Kardzhali Municipality is a municipality in Kardzhali Province , Bulgaria . Its administrative centre is Kardzhali .
96-490: According to the 2011 census, the municipality of Kardzhali was mostly inhabited by ethnic Turks (55.5%) and ethnic Bulgarians (40.5%), with Romani people , others and undeclared comprising the rest of the population. The municipality of Kardzhali has a slightly higher birth rate than the Bulgarian average, while its death rate is significantly lower. The municipality has favourable demographic indicators compared to
192-665: A discussion of the figures and their accuracy, see Koyuncu. The other Bulgarian territory to be carved out of the Ottoman Empire was the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia . It incorporated the Sanjak of Filibe (minus the Ahi Çelebi/ Smolyan and Sultanyeri/ Momchilgrad kazas, which were ceded back to the Ottoman Empire), the Sanjak of İslimye and the kaza of Kızılağaç/ Elhovo and nahiya of Manastir/ Topolovgrad from
288-690: A high number of population-specific haplotypes, 54 haplotypes among 63 tested Turkish males from the Bulgarian DNA bank and fathers from routine paternity cases born in various geographical regions of Bulgaria. The haplotypes of the Turks from Bulgaria as converted to haplogroups make up the following frequencies: J2 (18%), I2 (13%), E (13%), H (11%), R1a (10%), R1b (8%), I1 (6%), J1 (6%), G (6%), N (5%), Q (3%). A Y-DNA genetic study on Slavic peoples and some of their neighbours published two statistical distributions of distance because of
384-755: A large extent to subsidize them" (Skopje Report, p. 7). In these circumstances electricity suppliers may find themselves with no other option but to "sometimes cut off" the electricity supply in order to incite the consumers to commence honouring their debts. Such cut-offs are part of standard practice and the ethnic origin of the consumers is irrelevant in these cases. With respect to welfare benefits, which allegedly "in some cases, moreover, Roma do not receive" while "they are entitled" to them, it should be underscored that Bulgaria’s social welfare legislation sets uniform objective criteria for access to welfare benefits for all citizens, irrespective of their ethnic origin (furthermore, any discrimination, including on ethnic grounds
480-567: A minority of Circassians) were counted as "established", while colonists who still benefited from the exemption (Circassians) were counted as "Muhacir". In this connection, Koyuncu notes the tremendous rate of increase in the Muslim population of the five Bulgarian sanjaks and Tulça of 84.23% (220,276 males) vs. 53.29% (229,188 males) for Non-Muslims from 1860 to 1875 despite the higher natural rate of increase in Non-Muslims and attributes it to
576-696: A poll-tax that was otherwise imposed only on non-Muslims. During the 16th century, Suleiman I enacted laws to prohibit the mingling of Muslim and Christian Romani and to administer taxes collected from the Romani: the 1530 Gypsies in the Rumelia Region Act and a 1541 law for the Romani sancak . Muslim Romani were taxed less than Christian Romani, yet they were taxed more than other Muslims for not adhering to Islamic laws and customs. Ottoman imperial assembly registers from 1558 to 1569 characterize
672-773: A resettlement policy Karamanid Turks (mainly from the Konya Vilayet , Nevşehir Vilayet and Niğde Vilayet of the Karaman Province ) were settled mainly in the Kardzhali area by the sultans Mehmed the Conqueror , Selim and Mahmud II . The Turkish community became an ethnic minority when the Principality of Bulgaria was established after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 . This community
768-601: A small Pomak population. The Bulgarian minority is mostly Orthodox Christian belonging to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (37.1%). This Kardzhali Province , Bulgaria location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Turks in Bulgaria Turkish majorities: Bulgarian Turks ( Bulgarian : български турци ; Turkish : Bulgaristan Türkleri ) are ethnic Turks from Bulgaria . According to
864-418: A wider range of ethnicies (apart from Romani and more recent Circassian refugees). In addition to the dominant Turkish ethnic group, in the 1870s, it was estimated to also include some 10,000 Pomaks or Muslim Bulgarians , living mostly in the region of Lovech . Ethnoconfessional Groups in the "five Bulgarian sanjaks" as per the 1873-74 Census The Congress of Berlin ceded the kaza of Cuma-i Bâlâ from
960-547: Is also erroneous." A monitoring report by the Open Society Institute found that Romani children and teenagers are less likely to enroll in primary and secondary schools than the majority population and less likely to complete their education if they do. Between 60% and 77% of Romani children enroll in primary education (ages 6–15), compared to 90-94% of ethnic Bulgarians. Only 6%-12% of Romani teenagers enroll in secondary education (ages 16–19). The drop-out rate
1056-413: Is based on the number of repeat differences between alleles at each microsatellite locus and is proposed to be better for most typical sample sizes, when data consist of variation at microsatellite loci or of nucleotide sequence ( haplotype ) information, the method may be unreliable unless a large number of loci are used. A nonsignificant test suggests that F ST should be preferred or when there
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#17327725785221152-416: Is closest to Bengali . Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group. According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes populations of Northern India , traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma , are the likely ancestral populations of the modern European Roma. In February 2016, during
