An outrigger is a projecting structure on a boat, with specific meaning depending on types of vessel. Outriggers may also refer to legs on a wheeled vehicle that are folded out when it needs stabilization, for example on a crane that lifts heavy loads.
41-699: Karakoa were large outrigger warships from the Philippines . They were used by native Filipinos, notably the Kapampangans and the Visayans, during seasonal sea raids. Karakoa were distinct from other traditional Philippine sailing vessels in that they were equipped with platforms for transporting warriors and for fighting at sea. During peacetime, they were also used as trading ships. Large karakoa , which could carry hundreds of rowers and warriors, were known as joangas (also spelled juangas ) by
82-451: A dulawan (lit. "visitor") or lampitaw , is usually sent in advance of the abay . If intercepted by defending enemy ships, karakoa can engage in ship-to-ship battles called bangga . The pursuit of enemy ships is called banggal . Warriors aboard karakoas were shielded from projectiles by removable panels of bamboo or woven nipa , in addition to kalasag personal shields. They were commonly armed with various swords like
123-474: A British professional rower, popularised the use of the modern tubular-metal version and the top rowing events accepted the physiological and ergonomic advantages so acceded to its use in competitions. In recent decades, some manufacturers of racing shells have developed wing-riggers which are reinforced arcs or flattened tubular projections akin to aircraft wings, instead of conventional triangular structures. Draft (hull) The draft or draught of
164-478: A keelboat , "outrigger" refers to a variety of structures by which the running rigging (such as a sheet ) may be attached outboard (outside the lateral limits) of the boat's hull . The Racing Rules of Sailing generally prohibit such outriggers, though they are explicitly permitted on specific classes, such as the IMOCA Open 60 used in several major offshore races. In fishing from vessels, an outrigger
205-399: A ship is a determined depth of the vessel below the waterline , measured vertically to its hull 's lowest—its propellers , or keel , or other reference point. Draft varies according to the loaded condition of the ship. A deeper draft means the ship will have greater vertical depth below the waterline. Draft is used in under keel clearance calculations, where the draft is calculated with
246-578: A hydrodynamic effect known as squat , which causes a local pressure reduction under the vessel. This in effect causes a ship to 'vertically sink 'down' leading to a reduction in under keel clearance . Large ships experience a draft increase to heel effect where the ship's beam angles on one side during an alteration of course (sometimes known as turning effect). Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways, especially for large vessels. This includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs, but also some major shipping lanes, therefore restriction on
287-430: A ship can be affected by multiple factors, besides the variations caused by changes in displacement: When measured to the lowest projecting portion of the vessel, it is called the "draft, extreme"; when measured at the bow, it is called "draft, forward"; and when measured at the stern, the "draft, aft"; the average of the draft, forward, and the draft, aft is the "draft, mean", and the mean draft when in full load condition
328-572: A single outrigger is used it is usually but not always windward . The technology was originally developed by the Austronesian people . There are two main types of boats with outriggers: double outriggers (prevalent in maritime Southeast Asia ) and single outriggers (prevalent in Madagascar , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia ). Multihull ships are also derived from outrigger boats. In an outrigger canoe and in sailboats such as
369-552: A total ban of the ship and the traditions assigned to it. In recent years, the revitalization of karakoa ship-building and its usage are being pushed by some scholars from Pampanga . Karakoa was usually spelled as " caracoa " during the Spanish period. The name and variants thereof (including caracora , caracore , caracole , corcoa , cora-cora , and caracolle ) were used interchangeably with various other similar warships from maritime Southeast Asia , like
410-504: Is a pole or series of poles that allow boats to trawl more lines in the water without tangling and simulates a school of fish. In a rowing boat or galley , an outrigger (or rigger) is a triangular frame that holds the rowlock (into which the oar is slotted) away from the saxboard (or gunwale in gig rowing ) to optimize leverage. Wooden outriggers appear on the new trireme around the 7th or 6th centuries BC and later on Italian galleys around AD 1300 , while Harry Clasper (1812–1870),
451-404: Is loaded, the deeper it sinks into the water, and the greater its draft (also referred to as its displacement). After construction, the shipyard creates a table showing how much water the vessel displaces based on its draft and the density of the water (salt or fresh). The draft can also be used to determine the weight of cargo on board by calculating the total displacement of water, accounting for
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#1732776483395492-436: Is more likely that it is a true Malayo-Polynesian word and not a loanword . Karakoa is a type of balangay (Philippine lashed-lug plank boats). It can be differentiated from other balangay in that they possessed raised decks ( burulan ) amidships and on the outriggers, as well as S-shaped outrigger spars. They also had sharply curved prows and sterns, giving the ships a characteristic crescent shape. Their design
533-423: Is the "draft load". These are markings and numbers located on both sides of a vessel, as close as possible to the bow and stern bow and stern , and then also, often amidships . The number and its associated marking indicate the distance from the marking to the bottom lowest fixed reference point of the vessel (e.g., its keel ). The numbers and markings were large and clear; for instance, on U.S. naval vessels,
