, Mount Bromo ( Brahma ) is believed to be a holy mountain. Every year the Tengger hold a ritual known as Yadnya Kasada . In spite of the Dutch attempts to propagate Islam and Christianity among the Osings , some of them still follow their old beliefs. Today Hinduism still exists among the Osing population. The Osings share a similar culture and spirit with
4368-514: The Mesolithic period (200,000–3,000 BCE). However, the ancestors of the current Balinese inhabitants reached the island around 3,000 to 600 BCE during the Neolithic period, characterised by rice-growing technology and speaking Austronesian languages . The Bronze Age period followed, from around 600 BCE to 800 CE. The historical period in Bali started in c. 8th century, marked by
4480-607: The Tenggerese and Osing , are also associated with Hindu religious traditions. The Tengger community follows a Hindu tradition stretching back to the Majapahit Empire . There are strong similarities between the Hinduism in Bali and the Tengger variety; both are called Hindu Dharma . However, the Tengger variety does not have a caste system and the Tengger people's traditions are based on those originating from
4592-536: The Toraja people of Sulawesi were the first to realize this opportunity by seeking shelter for their indigenous ancestor religion under the broad umbrella of 'Hinduism', followed by the Karo Batak of Sumatra in 1977. In central and southern Kalimantan, a large Hindu movement has grown among the local indigenous Dayak population which lead to a mass declaration of 'Hinduism' on this island in 1980. However, this
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4704-532: The 12th century, King Jayapangus of northern Bali is known to have married a Chinese princess and has been immortalised through the Barong Landung art form as the effigy of the king and his Chinese consort. After the Warmadewa dynasty, their descendant, and their link to the Javanese court, there is no continuous further detailed information found about the rulers of Bali. It seems that Bali had developed
4816-525: The 14th century, which is a collection of ancient tales, arts and crafts of Indonesia, extensively uses Sanskrit words, Indian deity names and religious concepts. Similarly ancient Chandis (temples) excavated in Java and western Indonesian islands, as well as ancient inscriptions such as the 8th century Canggal inscription discovered in Indonesia, confirm widespread adoption of Shiva lingam iconography, his companion goddess Parvati , Ganesha , Vishnu , Brahma , Arjuna , and other Hindu deities by about
4928-486: The 2010 Census, there were a total of 4,012,116 Hindus in Indonesia, compared to 3,527,758 Hindus in 2000 Census. While the absolute number of Hindus increased, the relative percentage of Hindus in Indonesia decreased from 2000 to 2010 because of lower birth rates among the Hindu population compared to the Muslim population. The average number of births per Hindu woman varied between 1.8 and 2.0 among various islands, while for
5040-669: The 4th century, the kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan , Tarumanagara in West Java , and Holing ( Kalingga ) in Central Java , were among the early Hindu states established in the region. Excavations between 1950 and 2005, particularly at the Cibuaya and Batujaya sites, suggests that Tarumanagara revered deity Wisnu ( Vishnu ) of Hinduism. Ancient Hindu kingdoms of Java built many square temples, named rivers on
5152-550: The 4th to the 15th century, Java had many Hindu kingdoms, such as Tarumanagara, Kalingga , Mataram , Kediri , Sunda , Singhasari and Majapahit . This era is popularly known as the Javanese Classical Era, during which Hindu-Buddhist literature, art and architecture flourished and were incorporated into local culture under royal patronage. During this time, many Hindu temples were built, including 9th century Prambanan near Yogyakarta , which has been designated
5264-492: The 6th-century also synthesized Buddhist ideas as well, evolved as the Indonesian version of Hinduism. These ideas continued to develop during the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires . About 1400 CE, these kingdoms were introduced to Islam from coast-based Muslim traders, and thereafter Hinduism, which was previously the dominant religion in the region, mostly vanished from many of the islands of Indonesia. Indonesia has
5376-611: The 8th-century stupas of Central Javanese Buddhist art found in Borobudur and other Buddhist temples dating from that period, which suggested the Sailendra link to Buddhist pilgrims or inhabitants in the early history of Bali. In the early 10th century, a king called Sri Kesari Warmadewa issued the Belanjong pillar inscription found near the southern strip of Sanur Beach. It is the oldest inscription found in Bali that names
5488-477: The Balinese positions, with thousands dead, and the Balinese surrendered or committed puputan ritual suicide. Lombok and Karangasem became part of the Dutch East Indies. Soon the court of Bangli and Gianyar also accepted Dutch suzerainty, but southern Bali kept resisting. In 1906 the Dutch launched a military expedition against the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan , and weakened
