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66-589: Koreans of the mainland former Soviet Union are called Koryo-saram . They descend from populations of Koreans who were forced to move from the Russian Far East to Central Asia in 1937. The founder of the museum is Korean-American missionary Helen Park ( Хелена; Пак Хи Джин ; 박히진 ). In 2003, Park and her husband moved as missionaries to Russia. However, her husband passed away while they lived in St. Petersburg. Kim moved to Almaty, Kazakhstan to participate in

132-524: A combat role on the Soviet side. He notably participated in the Seishin Operation . Chŏng and a number of other Koryo-saram joined North Korea after the division of Korea . Some Koryo-saram, including Pak Chang-ok , became key figures in that government, where they formed a faction of Soviet Koreans . However, in the mid-1950s, Kim Il Sung purged many Soviet-aligned Korean people, which led to

198-668: A full separate department of Korean philology . Kan founded the Korean Cultural Center in 2010 and became its president. Kan was a second-generation Korean, whose parents were Sakhalin Koreans . The 2014 to present Russo-Ukrainian War has caused several significant shifts for Koreans in Ukraine. Following the 2014 Crimean status referendum , around 3,000 Korean residents living in Crimea became Russian citizens. During

264-883: A museum with authentic houses and historical materials on display. In Almaty, there is the Korean Theatre , where one can watch plays in Korean with Russian subtitles. In South Korea, one can visit the various enclaves they live in, as well as visit a history museum in Gwangju Koryoin Village. In New York City, United States, the restaurant Cafe Lily is operated by Koryo-saram, and serves Koryo-saram cuisine. Koreans in Ukraine There are populations of ethnic Koreans and South Korean nationals in Ukraine. A significant group among them are ethnic Koreans called Koryo-saram : these people arrived in

330-570: A relatively mild climate. Their population grew to 2,400 in 1959, 11,000 in 1979 and 13,000 in 1989; most lived in the capital Dushanbe , with smaller concentrations in Qurghonteppa and Khujand . Like Koreans in other parts of Central Asia, they generally possessed higher incomes compared to members of other ethnic groups. However, with the May 1992 onset of civil war in Tajikistan , many fled

396-522: A result, subsequent generations lost the use of the Korean language, which J. Otto Pohl described as "emasculat[ing] the expression of Korean culture in the Soviet Union. Up until the era of glasnost , it was not permitted to speak openly of the deportations. During the August to September 1945 Soviet military campaign to liberate Korea, Koryo-saram Chŏng Sangjin was the only ethnic Korean who had

462-559: A surname, Koreans also use clan names (known as bongwan in Korea and pronounced as пой among Koryo-saram) denoting the place of origin. Korean naming practices and Russian naming practices are different – Koryo-saram use Russian name practices, but Korean surnames and sometimes Korean names. But most often Christian names are used from the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church, typical for Russians. Legislation of

528-470: A theatre, six journals, and seven newspapers (the largest of which, Vanguard , had a circulation of 10,000). The 1937 Census showed 168,259 Koreans in the Soviet Union. However, officials in the Russian Far East viewed the Koreans' ethnic and family ties to the Japanese Empire with suspicion, which would soon set the stage for the deportation of the whole population. In 1937, facing reports from

594-476: A tradition among modern Koreans, after women began to be given names. The Koreans began to migrate to the Russian Empire in 1864 long before women were allowed to be given names in modern Korean tradition in Korea. Legislation of the Russian Empire required the mandatory presence of the surname of the name and patronymic name for everyone. Including poor serf wives. When they were married they were given

660-589: Is centered in Almaty , the former capital. For much of the 20th century, this was the only place in Central Asia where a Korean language newspaper (the Koryo Ilbo ) and Korean language theater ( Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan ) were in operation. The censuses of Kazakhstan recorded 96,500 Koryo-saram in 1939, 74,000 in 1959, 81,600 in 1970, 92,000 in 1979, 100,700 in 1989, and 99,700 in 1999. In Kyrgyzstan ,

726-558: Is composed of two Korean words: " Koryo ", a historical name for Korea, and " saram ", meaning "person" or "people". The word Koryo in "Koryo-saram" originated from the name of the Goryeo (Koryŏ) Dynasty from which "Korea" was also derived. The name Soviet Korean was also used, more frequently before the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russians may also lump Koryo-saram under the general label koreytsy ( корейцы ); however, this usage makes no distinctions between ethnic Koreans of

