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95-606: The smaller part of the isthmus to the southeast of the old Russia-Finland border is considered historically as Northern Ingria , rather than part of the Karelian Isthmus itself. The rest of the isthmus was historically a part of Finnish Karelia . This was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Great Northern War in 1712 and included within the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) of

190-539: A distinct nation, since the population is made up of several different ethnic groups, despite the Soviet Union recognizing Ingrian as a nationality. The indigenous peoples of Ingria, like the Votians and Izhorians , are today close to extinction, together with their languages . This notwithstanding, many people still recognize and attempt to preserve their Ingrian heritage . Historic Ingria covers approximately

285-569: A huge area, 740 km (286 sq mi), encircled by the Road of Life , the roads Rzhevka – Novoye Devyatkino and Novoye Devyatkino – Matoksa and the coast of Lake Ladoga (available to visitors since 2003). In 2006 a Voronezh early warning radar was built in Lekhtusi , Vsevolozhsky District . The port of Vysotsk is a base of the Baltic Fleet . 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade

380-638: A number of others along the Vyborg-Hiitola railroad ). Vyborg Shipyard is one of the largest shipbuilding companies in Northwestern Russia . Roskar Battery Farm in Pervomayskoye is a leading producer of chicken and eggs . In Vsevolozhsky District state-owned Morozov Plant is located, which is an important producer of paints , adhesives , abrasives and other substances. In Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District , near

475-417: A part of Saint Petersburgsky Uyezd , and in 1755, Shlisselburgsky Uyezd was established, and the current area of the district became split between the two uyezds. In 1914, the uyezd and the governorate were renamed Leningradsky. On February 14, 1923 Shlisselburgsky Uyezd was merged into Petrogradsky Uyezd. In January, 1924 the uyezd and the governorate were renamed Leningradsky. On August 1, 1927,

570-690: A separate river basin. The Karelian Isthmus is located in two regions of the Russian Federation , Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast . Saint Petersburg is represented by seven districts, the Leningrad Oblast by three. Apart from the old towns of Vyborg and Priozersk , and churches on the Konevets island of Lake Ladoga , since the late 19th century a number of other archaeological sites have been discovered on

665-538: A sizable Russophone minority in Finland. Vsevolozhsky District Vsevolozhsky District ( Russian : Все́воложский райо́н ) is an administrative and municipal district ( raion ), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast , Russia . It is located in the central northwestern part of the oblast on the Karelian Isthmus and borders with Priozersky District in the north, Kirovsky District in

760-759: A stronghold in the town of Narva , followed by the Russian castle Ivangorod on the opposite side of the Narva River in 1492. With the consolidation of the Kievan Rus and the expansion of the Republic of Novgorod north, the indigenous Ingrians became Eastern Orthodox . Ingria became a province of Sweden in the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617 that ended the Ingrian War , fought between Sweden and Russia. After

855-643: Is a historical region in what is now northwestern European Russia . It lies along the southeastern shore of the Gulf of Finland , bordered by Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus in the north and by the River Narva on the border with Estonia in the west. The earliest known modern inhabitants of the region were indigenous Finnic ethnic groups, primarily the Izhorians and Votians , who were forcibly converted to Eastern Orthodoxy over several centuries during

950-539: Is a popular summer resort for Saint Petersburg citizens since the late 19th century, served by trains of Finlyandsky Rail Terminal . The isthmus, especially the land along Saint Petersburg–Vyborg and Saint Petersburg–Priozersk railroads, hosts numerous dachas . A 20–35 km wide stretch of land in Vyborgsky District and Republic of Karelia to the west of the Vyborg–Hiitola railway , as well as

1045-792: Is also an important supplier of sand . A plant of Ford Motor Company producing Ford Focus cars was opened in Vsevolozhsk in 2002. The Karelian Isthmus is included within Leningrad Military District of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . The isthmus hosts airfields in Levashovo , Pribylovo and Gromovo . Other airfields in Veshchevo and Kasimovo (Vartemyagi) have been abandoned. In