1248-552: Is currently known as Northern Dobruja . Except for Saint Clare, whose estimates were based on the Ottoman teskere , all other estimates are based on the Ottoman salnames (i.e., the annual Ottoman almanacs). The figures were used as underlying data at the 1876-77 Constantinople Conference , which eventually came up with the proposal for the establishment of two autonomous Bulgarian vilayets that remained under Ottoman control, but subject to extensive oversight by all Great Powers . For
1344-399: Is difficult to establish because of the millet system employed by the Ottoman authorities. Thus, Islam millet or Muslims included not only Turks, but all other Muslims, including, but not limited to, Muslim Bulgarians or Pomaks, Muslim Albanians , etc. and from the 1850s onwards also a large number of Muslim Muhacir , including Crimean Tatars , Circassians , Nogais , etc., expelled by
1440-419: Is expressly prohibited by law). The question of who is entitled or not entitled to welfare benefits is determined by the relevant services on the basis of a means test. Every single decision of these services must be (and is) in written form and clearly motivated. If a claimant is not satisfied with a decision, he/she is entitled to appeal it before the regional welfare office. Consequently, this allegation of ECRI
1536-470: Is high gene flow within populations, F ST calculations are based on allele identity, it is likely to perform better than counterparts based on allele size information, the method depends on mutation rate, sometimes can likely provide biased estimate, but R ST will not perform necessarily better. A Bulgarian and other population studies observed concluded that when there is not much differentiation, both statistical means show similar results, otherwise R ST
1632-420: Is indisputable that Crimean Tatars were not only counted, but counted as established Muslims. According to Koyuncu, the division of Muslims into "established" and "Muhacir" in the census and the 1875 Ottoman salname was entirely tax-based rather than origin-based. Thus, Muslim colonists whose 10-year tax exemption had expired and were liable to taxation at the time of the census (Crimean Tatars, Nogais, etc., with
1728-621: Is largely inaccurate. Certain difficulties (though not remotely on the scale suggested) do exist in this regard, and the authorities are taking concrete measures to address them (see above). However, as the Advisor on Roma and Sinti issues at the OSCE, N. Gheorghe remarked during the Skopje meeting: “…many of the Roma confuse public services with rights to which they are entitled and which are guaranteed by
1824-559: Is of Turkish ethnic consciousness and differs from the majority Bulgarian ethnicity and the rest of the Bulgarian nation by its own language, religion, culture, customs, and traditions. DNA research investigating the three largest population groups in Bulgaria: Bulgarians, Turks and Roma confirms with Y-chromosomal analysis on STR that there are significant differences between the three ethnic groups. The study revealed
1920-492: Is often superior to the F ST . However, no procedure has been developed to date for testing whether single- locus R ST and F ST estimates are significantly different. Turks settled in the territory of modern Bulgaria during and after the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Being the dominant group in the Ottoman Empire for the next five centuries, they played an important part in
2016-563: Is significant, but hard to measure, as many are formally enrolled but rarely attend classes. The report also indicates that Romani children and teenagers attend de facto segregated "Roma schools" in majority-Romani neighbourhoods and villages. These "Roma schools" offer inferior quality education; many are in bad physical condition and lack necessary facilities such as computers. As a result, Romani literacy rates, already below those for ethnic Bulgarians, are much lower still for Romani who have attended segregated schools. The official position of
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#17327725785222112-485: Is unclear how much this is against the Bulgarian Turks. Distribution of the Bulgarian Turks by province, according to the 2021 Bulgarian census. In the 2021 Census, 508,378 people stated that they were Turkish with 447,893 or 89.1% of Bulgarian Turks, stated that their religion was Islam , with 4,435 or 0.9% said followed Eastern Orthodox Christianity, while 13,195 or 2.6% said they had no religion and rest
2208-656: The 2001 census in Bulgaria regarding religious self-identification: A table showing the results of the 2001 census in Bulgaria regarding linguistic self-identification: The Turkish population is composed of a slightly larger proportion of young people under twenty years old compared to the Bulgarian population. Despite the fact that ethnic Turks constitute only 8 percent of the total population, they form 9.7 percent of all people under twenty years old and just 5 percent among all people that are aged sixty years or over. The exact number of Turks in Bulgaria during Ottoman rule
2304-613: The Bulgarian Helsinki Committee (BHC), Romani made up half the number of students in schools for children with intellectual disabilities and about two-thirds of the students of the boarding schools, where the BHC found a variety of human rights abuses, including physical violence. In both sets of special schools, the quality of teaching is very poor and essential things such as desks, textbooks and teaching materials are inadequate or altogether lacking. On two occasions,