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792-725: Is estimated that remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan exceed $ 100 million annually. A number of Koryo-saram communities now exist in South Korea, including Ttaetgol Village , Gwangju Koryoin Village , Hambak Village , Texas Street , and Central Asia Street in Seoul. Several of these communities are also host to Russian speakers of other ethnicities. Koryo-saram have consistently reported feeling social isolation or even employment discrimination when in Korea. The experience of returnees has been portrayed in media, such as

858-567: Is not productive in Koryo-mal , the dialect spoken by Koryo-saram and as a result, only a few (mainly those who have studied Standard Korean) refer to themselves by this name; instead, "Koryo-saram" has come to be the preferred term. The early 19th century saw the decline of the Korean Joseon dynasty . A small population of wealthy elite owned the farmlands in the country, and poor peasants found it difficult to survive. Koreans leaving

924-661: Is now at the Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park ), she felt motivated to share their story. After suffering from a stroke in 2017, she began work on preparing the museum. She received help from a number of people she met and fellow members of the Christian community. There are both indoor and outdoor exhibits in the museum. One room is for watching historical films, which also contains books, photographs, and other historical materials. Another room contains household items, Korean clothing , letters, and newspapers. In

990-605: The 2010 census gave a population of 153,156 Koreans in Russia, this time more than half were living in European Russia instead, but Russian Far East remained the federal district with highest number of Koreans. The Korean population there trace their roots back to a variety of sources. Aside from roughly 33,000 CIS nationals, mostly migrants retracing in reverse the 1937 deportation of their ancestors, between 4,000 and 12,000 North Korean migrant labourers can be found in

1056-545: The Dungan , who have maintained a higher level of proficiency in their ethnic language. In 1989, the most recent year for which data are available, the number of Russian mother tongue speakers among the Koryo-saram population overtook that of Korean mother tongue speakers. There are a number of places in multiple countries that can be visited to learn about Koryo-saram history and culture. Korean Cultural Centers throughout

1122-520: The Japanese colonization of Korea beginning in 1910 . A number of Koryo-saram became significant Korean independence activists , such as Hong Beom-do and Chŏng Sangjin . In 1937, they were all deported to Central Asia . They have since dispersed throughout the former Soviet Union, with significant populations in Siberia , Uzbekistan , and Kazakhstan . Approximately 500,000 Koryo-saram reside in

1188-507: The Khrushchev Thaw , when restrictions on internal movement in the Soviet Union were eased, Koreans moved between the various Soviet republics. They first came as seasonal agricultural workers, mainly in the southern regions. After South Korea and Ukraine established diplomatic relations in 1992, some Koreans in Ukraine moved to South Korea for work. Since then, some have returned to Ukraine, while others move back and forth between

1254-862: The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) that there were possibilities that Japanese would have infiltrate the Russian Far East by means of ethnic Korean spies, Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov signed Resolution 1428-326 ss, "On the Exile of the Korean Population from border Raions of the Far East Kray", on 21 August. According to the report of Nikolai Yezhov , 36,442 Korean families totalling 171,781 persons were deported by 25 October. The deported Koreans faced difficult conditions in Central Asia: monetary assistance promised by

1320-504: The 2011 film Hanaan , by Koryo-saram director Ruslan Pak. Religion of Koryo-saram After their arrival in Central Asia, the Koryo-saram quickly established a way of life different from that of neighbouring peoples. They set up irrigation works and became known throughout the region as rice farmers. They interacted little with the nomadic peoples around them and focused on education. Although they soon ceased to wear traditional Korean clothing , they adopted Western-style dress rather than

1386-456: The 20th century. They formed four main groups: those sent for intelligence work during the Japanese colonial period , the Red Army personnel who arrived in 1945–1946, civilian advisors and teachers who arrived in the northern half of the peninsula in 1946–1948 and individuals who repatriated from the Soviet Union to North Korea for personal reasons. Though it was common in most of

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1452-867: The Association of Koreans in Ukraine, is located in Kharkiv, where roughly 150 Korean families reside; the first Korean language school was opened in 1996 under their direction. Some of the most famous Korean-Ukrainians are Vitalii Kim , current governor of Mykolaiv Oblast , Pavlo Lee , actor killed in Russo-Ukrainian war , and Oleksandr Sin , former mayor of Zaporizhzhia . After 2001, many Koreans migrated into Ukraine from Central Asia. The majority of Koryo-saram in Central Asia reside in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan . Korean culture in Kazakhstan