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1140-917: Is an important link connecting inland waterways of Finland with the Gulf of Finland . The Karelian Isthmus is served by a number of railways; the trains arrive from Finlyandsky Rail Terminal and Ladozhsky Rail Terminal of Saint Petersburg : Also on the Karelian isthmus are all lines of the St. Petersburg metro . The pulp-and-paper , timber and woodworking industries ( JSC Svetogorsk , pulp and paper mill in Svetogorsk , Vyborgsky Pulp and Paper Mill in Vyborg , Priozersky Furniture and Woodworking Industrial Complex and Priozersky Woodworking Factory in Priozersk , as well as other smaller enterprises all over

1235-567: Is located in Kamenka , and in the 56th District Training Centre in Sertolovo . The population of the Karelian isthmus today is slightly less than 3.1 million inhabitants. Of these, about 2.4 million live in St. Petersburg and a little less than 700 thousand in the Leningrad region. The population is growing solely due to migration, as the mortality rate is much higher than the birth rate, but

1330-478: The Ford Vsevolozhsk Assembly plant), and timber industries, as well as the others. There is a growing high-tech component in the industry of the district. Part of the population commutes to Saint Petersburg for work. The agriculture in the district is performed by a variety of farms, including nine (as of 2012) large-scale agricultural enterprises. A number of railways, originating from

1425-617: The Great Northern War that started with the Russian conquest of Ingria where the new imperial capital , Saint Petersburg, was founded (1703) in the southern end of the isthmus, in place of old Swedish town Nyenskans . Then in 1812, the northwestern half was transferred, as a part of Old Finland , to the Grand Duchy of Finland , created in 1809 as an autonomous part of the Russian Empire. Due to its size, favorable climate, rich fishing waters and proximity to Saint Petersburg ,

1520-828: The Kola Peninsula as well as Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The situation for the Ingrian Finns deteriorated further when in the fall of 1934 the Forbidden Border Zone along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where entrance was forbidden without special permission issued by the NKVD . It was officially only 7.5 km (5 miles) deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km (60 miles). The zone

1615-468: The Ladozhsky and Finlyandsky railway stations of Saint Petersburg cross the district. Saint Petersburg – Hiitola railroad runs through Toksovo to Sosnovo and Priozersk . Another line runs to Vsevolozhsk ( Melnichny Ruchey railway station ) and splits into two, one terminating at Ladozhskoye Ozero railway station , and another one at Nevskaya Dubrovka railway station . One more railway line cross

1710-931: The Leningrad Oblast , the winter here is usually milder due to the moderating influence of the Gulf of Finland , but longer. The city of Vyborg and the town of Priozersk are situated on the northwestern part of the isthmus. The Karelian Isthmus is a popular place for hiking , cycling , skiing ( Korobitsyno and Kavgolovo ), climbing (near Kuznechnoye ), canoeing ( Losevo ), fishing for consumption (of carp bream , northern pike , roach , European perch , ruffe , burbot and others), mushroom hunting (for porcini , red-capped scaber stalk , birch bolete , velvet bolete , slippery Jack , golden chanterelle , Lactarius resimus , woolly milk-cap , ugly milk-cap , saffron milk-cap , Lactarius rufus , various Russulas and others), berry picking (of bilberry , raspberry , woodland strawberry , cowberry , cranberry , cloudberry , bog bilberry and stone bramble ). It

1805-514: The Leningrad Oblast . Since Estonia reclaimed its independence in 1991, this territory has been disputed. As Russia does not recognize the Treaty of Tartu, the area currently remains under Russian control. After the 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia, the Republic of North Ingria ( Finnish : Pohjois-Inkerin tasavalta ) declared its independence from Russia with the support of Finland and with

1900-580: The Peace of Moscow of 12 March. According to the protocol appended to the Moscow Peace Treaty, the fighting was ended at noon (Leningrad time) on 13 March and by 26 March the Finnish troops had been completely withdrawn. The entire Karelian population of the ceded areas of about 422 thousand people was evacuated to other parts of Finland (see Evacuation of Finnish Karelia ). On 31 March most of