2400-673: The Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The language retains much of the Indic morphology, phonology and lexicon, while its syntax has been heavily influenced by contact with other languages. Bulgarian ethnologists Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov assert that no direct evidence indicates when precisely the Romani first appeared in Bulgaria. While they mention that other Bulgarian and international scholars have associated
2496-422: The Principality of Romania (215,828 and 71,146+6,994 ) stands at 293,968, a number that is consistent with Kemal Karpat's estimate of 200,000–300,000 Muhacir, Turkish historian Nedim İpek's estimate of 300,000 Muhacir, Bulgarian Ottomanist Muchinov's estimate of 350,000–400,000 Muhacir, Ottoman statesman and Danube Vilayet Governor, Midhat Pasha 's 1866 estimate of 350,000 Muhacir and the Bulgarian edition of
2592-869: The Russian Empire in the 1850s and 1860s, especially as a result of the Circassian genocide . Muslim Romani were counted towards Islam millet only sporadically and usually formed a category of their own. According to the 1831 Ottoman census , the male population in the Ottoman kazas that fall within the current borders of the Republic of Bulgaria stood at 496,744 people, including 296,769 Christians, 181,455 Muslims, 17,474 Romani , 702 Jews and 344 Armenians . The census only covered healthy taxable men between 15 and 60 years of age, who were free from disability. Millets in present-day Bulgaria as per 1831 Ottoman Census By using primary population records from
2688-520: The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia , the Turkish population in the Bulgarian lands started migrating to the Ottoman Empire and then to modern Turkey . The migration peaked in 1989, when 360,000 Turks left Bulgaria as a result of the Bulgarian communist regime's assimilation campaign against them, with some 150,000 returning between 1989 and 1990. Today,
2784-769: The Sanjak of Edirne , along with smaller parts of the nahiyas of Üsküdar and Çöke, again from the Sanjak of Edirne. Population data from the Ottoman records for 1876 follows below ( males only): Muslims in the future Eastern Rumelia by ethnicity, c. 1876 Roma in Bulgaria Romani people in Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Ромите в България , romanized : Romite v Bǎlgariya ; Romani : Romane ando Bulgariya ) constitute Europe's densest Roma minority. The Romani people in Bulgaria may speak Bulgarian , Turkish or Romani , depending on
2880-500: The endonym Roma in Bulgarian is romi (роми). They are generally younger, according to the 2011 census they make up 10.2% of the population aged up to 9 years, on a note 14.9% of the total age group being non-respondants. In Bulgaria Roma are discriminated: 59% to 80% of non-Roma have negative feelings towards Roma. Roma constitute the majority of prison population according to self-identification of inmates, with 7000 prisoners (70%) out of 10,000 in total. According to 2002 data,
2976-461: The 1387 Charter of Rila term Agoupovi Kleti with the Romani, they hold that the term refers to seasonal lodgings for mountain herdsmen. Instead, they delimit the mass settlement of Romani in Bulgarian territory between the 13th and 14th centuries, supporting this time frame with 13th- and 14th-century documents referring to Romani presence in the surrounding Balkan states. According to Bulgarian sociologist Ilona Tomova, Ottoman fiscal reports between
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3072-600: The 14th and 15th centuries, Muslim Romani arrived in Bulgaria with the Ottoman rule, serving as auxiliaries, craftsmen, musicians and other professions. Unlike the Ottoman Empire's other subjects in the millet system, Romani were governed based on their ethnicity, not their religious affiliation. Ottoman tax records first mention Romani in the Nikopol region, where 3.5% of the registered households were Romani. Under Mehmed II 's reign, all Romani – Christian and Muslim – paid
3168-425: The 15th and 17th centuries indirectly indicate Romani settlement in Bulgaria since the 13th century, as most registered Romani possessed Slavonic names and were Christians. "Although the largest Roma migration wave to the Bulgarian lands seems to have occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries, many Roma arrived with the Ottoman troops, accompanying army craftsmen and complementary military units." In addition, during
3264-540: The 1992 census to the 2001 census, the number of Romani in the country has increased by 57,512, or 18.4%. The Romani were only 2.8% in 1910 and 2.0% in 1920. While the Romani are present in all provinces of Bulgaria , their highest percentages are in Montana Province (12.5%) and Sliven Province (12.3%) and their smallest percentage is in Smolyan Province , where they number 686 — about 0.05% of
3360-462: The 2021 census, there were 508,375 Bulgarians of Turkish descent, roughly 8.4% of the population, making them the country's largest ethnic minority. Bulgarian Turks also comprise the largest single population of Turks in the Balkans . They primarily live in the southern province of Kardzhali and the northeastern provinces of Shumen , Silistra , Razgrad and Targovishte . There is also a diaspora outside Bulgaria in countries such as Turkey, Austria,