5600-495: The Balinese. These factors and political activity has led to a certain resurgence of Hinduism outside of its Balinese stronghold. In February 2020, President Joko Widodo issued a presidential regulation elevating the status of Hindu Dharma State Institute in Denpasar, Bali into the country's first Hindu state university, named I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa State Hindu University. This institution of Hindu higher study started out as
5712-471: The Dalem of Gelgel sent a letter to Prince Maurits , a translation of which was sent by Cornells van Eemskerck. The letter granted the Dutch permission to trade in Bali as well as stating Bali's request to freely trade with the Dutch. This diplomatic letter of friendship and trade agreement was mistranslated as Balinese recognition of Dutch overlordship and was subsequently used by the Dutch to lay their claims to
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#17327874828685824-598: The Dewa Agung kings of Klungkung are their primus inter pares among Balinese kings, and deserved the honourable titular as the king of Bali. Most of these kingdoms today formed the base and boundaries of Kabupaten (regencies) of Bali. In following centuries, the various kingdoms fought a succession of incessant wars among themselves, although they accorded the Dewa Agung a symbolic paramount status of Bali. This led to complicated relations amongst Balinese rulers, as there are many kings in Bali. This situation lasted until
5936-667: The Dutch had completely dismantled the royal institutions of Bali, destroyed the power and authority of Balinese kings and thus ended centuries of Balinese kingdoms' rule. During the Dutch East Indies period, the colonial capital of Bali and Lesser Sunda Islands was located in Singaraja on the northern coast. Hinduism in Indonesia Hinduism is the third-largest religion in Indonesia , based on civil registration data in 2023 from Ministry of Home Affairs ,
6048-455: The Dutch indifference to Bali totally changed in the 19th century, as Dutch colonial control expanded across the Indonesian archipelago and they began to covet the island. The Dutch used the pretext of eradicating opium smuggling, arms running, Balinese tawan karang tradition (plunder of shipwrecks), and slavery to impose their control on Balinese kingdoms. The Dutch East Indies army invaded northern Bali in 1846 , 1848 , and finally in 1849
6160-513: The Dutch were able to take control of the northern Bali kingdoms of Buleleng and Jembrana . In 1894, the Dutch used the Sasak rebellion against Balinese ruler of western Lombok, as a pretext to interfere and conquer Lombok. The Dutch supported the Sasak rebellion, and launched a military expedition against Balinese court in Mataram , Lombok. By the end of November 1894, the Dutch had annihilated
6272-637: The Gelgel kingdom began to break up due to internal conflicts. In 1686 a new royal seat was established in Klungkung , four kilometres north of Gelgel. The rulers of Klungkung, known by the title Dewa Agung , were however unable to maintain power over Bali. The island was in fact split into nine minor kingdoms; Klungkung , Buleleng , Karangasem , Mengwi , Badung , Tabanan , Gianyar , Bangli and Jembrana . These minor kingdoms developed their own dynasty, built their own Puri (Balinese palace compound) and established their own government. Nevertheless, these nine kingdoms of Bali admitted Klungkung leadership, that
6384-400: The Hindus and other non-Muslims. In some regions, Indonesian people continued their old beliefs and adopted a syncretic version of Islam. In other cases, Hindus and Buddhists left and concentrated as communities in islands that they could defend. Hindus of eastern Java, for example, moved to Bali and neighboring small islands. While this era of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare
6496-415: The Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist period, the history of the Bali Kingdom was often intertwined with and heavily influenced by its Javanese counterparts, from Mataram (c. 9th century) to the Majapahit empire in the 13th to 15th centuries. The culture, language, arts and architecture of the island was influenced by Java. Javanese influences and presences grew even stronger with the fall of the Majapahit empire in
6608-442: The Java island. The two major theories for the arrival of Hinduism in Indonesia include that South Indian sea traders brought Hinduism with them, and second being that Indonesian royalty welcomed Indian religions and culture, and it is they who first adopted these spiritual ideas followed by the masses. Indonesian islands adopted both Hindu and Buddhist ideas, fusing them with pre-existing native folk religion and Animist beliefs. In