1995-753: The Priyutino Estate in Berngardovka , Vsevolozhsk, the complex of buildings around the laboratory of Ivan Pavlov in the settlement of Pavlovo , the Ryabovo Estate in Vsevolozhsk, and various monuments related to the events of the Siege of Leningrad in 1941—1944. Vsevolozhsk State Museum of History is located in the town of Vsevolozhsk and displays collections of local interest. The Priyutino Estate , which belonged to Alexey Olenin ,

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2090-750: The Soviet Union staged the Shelling of Mainila and invaded Finland in what became known as the Winter War , which took a disproportionally heavy death toll on the Red Army . Only in February 1940 did the Soviet forces manage to penetrate the Mannerheim Line across the isthmus, the strength of which is often exaggerated. Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to the Soviet Union in

2185-521: The Treaty of Stolbova (1617) after the Ingrian War of 1610–1617. Sweden's interest in the territory was mainly strategic: the area served as a buffer zone against Russian attacks on the Karelian Isthmus and on present-day Finland, then the eastern half of the Swedish realm; and Russian Baltic trade had to pass through Swedish territory. The townships of Ivangorod , Jama (now Kingisepp ), Caporie (now Koporye ) and Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg ) became

2280-571: The Vodskaya pyatina , one of the five pyatinas of Novgorod Lands. In 1617, according to the Treaty of Stolbovo , the west of the area was transferred to Sweden, and in 1721, according to the Treaty of Nystad , it was transferred back by Russia. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ). In 1727, it became

2375-632: The Vyborg Offensive and pushed the front from the pre-1939 border to Vyborg in ten days. The returned Karelians were evacuated to Finland again. In the Battle of Tali-Ihantala , 25 June–9 July, the Finns concentrated their military strength and brought the offensive to a halt at the River Vuoksi , in the northwesternmost part of the isthmus, at the closest point only 40 kilometres from

2470-608: The Weichselian glaciation . Its highest point lies on the Lembolovo Heights moraine at about 205 m (670 ft). There are no mountains on the isthmus, but steep hills occur in some places. The Vuoksi , the largest river, runs southeastwards from Lake Saimaa of Finland to Lake Ladoga , dividing the isthmus into two uneven parts. Saimaa Canal opened in 1856 links Lake Saimaa to the Bay of Vyborg passing through

2565-524: The 11th century, Sweden and Novgorod Republic started to compete tax holding rights. The Treaty of Nöteborg of 1323 established a border between them along the rivers now known as the Sestra and the Volchya . During 17th century Sweden gained the whole isthmus and also Ingria . In this time many Karelians escaped to Tver's Karelia . From 1721–1917 the isthmus belonged to the Russian Empire , won in

2660-603: The 12th century AD. The connection disappeared due to ongoing land uplift in the 2nd millennium AD. In 1818 a canal, which was dug to drain spring flood waters from Lake Suvanto (now Lake Sukhodolskoye, a 40-km long narrow lake in the eastern part of the Isthmus) into Lake Ladoga , unexpectedly eroded and turned into the Taipaleenjoki (now Burnaya River). The Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by 7 m. Originally waters of Lake Suvanto flowed into

2755-578: The 860s, the warring Finnic and Slavic tribes rebelled under Vadim the Bold , but later asked the Varangians under Rurik to return and to put an end to the recurring conflicts between them. The Swedes referred to the ancient Novgorodian land of Vod people as "Ingermanland", Latinized to "Ingria". Folk etymology traces its name to Ingegerd Olofsdotter , the daughter of the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung (995–1022). Upon her marriage to Yaroslav I

2850-526: The Baltic Sea, retreated, and many lowland lakes were also isolated in depressions formed earlier by glacial exaration and fluvioglacial activity. Lake Ladoga was separated from the sea as well. Due to land uplift, around 5000 BP the River Vuoksi started emptying into Lake Ladoga as a new outlet of Lake Saimaa . Lake Ladoga transgressed , flooding lowland lakes and the Vuoksi, and became connected with