3456-458: The 2021 census. In 2021, Turks formed 70.1% of the Muslim community in Bulgaria, while Bulgarians (107,777 Muslims or 16.9%) and Romani (45,817 Muslims or 7.2%) accounted for most of the remainder. In 2001, there were about 10,052 (or 1.3%) Christian Turks, but unlike the Bulgarians, they are split nearly evenly among Orthodox, Catholics, and Protestants. A table showing the results of
3552-404: The 7.4% refused to answer or leave a reply according to the 2021 census. By comparison, over 95% of the Turkish ethnic group identified as Muslim in the 2001 census and numbered 746,664. This is considered the main difference between Bulgarian Turks and the rest of the population in Bulgaria, especially the dominant Bulgarian ethnic group, 79.9% of whom declared Orthodox Christian identity in
3648-663: The British Embassy in Constantinople; Greek official Stavrides, translator at the British Embassy in Constantinople; Russian diplomat Vladimir Cherkassky and Russian diplomat Vladimir Teplov. The estimates can be found in a tabular form below: Refers to the five sanjaks to form the Principality of Bulgaria and the Sanjak of Tulça , which was eventually ceded to Romania along with the Kaza of Mankalya and
3744-449: The Bulgarian government answered officially in the same document: ECRI has correctly observed that members of the Roma community encounter "serious difficulties" "in many spheres of life". The rest of this paragraph, however, regrettably contains sweeping, grossly inaccurate generalizations ... Due to various objective and subjective factors, many (but by no means all!) members of the Roma community found it particularly difficult to adapt to
3840-475: The Bulgarian government to such segregation is: "There had never been a policy of "segregation" of Roma children in the national education system. The fact that in some neighbourhoods in certain towns particular schools were attended predominantly by pupils of Roma origin was an unintended consequence of the administrative division of the school system. According to the rules valid for all children irrespective of their ethnic origin, admittance to any public school
3936-639: The Bulgarian population, they constitute around 12 percent of all children aged between 0 and 9 years old according to the 2011 census. In some municipalities, like Valchedram and Ruzhintsi in northwestern Bulgaria, more than the half of all children belong to the Roma ethnicity. In a UNDP / ILO survey, Bulgarian Romani identified unemployment, economic hardship and discrimination in access to employment as major problems. The Council of Europe body ECRI stated in its June 2003 third report on Bulgaria that Romani encounter "serious difficulties in many spheres of life", elaborating that: "The main problems stem from
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4032-563: The Christian population in the kazas of Selvi ( Sevlievo ), Izladi ( Zlatitsa ), Etripolu ( Etropole ), Lofça ( Lovech ), Plevne ( Pleven ) and Rahova ( Oryahovo ) is missing as it was written in a different booklet, which was subsequently lost. The exact number of the Turkish population cannot be determined as the census followed the Ottoman millet system . Thus, "Islam Millet" or "Muslims" did not include only Turks, but all other Muslims, except Muslim Romani, who were counted separately. After
4128-822: The Danube Official Gazette's 1867 estimate of 300,000 Muhacir settled in the Danube Vilayet. The extreme brutality accompanying the suppression of the Bulgarian April Uprising of 1876 and the numerous atrocities committed, in particular, by irregular Ottoman paramilitaries (primarily Circassian bashi-bazouk ) caused massive outrage across Europe and especially in the United Kingdom, the hitherto closest Ottoman ally. The disproportionate use of brute force against not only insurgents but also non-combatants, dubbed in
4224-464: The Danube Vilayet from 1855 until 1865. This settlement took place in two waves: one of 142,852 Tatars and Nogais , with a minority of Circassians, who were settled in the Danube Vilayet between 1855 and 1862, and a second one of some 35,000 Circassian families, who were settled in 1864. According to Turkish scholar Kemal Karpat , the Tatar and Circassian colonisation of the vilayet not only offset
4320-500: The Danube Vilayet, Bulgarian statistician Dimitar Arkadiev has found that men aged 15–60 represented, on average, 49.5% of all males and that the coefficient that would permit calculating the entire male population is therefore 2.02 . To compute total population, male figures are then usually doubled. Using this method of computation, (N=2 x (Y x 2.02)) , the population of present-day Bulgaria in 1831 stood at 2,006,845 people, of whom 1,198,946 Orthodox Christians (undercounted because of
4416-673: The Danube, a total of 22,360 households with some 93,000 members were given land in kazas that became part of the Principality of Bulgaria. Adjusted for the Circassians who were carried over to "established Muslims" or left out of the Salname in 1874 (male-female-aggregated figures of 27,650 and 40,000 ) and the Crimean Tatar, Nogai and Circassian refugees settled until 1861 (93,000 ), the male-female-aggregated Muslim population of
4512-634: The European Committee of Social Rights has found violations of the European Social Charter in situations with Bulgaria's Romani population: in 2006, concerning right to housing , and in 2008, concerning right to health — in both cases on complaints from the European Roma Rights Centre . According to a report of POLITEA, "For the most of the 1990s the only representation the Romani got was through