6720-414: The King" (42.1). This expedition seems to have integrated Bali into Singhasari ’s realm. However, after the Jayakatwang rebellion of Gelang-gelang in 1292 that led to the death of Kertanegara and the fall of Singhasari, Java was unable to assert their rule upon Bali, and once again Balinese rulers enjoyed their independence from Java. The Javanese contacts led to a deep impact on the language of Bali which
6832-905: The Konstituante and weakening the impact of communist movement in Indonesia along with political Islam. Nevertheless, officially identifying their religion as Hinduism was not a legal possibility for Indonesians until 1962, when it became the fifth state-recognized religion. This recognition was initially sought by Balinese religious organizations and granted for the sake of Bali, where the majority were Hindu. Between 1966 and 1980, along with Balinese Hindus, large numbers of Indonesians in western Java, as well as parts of South Sulawesi , North Sumatra, Central and South Kalimantan officially declared themselves to be Hindus. They politically organized themselves to press and preserve their rights. The largest of these organizations, Parisada Hindu Dharma Bali, changed its name to Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) in 1986, reflecting subsequent efforts to define Hinduism as
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#17327874828686944-644: The Muslim population it varied between 2.1 and 3.2 per woman. According to the 2000 census, Hindus made up 1.79% of the total Indonesian population. Bali had the highest concentration of Hindus with 88.05% of its population professing Hinduism agama. The percentage of Hindus in the total population declined from the 1990 census, and this is largely attributed to lower birth rates and immigration of Muslims from Java into provinces with high Hindu populations. In Central Kalimantan there has been progressive settlement of Madurese from Madura. The details are given below: A common feature among new Hindu communities in Java
7056-431: The Warmadewa dynasty was a patron of Mahayana Buddhism. Nevertheless, Hinduism was also practised in Bali during this period. In the second half of the 10th century, Bali was ruled by King Udayana Warmadewa and his queen, Mahendradatta , a princess of the Isyana dynasty from East Java. Mahendradatta was the daughter of King Sri Makutawangsawarddhana and sister of King Dharmawangsa of Mataram Kingdom . The presence of
7168-599: The afterlife. Scholars dispute the degree and nature of social stratification in medieval and contemporary Balinese Hindu society. The social structure consisted of catur wangsa (four varnas) - brahmana (priests), satriya or "Deva" (warriors), waisya (merchants), and sudra (farmers, artisans, commoners). There is no historical or contemporary cultural record of untouchables in Balinese Hindu society. The wangsa - termed castes by some accounts, classes by other accounts - were functional, not hierarchical nor segregated in Hindu society of Bali or Java. Further, there
7280-415: The ancestor of Balinese kings of Tabanan and Badung royal houses. Canto 14 of the Nagarakretagama , composed during the reign of Hayam Wuruk in 1365, mentioned several places in Bali; Bedahulu and Lwa Gajah (identified as Goa Gajah ) as places under Majapahit dominion. The Majapahit capital in Bali was established at Samprangan and later Gelgel . Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit entered
7392-641: The arrival of Islam and later Dutch colonialism. It integrates many of the core beliefs of Hinduism with arts and rituals of Balinese people. In contemporary times, Hinduism in Bali is officially referred by Indonesian Ministry of Religion as Agama Hindu Dharma , but traditionally the religion was called by many names such as Tirta, Trimurti, Hindu, Agama Tirta, Siwa, Buda, and Siwa-Buda. The terms Tirta and Trimurti emanate from Indian Hinduism, corresponding to Tirtha (pilgrimage to spirituality near holy waters) and Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva) respectively. As in India, Hinduism in Bali grew with flexibility, featuring
7504-530: The capital of the kingdom was during the 10th and 11th centuries, but the political, religious, and cultural centre of the kingdom may have been in the present-day Gianyar Regency , inferred from the concentration of archaeological finds in this area. The stone cave temple and bathing place of Goa Gajah , near Ubud in Gianyar, was made around the same period. It shows a combination of Buddhist and Hindu Shivaite iconography. Several carvings of stupas, stupikas (small stupas), and images of Boddhisattvas suggest that
7616-445: The coming of the Dutch in the 19th century. Although European contact had been made since 1512 and later in 1585 by the Portuguese fleet, no real presence of European power was felt in Bali as the Balinese kingdoms continued their way of life preserved since the Hindu Majapahit era. In 1597, Dutch ships with Cornelis de Houtman arrived in Bali. A second Dutch expedition appeared in 1601, that of Jacob van Heemskerck . On this occasion,