2945-659: The Ingrian Finns started in late 1920s, and Russification was nearly complete by the 1940s. In the modern era, Ingria forms the northwestern anchor of Russia—its "window" on the Baltic Sea —with Saint Petersburg as its centre. Although Sweden and Novgorod had fought for the Ingrian lands more or less since the Great Schism of 1054, the first actual attempt to establish Swedish dominion in Ingria appears to date from

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3040-510: The Karelian Isthmus is an important transport corridor linking Scandinavia and Central Russia . Primorsk , terminus of the Baltic Pipeline System , which has recently become one of the most efficient Russian sea ports , is also located here. The only motorway on the isthmus is the recently completed E18 "Scandinavia" (M10) going from Saint Petersburg through Vyborg and Vaalimaa . Saimaa Canal (opened in 1856)

3135-545: The Karelo-Finnish SSR). The border of the Moscow Peace Treaty (1940) was recognized by Finland again in the Peace of Paris , 1947. As a result of the war, the population of the Karelian Isthmus was almost completely replaced. After the war the isthmus was included in the Leningrad Oblast and people from other parts of the Soviet Union, mostly Russians, were settled there. The vast majority of

3230-826: The Neva and runs to Mga . One of the stations of Saint Petersburg Metro , Devyatkino , is located in Vsevolozhsky District, outside the city of Saint Petersburg. Standard fares apply. The M18 highway connecting Saint Petersburg with Petrozavodsk and Murmansk crosses the southern part of the district. Generally, the road network of the district is dense and includes roads connecting Saint Petersburg and Shlisselburg with Priozersk, and Sertolovo with Vyborg . The district contains 52 cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally 131 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federally protected monuments include

3325-473: The Russian Empire. When Finland became independent in 1917, the isthmus (except for the territory roughly corresponding to present-day Vsevolozhsky District and some districts of Saint Petersburg) remained Finnish. Finnish Karelia was partly ceded to the Soviet Union by Finland following the Winter War (1939–1940) and Continuation War (1941–1944). In 1940–1941, during the Interim Peace , most of

3420-766: The Russian population of central Ingria outnumbered the Finnic peoples living there, but Ingrian Finns formed the majority in the districts along the Finnish border. In the early 1930s the Izhorian language was taught in the schools of the Soikinsky Peninsula and the area around the mouth of the Luga River . In 1928 collectivization of agriculture started in Ingria. To facilitate it, in 1929–1931, 18,000 people (4320 families), kulaks (independent peasants) from North Ingria, were deported to East Karelia ,

3515-434: The Saint Petersburg–Vyborg section had become popular place of summer resort for wealthy Saint Petersburgers. When Finland declared its independence in 1917, the isthmus (except for the territory roughly corresponding to present-day Vsevolozhsky District and some districts of Saint Petersburg) remained Finnish, part of the Viipuri province with its center in Viipuri , the fourth largest Finnish city. A considerable part of

3610-513: The Soviet period. 63,000 fled to Finland during World War II, and were required back by Stalin after the war. Most became victims of Soviet population transfers and many were executed as " enemies of the people ". The remainder, including some post-Stalin returnees (it was not until 1956 that some of the deported were allowed to return to their villages), were outnumbered by Russian immigration. The 1959 census recorded 1,062 Izhorians; in 1979 that number had fallen to 748, only 315 of them around

3705-435: The Swedish conquest of the area in 1617 the Ingrian Finns , descendants of 17th-century Lutheran emigrants from present-day Finland , became the majority in Ingria. In 1710, following a Russian conquest, Ingria was designated as the Province of St. Petersburg. In the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, Sweden formally ceded Ingria to Russia. In 1927 the Soviet authorities designated the area as Leningrad Province. Deportations of