574-411: Is the draft in feet); in metric marking, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high, spaced at intervals of 2 decimeters. An internal draft gauge or draft indicator is used on larger ships. It consists of a pressure gauge attached to a seacock below the light-load line and calibrated to reflect the draft of the ship. Larger ships need to keep
615-421: The burulan . Vessels of this size were usually royal flagships and were (inaccurately) referred to by the Spanish as joangas or juangas (sing. joanga , Spanish for " junk ", native dyong or adyong ). Karakoa were an integral part of the traditional sea raiding ( mangayaw ) of Filipino thalassocracies . They were maritime expeditions (usually seasonal) against enemy villages for
656-426: The katig and the hull was another lengthwise beam called the batangan . This served as the support structure for two additional burulan on either side of the boat called the pagguray , as well as additional seating for rowers called daramba . Karakoa can reach up to 25 metres (82 ft) in length. Very large karakoa can seat up to a hundred rowers on each side and dozens warriors on
697-477: The sombol (prow) and the tongol (stern). The anterioposterior symmetry allowed the boat to reverse direction quickly by simply having the rowers turn around in their seats. Karakoa had tripod bamboo masts (two or three in larger vessels), rigged with either crab-claw sails or rectangular tanja sails ( lutaw ). The sails were traditionally made from woven plant fibers (like nipa ), but were later replaced with materials like linen . In addition to
738-782: The kalis and metal-tipped spears called bangkaw . In addition, karakoa also had throwing javelins called sugob , which were thrown in large numbers at enemy ships. Unlike the bangkaw , they didn't have metal tips and were meant to be disposable. They were made from sharpened bagakay ( Schizostachyum lumampao ) bamboo whose compartments were filled with sand to add weight for throwing. They sometimes had wooden tips laced with snake venom . Short-ranged bows ( pana or busog ) were also sometimes used in close-quarter volleys at enemy ships. Like other ships for trade and war in maritime Southeast Asia, karakoa were also usually armed with one or more bronze or brass swivel guns called lantaka , and sometimes also larger guns. There
779-545: The kora kora of the Maluku Islands . The origin of the names are unknown. Some authors propose that it may have been derived from Arabic qurqur (pl. qaraqir ) meaning "large merchant ship" via Portuguese caracca ( carrack ). However, this is unlikely as the oldest Portuguese and Spanish sources never refer to it as " caracca ", but rather " coracora ", " caracora " or " carcoa ". The Spanish historian Antonio de Morga explicitly says that
820-550: The Suez Canal , the limiting factor for Suezmax ships is draft. Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden, but not when fully laden. Canals are not the only draft-limited shipping lanes. A Malaccamax ship, is the deepest draft able to transit the very busy but relatively shallow Strait of Malacca . The Strait only allows ships to have 0.4 m (1.31 ft) more draft than
861-399: The proa , an outrigger is a thin, long, solid, hull used to stabilise an inherently unstable main hull. The outrigger is positioned rigidly and parallel to the main hull so that the main hull is less likely to capsize . If only one outrigger is used on a vessel, its weight reduces the tendency to capsize in one direction and its buoyancy reduces the tendency in the other direction. On
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#1732776483395902-418: The Spanish. Panday Piray of Pampanga, Philippines, was also known for forging heavy bronze lantaka to be mounted on Lakan's (Naval Chief/Commander) ships called 'caracoas' doing battle against the Spanish invaders and cannons were also commissioned by Rajah Sulayman for the fortification of Maynila. By the end of the 16th century, the Spanish denounced karakoa ship-building and its usage. It later led to
943-514: The Suez Canal. Capesize , Ultra Large Crude Carriers and a few Chinamax carriers, are some of the ships that have too deep a draft when laden, for either the Strait of Malacca or the Suez Canal. A small draft allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water. This makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports, to travel along rivers and even to 'beach' the boat. A large draft may increase ultimate stability in, depending on
984-425: The available depth of water (from Electronic navigational charts ) to ensure the ship can navigate safely, without grounding. Navigators can determine their draught by calculation or by visual observation (of the ship's painted load lines ). A ship's draft/draught is the "depth of the vessel below the waterline measured vertically to the lowest part of the hull , propellers , or other reference point". That is,
1025-418: The content of the ship's bunkers , and using Archimedes' principle . The difference between the forward and aft drafts of a ship is termed its trim . In commercial ship operations, the ship will usually quote the mean draft as the vessel's draft. However, in navigational situations, the maximum draft, usually the aft draft, will be known on the bridge and will be shared with the pilot . The draft of
1066-405: The draft or draught is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deployed. The related term air draft is the maximum height of any part of the vessel above the water. Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate in relation to the under keel clearance available. The more heavily a vessel
1107-448: The hull form, as the center of gravity can be lower. A broad beamed boat like a catamaran can provide high initial stability with a small draft, but the width of the boat increases. A term called keel depth is used for submarines , which can submerge to different depths at sea, specifying the current distance from the water surface to the bottom of the submarine's keel. It is used in navigation to avoid underwater obstacles and hitting