1518-597: The Korean Centre of Education which opened in Bishkek in 2001. South Korean Christian missionaries are also active in the country. The population in Uzbekistan is largely scattered in rural areas. This population has suffered in recent years from linguistic handicaps, as the Koryo-saram there spoke Russian but not Uzbek . After the independence of Uzbekistan , many lost their jobs due to being unable to speak

1584-490: The Koreans engaged in various activities, such as growing rice. Koryo-saram Koryo-saram ( Koryo-mar : 고려사람 ; Russian : Корё сарам ) or Koryoin ( Korean : 고려인 ) are ethnic Koreans of the former Soviet Union , who descend from Koreans that were living in the Russian Far East . Koreans first began settling in the Russian Far East in the late 19th century. Their numbers increased as Koreans fled

1650-453: The Koryo-saram have for the most part adopted. Therefore, Koryo-saram do not use generation names. They use, depending on religion, either a name from Sviatcy or a name arbitrarily chosen from the hanja character used in Korea to form names. Due to deportation and the continuing urbanization of the population after 1952, the command of Korean among the Koryo-saram has continued to fall. This contrasts with other more rural minority groups such as

1716-797: The Koryo-saram is closest to that of the Hamgyong provinces in North Korea and is dominated by meat soups and salty side dishes. It uses similar cooking techniques but is adapted to local ingredients, which resulted in invention of new dishes. One well-known example is morkovcha , a variant of kimchi that uses carrots. It has become popular in many parts of the former Soviet Union. Other examples of dishes include pyanse , kuksu , funchoza , timpeni , khe , chartagi , kadi che ( 가지채 ), kosari che , chirgym che , siryak-tyamuri , and kadyuri . Many Korean surnames, when Cyrillized, are spelled and pronounced slightly differently from

1782-441: The Russian Empire in issuing documents required the father's name. Koreans began with the use of patronymics that were formed from the Korean names of their fathers. Over time, as the proportion of Christians increased, Koreans were given, in accordance with the tradition of the Russian Orthodox Church, names from the general list of revered saints. Currently, 80% of Koryo-saram have a record of their Korean names. This differs from

1848-620: The Russo-Ukrainian War , although they are officially prohibited from doing so by the South Korean government. In 2023, it was reported that violators faced up to a year in prison and a maximum fine of 10 million won (US$ 7,500). By 2023, there had been four fighters convicted of serving in Ukraine. One such fighter, a former South Korean Navy SEAL Rhee Keun (also called Ken Rhee ) was arrested immediately after his three-month stint in Ukraine and return. He fully cooperated with

1914-429: The South Korean government. This includes the volunteer-run Association of the Koreans of Ukraine, of which Kan was also the head of as of 2019 . In 2017, an exhibition was held in South Korea, showing photographs of the daily lives of Korean Ukrainians. Koreans in Ukraine share the culture of Koryo-saram cuisine , including the staple side dish of morkovcha (a carrot-based variant of kimchi ). Ukrainian cuisine

1980-563: The Soviet government, a significant majority of Koreans in Ukraine do not speak Korean. In recent years, many Korean language schools have developed, with schools reportedly present in Kyiv , Kharkiv , Odesa , and elsewhere. The Kyiv Linguistics University offers professional-level courses in the language. The Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv also offered Korean language courses around 2019. Since 1995, an annual festival called Koreada has been held in different cities of Ukraine. It

2046-439: The building of a missionary center. In Kazakhstan, she gathered donations to build a teaching facility for the Korean and English languages. Her students ended up successfully moving to South Korea for work. Upon hearing the story of how the Koryo-saram were once forced to move to Kazakhstan and given so few resources to start their new lives that they had to dig burrows out of the frozen ground with their bare hands (location of this

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2112-578: The clothing worn by the Central Asian peoples. The ritual life of the Koryo-saram community has changed in various respects. Marriages have taken on the Russian style. At Korean traditional funerals , the coffin is taken out of the house either through the window or a single door threshold; however, if there is more than one door threshold on the way out (e.g. in modern multi-stories buildings), three notches are made on each threshold. The name of