3800-501: The Swedish town Nyen , close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, the new Russian capital Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703. Peter the Great raised Ingria to the status of a duchy with Prince Menshikov as its first (and last) duke. In 1708, Ingria was designated a governorate ( Ingermanland Governorate in 1708–1710, Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710–1914, Petrograd Governorate in 1914–1924, Leningrad Governorate in 1924–1927). In 1870, printing started of

3895-491: The Vuoksi River through a waterway at Kiviniemi (now Losevo), but as a result of the change, the waterway dried out. In 1857 the canal was dug there, but the stream reversed direction, revealed rapids and rendered navigation at Kiviniemi impossible. Since 1857 Suvanto and the Taipaleenjoki have constituted the southern armlet of the Vuoksi River, which has decreased the level of the original northern armlet emptying into Ladoga near Kexholm (now Priozersk) by 4 m, isolating it as

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3990-493: The Wise , Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, in 1019, she received the lands around Ladoga as a marriage gift. They were administered by Swedish jarls , such as Ragnvald Ulfsson , under the sovereignty of the Novgorod Republic . In the 12th century, Western Ingria was absorbed by the Novgorod Republic. There followed centuries of frequent wars , chiefly between Novgorod and Sweden, and occasionally involving Denmark and Teutonic Knights as well. The Teutonic Knights established

4085-497: The administrative center of the district was moved to the suburban settlement of Toksovo . In February 1931 Kuyvozovsky District was transformed into a Finnish national district. On March 20, 1936 it was renamed Toksovsky District. On February 22, 1939 Toksovsky District was abolished and merged into Pargolovsky District. The district is heavily industrialized as it includes suburbs of Saint Petersburg. The industrial enterprises serve chemical, machine building (including

4180-402: The administrative center): 153,045 ( 2010 Census ) ; 131,233 ( 2002 Census ); 135,318 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . The Okhta River flows through the district while the Neva defines its southeastern border. There are many lakes in the district, most significant of them being Lakes Lembolovskoye , Kavgolovskoye , Khepoyarvi , and Voloyarvi . The landscape is mostly flat with in

4275-490: The aim of incorporation into Finland. It ruled parts of Ingria from 1919 until 1920. With the Russian-Finnish Peace Treaty of Tartu it was re-integrated into Russia, but enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy. At its height in the 1920s, there were about 300 Finnish language schools and 10 Finnish language newspapers in Ingria. The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 114,831 Leningrad Finns, as Ingrian Finns were called. The 1926 census also showed that

4370-464: The area ceded to Estonia under the Peace Treaty of Tartu (1920). Under the Russian-Estonian Peace Treaty of Tartu of 1920, a small part of West Ingria became part of the Republic of Estonia . In contrast to other parts of Ingria, Finnish culture blossomed in this area, known as Estonian Ingria  [ ru ; et ] . This was to a large extent due to the work of Leander Reijo (also Reijonen or Reiju) from Kullankylä  [ fi ] on

4465-465: The areas previously belonging to Leningradsky Prigorodny District. On August 19, 1936 Vsevolozhsky District, with the administrative center in the suburban settlement of Vsevolozhskoye, was established on the areas which previously belonged to Leningradsky Prigorodny District. It also included urban-type settlements of Imeni Morozova and Dubrovka . On November 27, 1938 a number of suburban settlements, including Vsevolozhskoye, were merged into

4560-401: The border of 1940. The Moscow Armistice ending the war was signed on 19 September 1944. The entire isthmus became Soviet, although most of it had never been captured by the Soviets in battles. This time the ceded territories of the Karelian Isthmus (including the districts of Jääski , Kexholm and Vyborg ) were incorporated into Leningrad Oblast (unlike Ladoga Karelia, which remained within

4655-421: The capital of the Russian Empire , the Karelian Isthmus became the wealthiest part of Finland once the Industrial Revolution had gained momentum in the 19th century. The railroads Saint Petersburg–Vyborg–Riihimäki (1870), Vyborg–Hiitola–Sortavala (1893), Saint Petersburg–Kexholm–Hiitola (1917) crossed the isthmus, contributing to its economic development. By the end of the 19th century the nearby areas along