4608-1041: The European press as The Bulgarian Horrors and The Crime of the Century caused the Great Powers to convene the Conference of Constantinople in December 1876 in order to seek a solution to the Bulgarian Problem . A number of estimates for the population of the Danube Vilayet were prepared by most Great Powers in conjunction with the Conference. Authors include Gabriel Aubaret, French Consul-General in Rusçuk ; Ottoman army officer Stanislas Saint Clair ; French scholars and orientalists Ubicini and Courteille ; Englishman W.N. Jocelyn, Secretary of
4704-409: The F ST genetic distances reflect interpopulation relationships between the compared populations much better than their stepwise-based analogues, but that at the same time the genetic variation was more profoundly calculated by R ST . F ST and R ST calculate allele (haplotype or microsatellite) frequencies among populations and the distribution of evolutionary distances among alleles. R ST
4800-470: The Horahane Roma, who speak only Romani (although they know Turkish or Bulgarian) and identify themselves as Horahane Roma; Horahane Roma whose language is a mix between Balkan Romani and Turkish; Horahane Roma who use only Turkish (rarely Bulgarian and Romani); and Horahane Roma who can only speak Turkish, identifying themselves as Turks. The Futadžides Romani dialect or Futadžiite, is spoken by
4896-751: The International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora . The Romani people emigrated from Northern India, presumably from the northwestern Indian states of Rajasthan and Punjab , possibly as early as 600 A.D. They emigrated to
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#17327725785224992-498: The Middle East and then reached the European continent. Moreover, "the Roma (the name is the plural form of the word "Rom") moved from India at the beginning of the 12th century, reached Europe in the 14th century and Central Europe in the 15th century." The language of the Romani people is called Romani [romaňi čhib] or Romany. It is an Indic (or Indo-Aryan ) language – like Sanskrit , Hindi , and Bengali — which belongs to
5088-584: The Muslim Romani Futacı ( Fouta towel / Peshtemal maker, from Haskovo and Haskovo Municipality but also some of them live in Stara Zagora and Plovdiv and East Thrace in Turkey too. It is a very strong Turkish influenced Romani dialect. In Ottoman archives from the 18th and 19th centuries, a special sub-group of 4 clans of Turkish-speaking Nomads of Alevism faith, who did not speak Romany
5184-615: The Muslim population of the future Principality of Bulgaria therefore consisted of 668,410 Turks, 20,000 Pomaks, 49,392 Muslim Romani and 55,178 Circassian Muhacir, or of a total of 792,980 Muslims . The data in the 1875 Ottoman salname comes from a vilayet-wide census completed in September 1874. A flash summary of results published in the Danube Official Gazette on 18 October 1874 (cumulative data only, no sanjak-by-sanjak breakdown) gave twice as many male Circassian Muhacir , 64,398 vs. 30,573, and slightly fewer "established Muslims" than
5280-787: The Netherlands, Sweden, Norway and Romania, the most significant of which are the Bulgarian Turks in Turkey . Bulgarian Turks are the descendants of Turkish settlers who entered the region after the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, as well as Bulgarian converts to Islam who became Turkified during the centuries of Ottoman rule. However, it has also been suggested that some Turks living today in Bulgaria may be direct ethnic descendants of earlier medieval Pecheneg , Oghuz , and Cuman Turkic tribes. According to local tradition, following
5376-455: The Ottoman records and just adds 310,000 Muhacir to the rest of the numbers in his estimates. Contemporary European geographers, e.g. German-English Ravenstein , French Bianconi and German Kiepert , on the other hand, indicate that Tatars are counted together with Turks in Islam millet. Kemal Karpat claims that Crimean Tatars and Circassians were not counted in the Ottoman salnames and that
5472-572: The Romani as ehl-i fesad (people of malice), charging them with crimes such as prostitution, murder, theft, vagrancy and counterfeiting. Roma in Bulgaria are not a unified community in culture and lifestyle. The most widespread group of the Romani in the country are the yerli or the 'local Roma', who are in turn divided into Bulgarian Gypsies ( Dasikane Roma ) and Turkish Gypsies ( Horahane Roma ). The former are Christian ( Eastern Orthodox and some few are believe in Evangelicalism ), while
5568-401: The Romani had much lower unemployment rates - 14% and 21% respectively. In 2016 23% of the Romani in Bulgaria are employed. The unemployed receive more financial aid than other citizens, especially for children, which may have prompted the higher birth rates of the Romani. In 2011 the share of Romani with university degree reached 0.3%, while 6.9% have secondary education ; the same share
5664-589: The Romani. According to data of the European Commission , to which Eurostat belongs, the Romani in Bulgaria number 750,000 and they constitute 10.33% of the population. An NGO disputes this claim and estimates that the number of the Romani in Bulgaria is twice as high, stating their population grows by 35,000 a year. In Bulgaria, Romani are most commonly referred as Tsigani (цигани, pronounced [tsiɡəni] ), an exonym that some Romani resent as derogatory and others embrace. The form of