7728-452: The conquest by the Muslim rulers in 1478, in effect resulting in the transfer of the whole culture. Bali was looked on as the continuation of the Hindu Javanese culture and is the major source of knowledge about it in the modern times. The incoming Javanese nobles and priests established Majapahit-style courts in Bali. The influx led to several important developments. The marriage of prominent Balinese families along with Majapahit royalty led to
7840-456: The core principles behind Balinese Hinduism ( Catur Veda , Upanishad , Puranas , Itihasa ). In particular, the political self-determination movement in Bali in mid 1950s led to a non-violent passive resistance movement and the joint petition of 1958 which demanded Indonesian government recognize Hindu Dharma. This joint petition quoted the following Sanskrit mantra from Hindu scriptures, Om tat sat ekam eva advitiyam Translation: Om, thus
7952-410: The discovery of inscribed Buddhist votive clay tablets. These Buddhist votive tablets, found in small clay stupa figurines called " stupikas ", are the first known written inscriptions in Bali and date from around the 8th century CE. Such stupikas have been found in the regency of Gianyar , and the villages of Pejeng, Tatiapi, and Blahbatuh. The bell-shaped stupikas bear resemblances to the style of
8064-409: The early 10th to early 20th centuries, Balinese kingdoms demonstrated sophisticated Balinese court culture where native elements of spirit and ancestral reverence combined with Hindu influences —adopted from India through ancient Java intermediary—flourished, enriched and shaped Balinese culture . Because of its proximity and close cultural relations with the neighbouring island of Java during
8176-402: The earth) - however, the animal sacrifices are conducted outside the premises of a temple. Dance, music, colorful ceremonial dresses and other arts are a notable feature of religious expression among Balinese Hindus. As in India, these expressions celebrate various mudra to express ideas, grace, decorum and culture. Dance-drama is common. Various stories are expressed. For example, one involves
8288-405: The famous Sundanese king, Prabu Siliwangi , the site has gained popularity among locals who wish to reconnect their ties with their ancestors. The predominantly Hindu island of Bali is the largest tourist draw in Indonesia. Next to natural beauty, the temple architecture, the elaborate Hindu festivals, rich culture, colorful art and vivid dances are the main attractions of Balinese tourism . As
8400-626: The foundation of upper caste lineages of Bali. Javanese ideas especially the Majapahit tradition influenced the religion and arts of the island. The Javanese language also affected the spoken Balinese language . The modern Bali architecture and temples share much in common with aesthetics and style of bas-reliefs in East Javanese temples from the Majapahit golden age. Large numbers of Majapahit manuscripts, such as Nagarakretagama , Sutasoma , Pararaton and Tantu Pagelaran , were being well-kept in royal libraries of Bali and Lombok, and provides
8512-503: The fourth-largest population of Hindus in the world , after India , Nepal and Bangladesh . Though being a minority religion, the Hindu culture has influenced the way of life and day-to-day activities in Indonesia. Outside of Bali, many adherents of traditional indigenous religions identify as Hindus in order to gain official recognition. The indigenous peoples of the Indonesian Archipelago believed in animism and dynamism , practices commonly shared among many tribal peoples around
8624-537: The glimpse and valuable historical records on Majapahit. As a result of the influx of the Javanese element, historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar states that Bali "soon became the last stronghold of Indo-Javanese culture and civilisation." According to the Babad Dalem manuscript (composed in 18th century), the conquest of Bali by the Hindu Javanese kingdom of Majapahit was followed by the installation of
8736-780: The government are, for example, the Dayak adherents of the Kaharingan religion in Kalimantan Tengah , where government statistics counted Hindus as 15.8% of the population as of 1995 . Many Manusela and Nuaulu people of Seram follow Naurus , a syncretism of Hinduism with animist and Protestant elements. Similarly, the Bugis and Torajans of Sulawesi have identified their animistic religions Tolotang and Aluk To Dolo (Hindu Alukta) as Hindu. The Batak of Sumatra have identified their animist traditions with Hinduism. Among
8848-490: The island as Gomati and Ganges, and completed major irrigation and infrastructure projects. Several notable ancient Indonesian Hindu kingdoms were Mataram , famous for the construction of one of the world's largest Hindu temple complexes - the Prambanan temple, followed by Kediri and Singhasari . Hinduism along with Buddhism spread across the archipelago. Numerous sastras and sutras of Hinduism were translated into