4750-426: The ceded territories in the isthmus were included within the Karelo-Finnish SSR . However, since World War II the entire isthmus has been divided between the city of Saint Petersburg (mostly Kurortny District ), as well as Priozersky District , Vsevolozhsky District and Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast . According to the 2002 census , the population of the Kurortny District of Saint Petersburg and

4845-450: The ceded territories were incorporated into Karelo-Finnish SSR by a decision of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union (in the Karelian Isthmus the districts of Jääski , Kexholm and Vyborg ). The districts of Kanneljärvi , Koivisto and Rautu as well as the town of Terijoki were, however, included into Leningrad Oblast . In 1941, during World War II , Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa . A few days later

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4940-552: The centres of the four Ingrian counties ( slottslän ), and consisted of citadels, in the vicinity of which were small boroughs called hakelverk – before the wars of the 1650s mainly inhabited by Russian townspeople. The degree to which Ingria became the destination for Swedish deportees has often been exaggerated. Ingria remained sparsely populated. In 1664 the total population amounted to 15,000. Swedish attempts to introduce Lutheranism , which accelerated after an initial period of relative religious tolerance , met with repugnance on

5035-640: The city of Lappeenranta in South Karelia , Finland. The Karelian Isthmus lies within the ecoregion of Scandinavian and Russian taiga . Geobotanically, it lies at the juncture of the Central European, Eastern European and Northern European floristic provinces of the Circumboreal Region of the Holarctic Kingdom . The isthmus is mostly covered by coniferous forests formed by Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), with numerous lakes (e.g. Lake Sukhodolskoye and Lake Glubokoye ) as well as small grass, fen and Sphagnum raised bogs . Forests cover approximately 11,700 km of

5130-412: The district were transferred to the city of Leningrad. On February 1, 1963 the urban-type settlement of Vsevolozhsky was renamed Vsevolozhsk and granted the status of town of oblast significance. In 2010, the administrative division of Leningrad Oblast was harmonized with the municipal division, and Vsevolozhsk was made the town of district significance. On 29 June 2018, the former village of Kudrovo

5225-418: The district's territory is covered by forests, mostly pine. Swamps occupy another 3.6%. Originally, the area of the district was populated by Finnic peoples , and historically was changing hands between Sweden and Russia; in particular, at some point it belonged to the Novgorod Republic , and from the 15th century, it was annexed together with all Novgorod Lands by the Grand Duchy of Moscow ; it belonged to

5320-441: The early 14th century, when Sweden first founded the settlement of Viborg in Karelia and then the fortress Landskrona (built in 1299 or 1300) at the confluence of the Ohta and Neva rivers. However, Novgorod re-conquered Landskrona in 1301 and destroyed it. Ingria eventually became a Swedish dominion in the 1580s, but the Treaty of Teusina (1595) returned it to Russia in 1595. Russia in its turn ceded Ingria to Sweden in

5415-629: The entire Finnish population of the parishes of Valkeasaari , Lempaala , Vuole and Miikkulainen near the Finnish border, 20,000 people, were resettled to the areas around Cherepovets and Siberia in the next wave of deportations. In Ingria they were replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union , mostly Russians but also Ukrainians and Tatars . In 1937 Lutheran churches and Finnish and Izhorian schools in Ingria were closed down and publications and radio broadcasting in Finnish and Izhorian were suspended. Both Ingrian Finnish and Izhorian populations all but disappeared from Ingria during

5510-425: The first Finnish-language newspaper in Ingria, Pietarin Sanomat . Before that Ingria received newspapers mostly from Viborg. The first public library was opened in 1850 in Tyrö. The largest of the libraries, situated in Skuoritsa, had more than 2,000 volumes in the second half of the 19th century. In 1899 the first song festival in Ingria was held in Puutosti (Skuoritsa). By 1897 (year of the Russian Empire Census )