1148-522: The maximum draft (the draft limit , a distance from the seabed or riverbed to the water level) is sometimes established (in particular, all ports set up draft limits). Panamax class ships—the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal —do have a draft limit (and an "air draft" limit for passing under bridges) but are usually limited by beam , or sometimes length overall , for fitting into locks . However, ships can be longer, wider and higher in
1189-645: The name karakoa is ancient and indigenous to the Tagalog people in Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). There are also multiple cognates in the names of other vessels of Austronesian vessels (some with no contact with Arab traders) like the Ivatan karakuhan , Malay kolek , Acehnese kolay , Maluku kora kora , Banda kolekole , Motu kora , and the Marshallese korkor . Thus it
1230-469: The numbers were, historically, as a standard, 6 inches tall, with spacing of 12 inches bottom to bottom, vertically. These hull markings constitute a "banded" scale, and may be accompanied by international load line markings. The scale may use Imperial units or metric units ; the Imperial system is as stated above (markings 6 inches high, spaced at 12 inch intervals, where the bottom of each marking
1271-469: The propeller immersed when they are light (without cargo ), and may ballast further to reduce windage or for better directional stability or seakeeping, or to distribute load along the hull to reduce hogging and sagging stresses. To achieve this they use sailing ballast distributed among ballast tanks to stabilize the ship, following the unloading of cargo. The draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends mainly on
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1312-438: The purposes of gaining prestige through combat, taking plunder, and capturing slaves or hostages (sometimes brides). Before a raid, Visayans performed a ceremony called the pagdaga , where the prow and the keel of the karakoa warships were smeared with blood drawn from a captured member of the target enemy settlement. Karakoa and attending smaller ships usually raid in fleets called an abay . A fast scout ship, called
1353-456: The relative positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity. However, a "light" ship may have an excessively high stability which can cause uncomfortable rolling of the ship. A fully laden ship (with a large draft) can have either a high or low stability, depending on the height of the center of gravity , which is affected by the distribution of cargo. The draft of a ship can be increased by longitudinal motion in shallow water,
1394-453: The rowers. This platform can be covered by an awning of woven palm leaves ( kayang , Spanish: cayanes ) during hot days or when it rains, protecting the crew and cargo. Karakoa lacked a central rudder and was instead steered by large oars controlled by the nakhoda ( helmsman ) seated in a covered structure near the back of the ship. These oars could be raised at a moment's notice to avoid obstructions like shallow reefs. The hull
1435-526: The sails, karakoa had a crew of rowers (usually horohan warriors from the alipin caste) with paddles ( bugsay ), or oars ( gaod or gaor ) on either side of the hull. In between the rowers was an open space used as a passage for moving fore and aft of the ship. Various chants and songs kept the pace and rhythm of the rowers. Above the rowers was a distinctive raised platform ( burulan ) made of bamboo where warriors ( timawa ) and other passengers stood, so as to avoid interfering with
1476-506: The strakes across, which were also lashed together with fiber. The use of dowels and lashings instead of nails made the hull flexible, able to absorb collisions with underwater objects that would have shattered more rigid hulls. Strongly curved planks were fitted at both ends of the keel, giving the ship a crescent-shaped profile. These were usually elaborately carved into serpent or dragon ( bakunawa ) designs. Tall poles festooned with colorful feathers or banners were also affixed here, called
1517-419: Was a great deal of honor involved in participating in a raid. Exploits during raids were recorded permanently in the tattoos of Visayan warriors and nobility ( timawa and tumao ), earning them the name of pintados ("the painted ones") from the Spanish. Outrigger An outrigger describes any contraposing float rigging beyond the side ( gunwale ) of a boat to improve the vessel's stability. If
1558-511: Was also impressed by the speed and craftsmanship of the vessels, remarking: "That care and attention, which govern their boat-building, cause their ships to sail like birds, while ours are like lead in this regard." Like other outrigger vessels , karakoa had very shallow drafts , allowing them to navigate right up to the shoreline. The hull was long and narrow and was made from lightweight materials. The entire vessel can be dragged ashore when not in use or to protect it from storms. The keel
1599-485: Was also sleeker and faster than other balangay , even though karakoa were usually much larger. Like balangay , they can be used for both trade and war. Their main use, however, were as warships and troop transports during the traditional seasonal sea raids ( mangayaw ) or piracy (especially against European trade ships). They were estimated to have speeds of up to 12 to 15 knots. The Spanish priest Francisco Combés described karakoa in great detail in 1667. He
1640-610: Was connected to the outrigger structure, which was composed of the S-shaped crosswise outrigger spars ( tadik ) attached to the outrigger floats ( katig or kate ) at water level. The katig provided stability and additional buoyancy, preventing the boat from capsizing even when the hull is entirely flooded with water. The katig , like the hull itself, curve upwards at both ends, minimizing drag and preventing rolling. Katig were usually made with large bamboo poles traditionally fire hardened and bent with heat. In between
1681-470: Was essentially a dugout made from the single trunk of hardwoods like tugas ( Vitex parviflora ) or tindalo ( Afzelia rhomboidea ). Strakes were built up along the sides of the keel, forming the hull. They were usually made from lawaan wood ( Shorea spp.) and were tightly fitted to the keel and with each other by dowels reinforced further with fiber lashings (usually from sugar palm ) on carved lugs. Ribs for support and seating connected