8960-756: The island. Although the VOC — centred in Batavia (now Jakarta ) — was very active in the Maluku Islands , Java and Sumatra , it took little interest in Bali, as the VOC was more interested in the spice trade , a produce scarce in Bali which was mainly a rice agriculture kingdom. The opening of a trading post was attempted in 1620 but failed due to local hostility. The VOC left the Bali trade to private traders, mainly Chinese , Arab , Bugis and occasionally Dutch, who mainly dealt with opium and slave trade. However,
9072-411: The kingdom of Klungkung , again under the pretext of Balinese tawan karang tradition (plunder of shipwrecks). Finally in 1908, the Dutch launched an invasion against the court of Klungkung , under the pretext of securing their opium monopoly. This event concluded the Dutch conquest over Bali, and by then it had become a Dutch protectorate . Although some members of Balinese royalties still survived,
9184-496: The largest following in Bali. Similarly, like Hindus in India, Balinese Hindus believe that there are four proper goals of human life, calling it Catur Purusartha - dharma (pursuit of moral and ethical living), artha (pursuit of wealth and creative activity), kama (pursuit of joy and love) and moksha (pursuit of self-knowledge and liberation). Balinese Hinduism is an amalgamation of Indian religions and indigenous animist customs that existed in Indonesian archipelago before
9296-512: The late 15th century. After the empire fell to its Muslim vassal the Demak Sultanate , a number of Hindu Majapahit courtiers, nobles, priests, and artisans found refuge on the island of Bali. As a result, Bali became what historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar describes as the last stronghold of Indo-Javanese culture and civilisation. The Bali Kingdom in the following centuries expanded its influence to neighboring islands and began to establish
9408-415: The lineage of Hari, and that Hari is another word for "Vishnu". Early translators of Kavi manuscripts misunderstood the "being a son of" and assumed that Vishnu actually had human offspring and so on. Here however we must conclude a belonging to a religious school of thought, Vaisnavism . Therefore, early Hinduism on Java, Bali, and Sumatra consisted of both main schools of Hinduism. Thus, historical evidence
9520-457: The middle to late 1st millennium AD. Ancient Chinese records of Fa Hien on his return voyage from Ceylon to China in 414 AD mention two schools of Hinduism in Java, while Chinese documents from 8th century refer to the Hindu kingdom of King Sanjaya as Holing , calling it "exceedingly wealthy," and that it coexisted peacefully with Buddhist people and Sailendra ruler in Kedu Plain of
9632-705: The minority Indian ethnic group, Tamils , Malayalis and Telugus in Medan, North Sumatra and the Sindhis and Gujaratis in Jakarta practice their own form of Hinduism which is similar to the Indian Hinduism, the Indians celebrating Hindu holidays more commonly found in India, such as Deepavali , Holi and Thaipusam . The Bodha sect of Sasak people on the island of Lombok are non-Muslim; their religion
9744-692: The monotheistic requirement of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion in the former sense, while the latter sense of its meaning preserved the central ideas of dharma in ancient scripts of Hinduism. In 1959, Indonesian President Sukarno supported the petition and a Hindu-Balinese Affairs section was officially established in the Ministry of Religious Affairs under the Djuanda Cabinet . Indonesian politics and religious affairs went through turmoil from 1959 to 1962, with Sukarno dissolving
9856-476: The newly completed Pura Pucak Raung (in the Eastern Javanese district of Glenmore ), which is mentioned in Balinese literature as the place where the Hindu saint Maharishi Markandeya gathered followers for an expedition to Bali, whereby he is said to have brought Hinduism to the island in the fifth century AD. An example of resurgence around major archaeological remains of ancient Hindu temple sites
9968-541: The north coast of Java, an action which led to the prominence of Demak Sultanate in following decades. This policy increased Majapahit economy and influence, but weaken Hindu - Buddha's position as the main religion, as Islam began to spread faster and freely in Java. Hindu - Buddha followers' grievance later urged Ranawijaya to defeat Kertabumi. In 1478, Ranawijaya's army under general Udara breached Trowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace, Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung, who later died in battle and
10080-473: The patron of Nirartha, who carried out an extensive literary works that formed the spiritualism of Balinese Hinduism. Gelgel reached its apogee during the reign of Dalem Baturenggong, as Lombok , western Sumbawa and Blambangan on easternmost Java, were united under Gelgel's suzerainty. Gelgel's influence over the still Hindu Blambangan seems to caught the attention the Sultan of Mataram that aspired to unite