2178-819: The country in this period were obliged to move toward Russia, as the border with China was sealed by the Qing Dynasty . However, the first Koreans in the Russian Empire, 761 families totalling 5,310 people, had actually migrated to Qing territory; the land they had settled on was ceded to Russia by the Convention of Peking in 1860. Many peasants considered Siberia to be a land where they could lead better lives, and so they subsequently migrated there. According to Russian sources early as 1863, 13 Korean households were recorded in Posyet , near Bay of Novgorod. These numbers rose dramatically, and by 1869 Koreans composed 20% of

2244-409: The country. One visa renewal request was rejected in 2023, which sparked controversy. The family had remained stateless after the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, and did not have documents that proved their identity beyond a birth certificate. South Koreans volunteered to assist the refugees and donated hundreds of thousands of dollars for their expenses. It was reported that by November 2022,

2310-464: The country; by 1996, their population had fallen by over half to 6,300 people. Most are engaged in agriculture and retail business. Violence continued even after the end of the civil war; in 2000, suspected Hizb ut-Tahrir members exploded a bomb in a Korean Christian church in Dushanbe, killing 9 and wounding 30. There was some minor return migration of Soviet Koreans to Korea in the first half of

2376-490: The courtyard, there are a number of recreated and authentic exhibits that demonstrate the daily life of the Koreans in Karatal. An original house that a Korean lived in was moved onto the museum grounds. There is an oven, a rice pounder , and a recreated burrow. There is an original thatched roof hut. The museum managers, notably Helen Park, have been known to give tours to visitors to the surrounding area, to demonstrate where

2442-514: The creation of 105 Korean village soviets (councils) in mixed-nationality raion , as well as an entire raion for the Korean nationality, the Pos'et Korean National Raion; these conducted their activities entirely in the Korean language . The Soviet Koreans had a large number of their own official institutions, including 380 Korean schools, two teachers' colleges, one pedagogical school, three hospitals,

2508-528: The dead is traditionally written in hanja ; however, as hardly anyone is left among the Koryo-saram who can write in hanja, the name is generally written in hangul only. On the other hand, the rituals for the first birthday and sixtieth anniversary have been preserved in their traditional form. In New York City, United States, there is the All Nations Baptist Church , a Russian-speaking Christian church for Koryo-saram. The cuisine of

2574-676: The expulsion of a number of Koryo-saram from the North. Several of them, including Chŏng, returned to Central Asia and continued writing for the Lenin Kichi . Scholars estimated that roughly 470,000 Koryo-saram were living in the Commonwealth of Independent States . The 2002 census gave a population of 148,556 Koreans in Russia, of which 75,835 were male and 72,721 female. More than half were living in Asian Russia . Meanwhile,

2640-463: The fighting, many temporarily fled to South Korea for refuge. The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has especially caused significant instability. One survey in South Korea found that 42.8% of Korean Ukrainians had a family member who died during the war. According to one interviewee in South Korea, they knew many ethnic Korean children who died in the conflict. Some fled for the second time to South Korea, with some thinking of remaining there due to

2706-495: The following investigation, and was eventually convicted and given a suspended prison sentence. Rhee apologized for breaking the law, but expressed no remorse for volunteering. He reportedly received an offer of Ukrainian citizenship and land from the Ukrainian government, but declined the offer. As many are several generations removed from the Korean peninsula and because their ancestors were discouraged from speaking Korean by

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2772-467: The formation of a cohesive identity among the Korean deportees. However, in schools for Soviet Korean children, the government switched Korean language from being the medium of instruction to being taught merely as a second language in 1939, and from 1945 stopped it from being taught entirely; furthermore, the only publication in the Korean language was the Lenin Kichi (now called Koryo Ilbo ). As

2838-646: The former Soviet Union before and during the Japanese colonial period and spread throughout the region especially after their forced migration in 1937 . Another group, the Sakhalin Koreans , who lived on the island of Sakhalin and are often considered culturally distinct from other Koryo-saram. There are also South Korean expatriates in Ukraine. It is uncertain how many ethnic Koreans are in Ukraine; estimates vary from 10,000 to over 40,000. A 2021 South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) report gave

2904-619: The former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia. There are also large Korean communities in Southern Russia (around Volgograd ), the Russian Far East (around Vladivostok ), the Caucasus , Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan , and southern Ukraine . While the ability to speak Korean has become increasingly rare amongst modern Koryo-saram, they have retained some elements of Korean culture, including Korean names . Koryo-saram cuisine has become popular throughout