5605-455: The ice sheet retreated to Salpausselkä , the upland area of the Isthmus remained a large island and many upland lakes emerged. Prior to 12650 BP, the land was characterized by harsh Arctic conditions with permafrost and sparse vegetation . Steppe-tundra complexes developed after this point. Around 11000 BP climate began to warm and became humid, first pine and birch forests were established. Around 9000 BP Ancylus Lake , another stage of

5700-410: The islands and shores of the Gulf of Vyborg, belongs to the strictly guarded zone of the border control , reaching the shore of Lake Ladoga at Hiitola. In 1993–2006 the zone was formally 5 km wide, although in fact it has always been much wider. Visiting it is forbidden without a permit issued by the FSB (by KGB during the time of the Soviet Union ). Geologically the Karelian Isthmus lies on

5795-434: The isthmus) are well developed in Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts. The pulp and paper industry , however, affects the environment adversely. The predecessor of the Priozersk facilities, Priozersky Pulp and Paper Mill , a major polluter of Lake Ladoga constructed in 1931, was closed down in 1986. Northern and western parts of the isthmus are also an important reserve of granite (quarries in Kuznechnoye , as well as

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5890-465: The isthmus, more than three quarters of its total area. Swampy areas occupy 5.5 percent of the territory. In the large contiguous area along the shore of Lake Ladoga in Vsevolozhsky District , in the southeastern part of the isthmus, bogs occur much more frequently than in other parts. The same was once true of the lowland along the Neva River , which has since been drained. The soil is predominantly podsol , which contains massive boulders, especially in

5985-438: The isthmus. Numerous archaeological remnants of the Mesolithic , Neolithic , Copper Age and Bronze Age occur all over the isthmus. The eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus hosts a number of medieval remnants. There are many grave pits of Karelians of the 10th–15th centuries with metal and ceramic artifacts along the northern armlet of the Vuoksi, near Lake Sukhodolskoye and in a few other places in Priozersky District . On

6080-517: The isthmus. See also the List of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus . Red squirrel , moose , red fox , mountain hare and boar (reintroduced) are typical inhabitants of the forests. The climate of the isthmus is moderately continental , with 650–800 mm (25–32 in) average precipitation per year, long snowy winters lasting from November through mid-April and occasionally reaching about -40 °C (-40 F), moderately cool summers and short frost-free period. Compared to other parts of

6175-430: The late Middle Ages . They were later joined by the Ingrian Finns , descendants of 17th century Lutheran Finnish immigrants to the area. At that time, modern Finland proper and Ingria were both part of the Swedish Empire . Ingria as a whole never formed a separate state; however, North Ingria was an independent state for just under two years in 1919–1920. The inhabitants of Ingria cannot be said to have comprised

6270-409: The main trading centre of Ingria, especially after Ivangorod dwindled, and in 1642 it was made the administrative centre of the province. In 1656 a Russian attack badly damaged the town, and the administrative centre moved to Narva . In the early 18th century the area was reconquered by Russia in the Great Northern War after having been in Swedish possession for about 100 years. Near the location of

6365-737: The migration attractiveness of St. Petersburg and the surrounding areas of the Leningrad region is very high. Thus, about 40% of the population of St. Petersburg and about 30% of the population of the Leningrad region live on the Karelian isthmus. There is strong growth in population in all the districts of the Karelian isthmus in addition to the Vyborg district and Priozersk district . 60°30′N 29°54′E  /  60.5°N 29.9°E  / 60.5; 29.9 Ingria Ingria ( Russian : Ингрия, Ингерманландия, Ижорская земля , romanized :  Ingriya, Ingermanlandiya, Izhorskaya zemlya ; Finnish : Inkeri, Inkerinmaa ; Swedish : Ingermanland ; Estonian : Ingeri, Ingerimaa )

6460-401: The mouth of the Luga River and on the Soikinsky Peninsula . According to the Soviet census of 1989 , there were 829 Izhorians, 449 of them in Russia (including other parts of the country) and 228 in Estonia. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, surviving Ingrian Finns and their Russified descendants have been allowed to emigrate to Finland . This has led to the birth of