10192-547: The primary purpose is to restore balance and recognize that the battle between dharma and adharma (good and evil) is within each person and a never ending one. Barong , or dharma , is a major symbolic and ritual paradigm found in various festivities, dances, arts and temples. Rituals of the life cycle are also important occasions for religious expression and artistic display. Ceremonies at puberty, marriage, and, most notably, cremation at death provide opportunities for Balinese to communicate their ideas about community, status, and
10304-463: The regent of Palembang, landed in Bali. After seven months of battles, Majapahit forces defeated the Balinese king in Bedulu (Bedahulu) in 1343. After the conquest of Bali, Majapahit distributed the governing authority of Bali among Arya Damar's younger brothers; Arya Kenceng, Arya Kutawandira, Arya Sentong and Arya Belog. Arya Kenceng led his brothers to govern Bali under Majapahit banner, he would become
10416-514: The renovated 14th-century Cetho temple on the slope of Mount Lawu has become the center of Javanese Hinduism and gain patronage of Balinese temples and royal houses. A new temple is being built East of Solo ( Surakarta ). It is a Hindu temple that has miniatures of 50 sacred sites around the world. It is also an active kundalini yoga meditation center teaching the sacred Javanese tradition of sun and water meditation. There are many westerners as well as Javanese joining in. Although there has been
10528-515: The ruler who issued it. The pillar is dated 914 CE according to the Indian Saka calendar . Three other inscriptions by Kesari are known in central Bali, which suggest conflict in the mountainous interior of the island. Sri Kesari is the first known ruler to bear the Warmadewa title, which was used by rulers for several generations before Javanese expansion. It is not known precisely where
10640-456: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Karangasem . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karangasem&oldid=1251664001 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
10752-531: The slope of Mount Salak near the historic site of ancient Sunda Kingdom capital, Pakuan Pajajaran in modern Bogor . The temple, dubbed as the largest Balinese Hindu temple ever built outside Bali, was meant as the main temple for the Balinese Hindu population in the Greater Jakarta region. However, because the temple stands in a Sundanese sacred place, and also hosts a shrine dedicated to
10864-541: The slope of Mt. Semeru , Java's highest mountain. When the temple was completed in July 1992, with the generous aid of wealthy donors from Bali, only a few local families formally confessed to Hinduism. A pilot study in December 1999 revealed that the local Hindu community now has grown to more than 5000 households. Similar mass conversions have occurred in the region around Pura Agung Blambangan, another new temple, built on
10976-599: The traditional beliefs and practices of Hindus in Indonesia before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule. Some of these officially recognized Hindu beliefs include: The sacred texts found in Agama Hindu Dharma are the Vedas and Upanishads . They are the basis of Indian and Balinese Hinduism. Other sources of religious information include the Universal Hindu Puranas and
11088-543: The war between Sultanate of Demak and Daha, since Demak ruler, Raden Patah , were the descendant of Kertabhumi. In 1498, vice regent Udara usurped Girindrawardhana and the war between Demak and Daha recede. But this delicate balance end when Udara ask help to Portugal in Malacca and led Adipati Yunus of Demak to attack both Malacca and Daha. Another theory suggested that the reasons for the Demak's attacks against Majapahit
11200-677: The whole of Java and also to spread Islamic faith. In 1639 Mataram launched an invasion to Blambangan. Kingdom of Gelgel immediately supported Blambangan as a buffer against the Islamic expansion of Muslim Mataram. Blambangan surrendered in 1639, but quickly regained their independence and rejoined Bali soon after the Mataram troops withdrew. Mataram Sultanate itself, after the death of Sultan Agung, seems to preoccupied in their internal problems, and lost interest to continue their campaign and pursue hostilities against Blambangan and Gelgel. After 1651
11312-410: The world. In the case of the first Indonesians, they especially venerated and revered ancestral spirits ; they developed a belief that certain individuals’ spiritual energy may inhabit (or be reincarnated in) various natural objects, beings and places, such as animals, insects, trees, plants, stones, forests, mountains, or any place deemed sacred. This unseen spiritual entity and supernatural knowledge
11424-660: Was a revenge against Girindrawardhana, who had defeated Adipati Yunus' grandfather Prabu Bhre Kertabumi (Prabu Brawijaya V). The defeat of Daha under Demak marked the end of Hindu Majapahit era in Java. After the fall of the empire, many Majapahit nobles, artisans and priests took refuge either in the interior mountainous region of East Java, Blambangan in eastern end of Java, or across the narrow strait to Bali. The refugees probably fled to avoid Demak's retribution for their support for Ranawijaya against Kertabhumi. The Javanese Majapahit empire influenced Bali both culturally and politically. The whole court of Majapahit fled to Bali following