5760-651: The Sanjak of Sofia (male Muslim population of 2,755) to the Ottoman Empire and the kaza of Mankalya from the Sanjak of Varna (male Muslim population of 6,675) to Romania and attached the kaza of Iznebol (male Muslim population of 149) from the Sanjak of Niš to the Principality of Bulgaria. Thus, the total male Muslim population in the future Principality of Bulgaria prior to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 consisted of 333,705 Turks, 10,000 Muslim Bulgarians or Pomaks, 24,696 Muslim Romani Romani and 27,589 Circassian Muhacir. Aggregated for males and females,
5856-585: The Turks and that it is likely that the census numbers are an overestimate because some Pomaks , Crimean Tatars , Circassians and Romani tend to identify themselves as Turks. In Bulgaria there are also other Turkish-speaking communities such as the Gajal who could be found particularly in the Deliorman region. According to 2002 data, the poverty rate among Bulgarian Turks is 20.9%, compared to 5.6% among ethnic Bulgarians and of 61.8% among Romani. In 2021,
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#17327725785225952-601: The Turks of Bulgaria are concentrated in two rural areas, in the Northeast ( Ludogorie/Deliorman ) and the Southeast (the Eastern Rhodopes ). They form a majority in the province of Kardzhali (59.0% Turks vs. 26.5% Bulgarians) and a plurality in the province of Razgrad (47.8% Turks vs. 37.7% Bulgarians). Even though they do not constitute the majority of the population in any provincial capital, according to
6048-600: The census results on ethnicity as a "gross manipulation". The former head of the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria , Reneta Indzhova claims to have been fired by the Bulgarian Prime Minister in 2014 for attempting to check the actual number of the Romani and implied that neither the census did enumerate the Romani, nor its statistics did provide the "real data". The previous 2001 census recorded 370,908 Romani (4.7% of
6144-405: The census, 38.4% of Bulgarian Turks live in urban settlements and 61.6% live in villages. According to the census, 13.8% of Turks are in the age bracket 0–14 years (12.0% for ethnic Bulgarians), 66.3% in the age bracket 15-64 (63.1% for ethnic Bulgarians) and 19.8% in the age bracket 65+ (25.0% for ethnic Bulgarians). It is important to note, that it is difficult to establish accurately the number of
6240-457: The common name George ). It is more common for a Roma Man to marry a Bulgarian or Turk woman, than for a Roma woman to marry a non-Romani Man. Bulgaria participates in the Decade of Roma Inclusion , an international initiative to improve the socio-economic status and social inclusion of Roma, with eight other governments committing themselves to "work toward eliminating discrimination and closing
6336-505: The descendants of blacksmiths for Khan Asparuh 's army. Some deny any connection with the Romani and most do not speak Romani. According to the 2011 census of the population of Bulgaria, there are 325,343 Romani in Bulgaria, or 4.4 percent. 180,266 of these are urban residents and 145,077 rural. Most of the Roma, 66%, are young children and adults up to 29 years old, the same group constitutes 37% among ethnic Bulgarians, while 5% of Roma are 60 years and over, Bulgarians are 22%. From
6432-488: The economic and cultural life of the land. Waves of impoverished Turks settled fertile lands, while Bulgarian families left their strategic settlements and resettled in more remote places. According to the historian Halil Inalcik, the Ottomans ensured significant Turkish presence in forward urban outposts such as Nikopol , Kyustendil , Silistra , Trikala , Skopje and Vidin and their vicinity. Ottoman Muslims constituted
6528-447: The fact that the Roma districts are turning into ghettos. [...] Most Roma neighbourhoods consist of slums, precariously built without planning permission on land that often belongs to the municipalities [...]. As the Bulgarian authorities have not taken steps to address the situation, the people living in these districts have no access to basic public services, whether health care, public transport, waste collection or sanitation." To which
6624-591: The final results published in 1875. According to Koyuncu, 13,825 male Circassians were carried over to the "established Muslims" column and further 20,000 were simply left out or lost in the carry-over. Ethnoconfessional Groups in the Danube Vilayet as per the 1873-74 Census While the 1875 Ottoman salname is the first one to count Circassians separately, no Ottoman population record even mentions Crimean Tatars , causing speculation as to whether they were counted and how. For example, French diplomat Aubaret assumes that neither Circassians, nor Tatars were included in
6720-425: The five Bulgarian sanjaks of the Danube Vilayet— Rusçuk , Vidin , Sofia , Tirnova and Varna —of 405,450 vs. a male non-Muslim population of 628,049. This gave a somewhat more beneficial Muslim-to-non-Muslim ratio of 39.2% to 60.8%. To better illustrate the impact Caucasian and Crimean Muhacir had on the Danube Vilayet's demography, it would be helpful to also incorporate the data for the Sanjak of Tulça . This
6816-407: The five Danubian sanjaks to form the future Principality of Bulgaria stood at 255,372 vs. a male non-Muslim population (incl. Christian Romani) of 418,682. This gave a Muslim-to-non-Muslim ratio of 37.9% to 62.1%. The 1859-1860 figures are important as a benchmark as they were the last Ottoman records to not take into account the settlement of more than 300,000 Crimean Tatars and Circassians in