2970-631: The former Soviet Union, such as the one in Ussuriysk, Russia , offer cultural experiences and sometimes museums on Koryo-saram and Korean history. In Kazakhstan there is a number of places. In Ushtobe, there is a Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park that marks where the Koryo-saram first settled in Kazakhstan. It has a Korean cemetery and memorials for Koryo-saram figures. Also in Ushtobe, the Karatal Korean History Center has

3036-431: The former Soviet Union, with the dish morkovcha now widely available in grocery stores there. A significant number of Koryo-saram have either moved temporarily or permanently to South Korea for economic or cultural reasons. The Russo-Ukrainian War , especially the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , has motivated several thousand Korean Ukrainians to move to South Korea for safety. Sakhalin Koreans also exist on

3102-525: The funds were running low, although new fundraising efforts were underway. They also faced a number of other challenges, including issues relating to visa renewal, language barriers, and finding employment. Trauma from the conflict has also created issues. South Korean activists pushed for the issuing of more F-4 work visas (normally for ethnic Korean returnees) for the refugees. Schools for refugee children were organized and staffed by volunteers. A number of South Koreans have served as foreign fighters in

3168-488: The government never materialised, and furthermore, most of the deported were rice farmers and fishermen, who had difficulty adapting to the arid climate of their new home. Estimates based on population statistics suggest that 40,000 deported Koreans died in 1937 and 1938 for these reasons. Nonetheless, the deportees cooperated to build irrigation works and start rice farms; within three years, they had recovered their original standard of living. The events of this period led to

3234-651: The independence movement, making it a centre for nationalist activities, including arms supply; the Japanese attacked it on 4 April 1920 , leaving hundreds dead. By 1923, the Korean population in the Soviet Union had grown to 106,817. The following year, the Soviets began taking measures to control Korean population movement to their territory; however, they were not completely successful until 1931; after that date, they halted all migration from Korea and required existing migrants to naturalise as Soviet citizens. The Soviet policy of korenizatsiya (indigenisation) resulted in

3300-440: The instability in Ukraine. The South Korean government issued a number of 90-day short-term G-1 visas for ethnic Korean refugees. Visas needed to be renewed every six months. In November 2022, it was reported that hundreds were waiting for approval for refuge in South Korea. However, refugees were made to pay fees to apply for their stay in South Korea; this requirement was eventually lifted on March 26, 2023. In December 2022, it

3366-424: The island of Sakhalin in Russia, but they are often considered a separate ethnic group. They arrived when Sakhalin was partially under Japanese rule , and were never subjected to the forced deportation to Central Asia. Some of them identify as Koryo-saram, but many do not. This has led to the term materikovye ( материковые ) for Koryo-saram, meaning " continentals ". The term by which they refer to themselves

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3432-547: The local nationality and the Korean nationals (citizens of North Korea or South Korea). In Standard Korean, the term "Koryo-saram" is typically used to refer to historical figures from the Goryeo dynasty; to avoid ambiguity, Korean speakers use a word Goryeoin ( 고려인 ; 高麗人 , meaning the same as "Koryo-saram") to refer to ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states. However, the Sino-Korean morpheme "-in" ( 인 ; 人 )

3498-506: The national language. Some emigrated to the Russian Far East , but found life difficult there as well. There is also a small Korean community in Tajikistan . Mass settlement of Koreans in the country began during the late 1950s and early 1960s, after the loosening of restrictions on their freedom of movement which had previously kept them confined to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Pull factors for migration included rich natural resources and

3564-518: The newly socialist countries of the Eastern Bloc to receive Soviet-educated personnel who were from the country or had ancestral ethnic connections there, in North Korea such returned members of national diaspora played a more important role than in other countries. Later, labour migration to South Korea would grow to a large size. As of 2005 , as many as 10,000 Uzbekistani nationals worked in South Korea, with most of them being ethnic Koreans. It

3630-567: The number as 13,524. However, another page on the MOFA website in 2023 gave a rough estimate of around 30,000 Koryo-saram in Ukraine. In 2020, there were reportedly 612 South Korean nationals living in Ukraine. Koryo-saram have lived in Ukraine since at least 1922. By 1926, there were 103 Koreans living in Ukraine. The number gradually increased, reaching 1,341 in 1959, 4,480 in 1970, 8,669 by 1989, and 12,711 in 2001. Koryo-saram first began moving to Ukraine in significant numbers around 1967. After