11536-404: Was an umbrella also used by Indonesians whose faith was Buddhism and Confucianism, but when neither of these two were officially recognized. Furthermore, Hindu political activists of Indonesia worked to protect people of those faiths under rights they had gained at the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. To gain official acceptance and their rights in a Muslim-dominated country, Hinduism in Indonesia
11648-499: Was different from the Javanese case, in that conversions followed a clear ethnic division. Indigenous Dayak were confronted with a mostly population of government-sponsored (and predominantly Madurese) migrants and officials, and deeply resentful at the dispossession of their land and its natural resources. Compared to their counterparts among Javanese Hindus , many Dayak leaders were also more deeply concerned about Balinese efforts to standardize Hindu ritual practice nationally; fearing
11760-556: Was impacted by the Kawi language , a style of Old Javanese . The language is still used in Bali though is rare. In East Java, Majapahit under the reign of queen regnant Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and her able and ambitious Prime Minister Gajah Mada , saw the expansion of Majapahit armada into neighbouring islands in Indonesian archipelago including nearby Bali. According to Babad Arya Tabanan manuscript, in 1342 Majapahit troops led by Gajah Mada assisted by his general Arya Damar,
11872-403: Was made around the same period. It demonstrates a similar temple style of Java during the late Mataram period. The Warmadewa dynasty continued to rule Bali well until the 12th century with the reigns of Jayasakti (1146–50) and Jayapangus (1178–81). Contacts with imperial China were also important during this period. Chinese coins called kepeng were widely in use in the Balinese economy. In
11984-479: Was made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco Serrão sailed from Portuguese Malacca and reached northern coast of Bali. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues. In Majapahit, East Java, the fall of Daha to Demak Sultanate in 1527 has prompted the refuge of Hindu nobles, priests and artisans to Bali. In 1585, the Portuguese government in Malacca sent
12096-518: Was observed in Trowulan near Mojokerto. The site may be the location of the capital of the Hindu empire Majapahit . A local Hindu movement is struggling to gain control of a newly excavated temple building which they wish to see restored as a site of active Hindu worship. The temple is to be dedicated to Gajah Mada , the man attributed with transforming the small Hindu kingdom of Majapahit into an empire. In Karanganyar region in Central Java,
12208-401: Was politically forced to adapt. Currently Hindu Dharma is one of the five officially recognized monotheistic religions in Indonesia. Folk religions and animists with a deep concern for the preservation of their traditional ancestor religions declared their religion to be Hinduism, considering it a more flexible option than Islam or Christianity, in the outer islands. In the early seventies,
12320-514: Was replaced by Sunan Kudus , but they came too late to save Kertabumi although they managed to repel the Ranawijaya's army. This event is mentioned in Jiwu and Petak inscription, where Ranawijaya claimed that he already defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one Kingdom. Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 to 1498 with the formal name Girindrawardhana, with Udara as his vice-regent. This event led to
12432-506: Was social mobility - people could change their occupation and caste if they wished to. Among the interior highlands of Bali, the desa (villages) have had no wangsa, the social status and profession of a person has been mutable, and marriages not endogamous. Historical inscriptions suggest Balinese Hindu kings and village chiefs have come from all sections of its society - priests, warriors, merchants and artisans. Both Java and Sumatra were subject to considerable cultural influence from
12544-721: Was unfolding, and new power centers were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European colonialism arrived. The Indonesian archipelago was soon dominated by the Dutch colonial empire . The Dutch colonial empire helped prevent inter-religious conflict, and it slowly began the process of excavating, understanding and preserving Indonesia's ancient Hindu-Buddhist cultural foundations, particularly in Java and western islands of Indonesia. After Indonesia gained its independence from Dutch colonial rule, it officially recognized only monotheistic religions under pressure from political Islam. Further, Indonesia required an individual to have
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