6912-412: The future Principality of Bulgaria in 1875 consisted of 547,760 Turks (65.8%), up to 215,828 Crimean and Caucasian Muhacir (25.9%), 49,392 Muslim Romani (5.9%) and 20,000 Muslim Bulgarians (2.4%), or a total of up to 832,980 Muslims . The male-female-aggregated number of Crimean Tatar, Circassian, etc. colonists in territories which the 1878 Congress of Berlin ceded to the Principality of Bulgaria and
7008-428: The heavy Muslim population losses earlier in the century, but also counteracted continuted population loss and led to an increase in its Muslim population. In this connection, Karpat also refers to the material differences between Muslim and non-Muslim fertility rates, with non-Muslims growing at the rate of 2% per annum and Muslims usually averaging 0%. The Ottoman almanac for 1875 indicates male Muslim population of
7104-473: The latter are Cultural Muslims . Many of the Muslim Romani or the so-called Turkish Roma (Turkish Gypsies) are usually well integrated in the ethnic Turkish society in Bulgaria . Many possess Turkish ethnic identity and speak Turkish in addition to Romani . According to the latest census in 2021, of Romani 17.2% are Muslims. Muslim Romani can be divided into several linguistic groups: for example
7200-594: The mainstream political parties. This was a very limited form of representation in which one or two Romani had a symbolic presence in Parliament during each term." The Bulgarian Constitution does not allow political parties based on ethnic, religious, or racist principles or ideology. However, "Twenty one Roma political organizations were founded between 1997 and 2003 in Bulgaria [...]". In the 2005 Bulgarian parliamentary election , three Romani parties took part: Euroroma , Movement for an Equal Public Model (as part of
7296-805: The majority in and around strategic routes primarily in the southern Balkans leading from Thrace towards Macedonia and the Adriatic and again from the Maritsa and Tundzha valleys towards the Danube region. According to the 1831 Ottoman census , the male population in the Ottoman kazas that fall within the current borders of the Republic of Bulgaria stood at 496,744 people, including 296,769 Christians (59.7%), 181,455 Muslims (36.5%), 17,474 Romani (3.5%), 702 Jews (0.1%) and 344 Armenians (0.1%). The census only covered healthy men over 15 years of age and suffered from numerous inconsistencies. Most notably,
7392-411: The missing data), 733,078 Muslims, 70,595 Romani, 2,836 Jews and 1,390 Armenians. However, assuming that 20-40 % of men aged 15–60 were either infirm or untaxable for another reason, as suggested by Ottomanist Nikolai Todorov , the figures may be well undercounted and should never be assumed to be fully reliable as data. The Principality of Bulgaria was establislished on 13 July 1878 from five of
7488-402: The new realities of the market economy. “…Romani mahala-dwellers are still captives of the past, holding onto and behaving according to preconceptions about the socialist welfare state that clash with the modern realities of a market economy and privatisation". (Skopje Report, p.6) More concretely, the allegation that the people living in these districts "have no access to basic public services"
7584-510: The northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab . The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines. More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi . It shares many phonetic features with Marwari , while its grammar
7680-399: The number of the Romani was 576,927 (6.5% of the population) and that over half of the Romani identified as Turks. The majority of the estimated 200,000-400,000 Muslim Romani tend to identify themselves as ethnic Turks , some deny their origin, or identify as Bulgarians. The demographic collapse in Bulgaria that has affected most ethnic groups in the country has not had the same effect on
7776-575: The overall number of Muslims is therefore underestimated. However, later on in the same book, he breaks down Northern Dobruja 's 126,924 Muslims in 1878 into 48,783 Turks, 71,146 Crimean Tatars and 6,994 Circassians. Given that there were 53,059 "established Muslims" and 2,954 Circassians in the Tulça sanjak in 1875 and 6,675 additional Muslims in the kaza of Mankalya in 1873, that these numbers only refer to males and that recalculating them to include females would more than double them to approx. 125,000, it
7872-520: The population). The preceding 1992 census recorded 313,396 Romani (3.7% of the population), while a secret backstage 1992 census ordered by the Ministry of Interior recorded a figure of 550,000 Romani (6.5% of the population); the Ministry of Interior ordered at least two other secret censuses to enumerate the Romani in denial, the one in 1980 recorded 523,519 Romani, while the one in 1989 recorded that
7968-621: The population. Varbitsa is possibly the only urban settlement where the Romani are the most numerous group. The largest Romani quarters are Stolipinovo in Plovdiv and Fakulteta in Sofia . The number of places where Romani constitute more than 50% of the population has doubled from the 1992 to the 2001 census. The largest village with a Romani majority is Gradets in Kotel Municipality . Although Roma constitute only 4.4 percent of
8064-437: The poverty rate among Romani is 61.8%, in contrast to a rate of 5.6% among Bulgarians . In 1997, 84% of Bulgarian Romani lived under the poverty line, compared with 32% of ethnic Bulgarians. In 1994, the poverty rate of Romani was estimated at 71.4%, compared with 15% for Bulgarians. The unemployment rate of non-Romani in Bulgaria was 25%, while of the Romani it was 65% in 2008, for instance in neighbouring Romania and Hungary