3696-506: The pattern typical in the US, where Korean American parents often register their children with a Korean given name as their legal middle name (e.g. Daniel Dae Kim , Harold Hongju Koh ). In Korea, until the 20th century, women were generally called by their family name. Nobles received as a pseudo-name the name of the estate in which they lived and this did not change when getting married. The preservation of his wife's name has been preserved as

3762-479: The population has remained roughly stable over the past three censuses: 18,355 (1989), 19,784 (1999), and 17,299 (2009). This contrasts sharply with other non-indigenous groups such as Germans , many of whom migrated to Germany after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Korea never had any programme to promote return migration of their diaspora in Central Asia, unlike Germany. However, they have established organisations to promote Korean language and culture, such as

3828-599: The population of the Primorsky Krai . Prior to the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway , Koreans outnumbered Russians in the Russian Far East ; the local governors encouraged them to naturalize. The village of Blagoslovennoe was founded in 1870 by Korean migrants. Another Korean village near Zolotoy Rog that Russians called Koreyskaya slabodka (Корейская слабодка, literally means Korean village) and what Koreans called "Gaecheok-ri" (開拓里,개척리)

3894-677: The region. Smaller numbers of South Koreans and ethnic Koreans from China have also come to the region to settle, invest, and/or engage in cross-border trade. In the Ukrainian 2001 census , 12,711 people defined themselves as ethnic Koreans, up from 8,669 in 1989. Of these only 17.5% gave Korean as their native language. The majority (76%) named Russian as their native language, while 5.5% named Ukrainian . The largest concentrations can be found in Kharkiv , Kyiv , Odesa , Mykolaiv , Cherkasy , Lviv , Luhansk , Donetsk , Dnipro , Zaporizhia and Crimea . The largest ethnic representative body,

3960-449: The romanisations used in the U.S. and the resulting common pronunciations, as can be seen in the table at right. Some surnames of Koryo-saram have a particle "gai" added to them, such as Kogai or Nogai. The origin of this is unclear. The introduction of international passports by newly independent CIS countries, resulted in further differences in pronunciation as Korean surnames had to be transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin. In addition to

4026-522: The surname of the husband, a patronymic formed on behalf of the father and given a name from the Sviatcy (List of names of saints of the Orthodox Church). In Korea, it is common for siblings and cousins of the same generation to have one hanja syllable in common among all of their names; this is known as dollimja . Russians have no equivalent practice, although they do have patronyms which

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4092-524: The two countries. By 2019, a significant portion of Koreans engaged in this practice, with one interviewee estimating that one to two people in every Korean Ukrainian family have been to South Korea for work. Work visas for ethnic Korean returnee workers are reportedly easy to obtain, which contributes to this phenomenon. In 1995, Kan Den Sik organized a Korean division at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute . By 2017, it had developed into

4158-629: Was confiscated and Korean labourers were laid off. However, Korean migration to Russia continued to grow; 1914 figures showed 64,309 Koreans (among whom 20,109 were Russian citizens). Even the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution did nothing to slow migration; after the repression of the 1919 March First Movement in Japanese-colonised Korea , migration actually intensified. Korean leaders in Vladivostok 's Sinhanch'on (literally, "New Korean Village") neighbourhood also provided support to

4224-680: Was first held in Kyiv , and in 2019 was held in Kryvyi Rih , which had the highest concentration of Korean residents in the Podniprovya and Zaporizhzhia regions. The festival celebrates Korean culture. There is a traditional Korean group associated with the festival called Toradi. The group has performed at the festival every year, and has traveled to South Korea to expand their repertoire. Reception to Korean culture has reportedly been positive in Ukraine. Many Korean cultural activities and organizations in Ukraine are sponsored and funded by

4290-537: Was officially recognized by the Vladivostok authorities. The 1897 Russian Empire Census found 26,005 Korean speakers (16,225 men and 9,780 women) in the whole of Russia. In the early 20th century, both Russia and Korea came into conflict with Japan. Following the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1907, Russia enacted an anti-Korean law at the behest of Japan, under which the land of Korean farmers

4356-407: Was reported that 3,438 of the 5,205 Ukrainians living in South Korea were ethnic Koreans. By March 2023, it was reported that 1,200 Ukrainian Koryo-saram refugees had entered South Korea since the beginning of the war. Many congregated in the Koryo-saram communities of Ttaetgol Village and Gwangju Koryoin Village . They are reportedly mainly women and children, as men were prohibited from leaving

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