8160-420: The region. According to the latest census in 2011, the number of the Romani is 325,343, constituting 4.4% of the total population, in which only one ethnic group could be opted as an answer and 10% of the total population did not respond to the question on ethnic group. In a conclusive report of the census sent to Eurostat , the authors of the census (the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria ) identified
8256-427: The rest of Kardzhali Province and Bulgaria as whole. According to the latest Bulgarian census of 2011, the religious composition, among those who answered the optional question on religious identification, was the following: A majority of the population of Kardzhali Municipality identify themselves as Muslims . At the 2011 census, 52.8% of respondents identified as believers of Islam , mostly ethnic Turks and
8352-575: The sanjaks that used to be part of the Ottoman Danube Vilayet prior to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 : the Sanjaks of Vidin , Tirnova , Rusçuk , Sofya and Varna , with individual border changes, cf. below. The two other sanjaks in the Danube Vilayet, those of Niš and Tulça , were ceded to Serbia and Romania, respectively. According to the Ottoman almanac for 1859-1860, the male Muslim population (incl. Muslim Romani) of
8448-470: The settlement of Crimean Tatars and Circassians in the province. Muslims in the future Principality of Bulgaria by ethnicity, ca. 1875 Unlike the Circassian colonisation in 1864 and later years, the settlement of Crimean Tatars, Nogais, etc. in 1855-1862 has been documented minutely. Out of a total of 34,344 households with 142,852 members (or 4.16 members per household on average) settled along
8544-477: The share of Turks with university degree reached 8.1% (vs. 4.1% for 2011), while 35.9% (vs. 26% for 2011) had secondary education ; by comparison, 29.2% and 50.5% of Bulgarians, respectively, held university degree and secondary school diplomas; the corresponding percentages for Romani are 0.8% and 14.4%. Though the majority of Bulgarians have negative feelings towards Romani, it is estimated that just 15% of Bulgarians have negative feelings against Turks, though it
8640-648: The unacceptable gaps between Roma and the rest of society". The rights of the Romani people in the country are also represented by political parties and cultural organizations, most notably the Civil Union "Roma" . Noted Roma from Bulgaria include musicians Azis , Sofi Marinova and Ivo Papazov , surgeon Aleksandar Chirkov, politicians Toma Tomov and Tsvetelin Kanchev, footballer Marian Ognyanov , and 1988 Olympic boxing champion Ismail Mustafov . The Romani people originate from Northern India , presumably from
8736-443: The volume of details studied, based on pairwise F ST values, the Turks from Bulgaria are most related to Anatolian Turks , thereafter to Italians , Bulgarians and others; while according to the R ST values, the Turks from Bulgaria are most related to Bulgarians, thereafter to Macedonians , Anatolian Turks, Serbs and the rest, while Balts and North Slavs remain most unrelated according to them both. The study claims that
8832-418: The welfare state" (Skopje Report, p.16). ... Concerning the issue of the electricity supply it should be noted that dwellers of such neighbourhoods sometimes refuse to pay their electricity bills. This attitude could at least in part be explained by the fact that “…Romani mahala-dwellers believe they have rights as citizens to electricity and other services, and that the state has an obligation to provide and to
8928-556: Was 22.8%/47.6% for Bulgarians. The Bulgarians are more negative towards the Romani than the Turks, with 30-50% rejecting various interactions and friendship with Romani. Although only 25% of Romani parents object to their children to be married with a Bulgarian and a Turk, only 4% of the Bulgarians and 6% of the Turks would marry a Romani person. Romani are avoided by the majority traditionally, especially for marriage, however, there are ethnically mixed people with Gypsy and Bulgarian or Turk parents who are called жоревци " zhorevtsi " (from
9024-593: Was linked administratively to the domicile of the family. In neighbourhoods where the population was predominantly of Roma origin, this system produced schools, attended predominantly by pupils of Roma origin. It is precisely this situation that the authorities are taking special measures to rectify. Therefore, the word "segregation" with respect to Roma children is inaccurate." Romani children are often sent to special schools for children with intellectual disabilities or boarding schools for children with "deviant behavior" (so-called "delinquent schools"). According to reports of
9120-616: Was mentioned, namely the Turkmen Kiptileri . In the past, this group had strong contact with Turkmen tribes , it is suspected that they are the same as Abdal of Turkey . A subgroup of the Bulgarian Gypsies in southern Bulgaria, the Asparuhovi bâlgari ("Asparuh Bulgarians") — that is known also as stari bâlgari ("Old Bulgarians"), sivi gâlâbi ("Grey Doves", "Grey Pigeons"), or demirdzhii — self-identify as
9216-450: Was the primary Ottoman destination for Crimean Tatar refugees in the 1850s and 1860s, to the extent they held a plurality in the sanjak's population by 1878 (31.5%), and the region was affectionately nicknamed Küçük Tatarstan (Little Tartary): The data for 1875 is also available as a breakdown by various ethno-confessional groups. While Non-Muslims here are separated into a number of different categories, Islam millet or "Muslims" covered
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