6555-418: The new border between Estonia and the Soviet Union, who was called "The King of Ingria" by the Finnish press. Finnish schools and a Finnish newspaper were started. A church was built in Kallivieri  [ fi ] in 1920 and by 1928 the parish had 1,300 people. In 1945, after the Second World War , Estonian Ingria, then in the Soviet Union , was transferred to the Russian SFSR and incorporated into

6650-783: The north and northwest, where large granite rocky outcrops occur. Pine forests (with Pinus sylvestris ) are the most widespread and occupy 51% of the forested area of the Karelian Isthmus, followed by spruce forests (with Picea abies , 29%) and birch forests (with Betula pendula and B. pubescens , 16%). Stands on more fertile soils and in more favorable locations are occasionally dominated by Norway maple , black alder , grey alder , common aspen , English oak , grey willow , dark-leaved willow , tea-leaved willow , small-leaved lime or European white elm . Common vegetation of various types of pine forests includes heather , crowberry , common juniper , eared willow , lingonberry , water horsetail , bracken , graminoids (i.e. grasses in

6745-401: The northern Vuoksi armlet near the Tiuri village (now Vasilyevo). A few treasures of silver adornments and medieval Arabian and Western European coins have also been found, as the isthmus laid on the Volga trade route (at that time, the Vuoksi River had a distributary emptying into the Bay of Vyborg ). Ancestors of Baltic Finns wandered to the Karelian Isthmus possibly around 8500BC. In

6840-589: The northern part of Vsevolozhsky District , to the south of the old Finnish border, Karelian Fortified Region (KaUR) is located, which was reconstructed as late as in the 1960s, but now is abandoned as well. There is Bobochinsky tank range (195.975 km², founded in 1913) between Kamenka and Kirillovskoye and a number of military facilities in Vsevolozhsky District in the lowlands between Lake Ladoga and Saint Petersburg-Hiitola railroad , including Rzhevsky artillery range (founded in 1879),

6935-1034: The number of Ingrian Finns had grown to 130,413, and by 1917 it had exceeded 140,000 (45,000 in Northern Ingria, 52,000 in Central (Eastern) Ingria and 30,000 in Western Ingria, the rest in Petrograd ). From 1868 Estonians began to migrate to Ingria as well. In 1897 the number of Estonians inhabiting the Saint Petersburg Governorate reached 64,116 (12,238 of them in Saint Petersburg itself); by 1926 it had increased to 66,333 (15,847 of them in Leningrad). As to Izhorians , in 1834 there were 17,800 of them, in 1897—21,000, in 1926—26,137. About 1000 Ingrians lived in

7030-494: The oblast. On August 19, 1930 Leninsky District was abolished and merged into newly established Leningradsky Prigorodny District with the administrative center in the city of Leningrad . Another district established on August 1, 1927 was Pargolovsky District with the administrative center in the settlement of Pargolovo III . It was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast and included parts of former Leningradsky Uyezd. On August 19, 1930 Pargolovsky District

7125-495: The old Finnish toponyms in the conquered territories were renamed to invented Russian ones by the government around 1948. The Finnish toponyms of the territories included within Karelo-Finnish SSR and of the southern part of the isthmus (albeit assimilated) mostly remained. A lot of youth summer camps were built all over the isthmus during the time of the Soviet Union . Some of them still exist. The western part of

7220-490: The part of the majority of the Orthodox peasantry, who were obliged to attend Lutheran services; converts were promised grants and tax reductions, but Lutheran gains were mostly due to voluntary resettlements by Finns from Savonia and Finnish Karelia (mostly from Äyräpää ). The proportion of Lutheran Finns in Ingria ( Ingrian Finns ) comprised 41.1% in 1656, 53.2% in 1661, 55.2% in 1666, 56.9% in 1671 and 73.8% in 1695,

7315-551: The parts of Leningrad Oblast situated on the Karelian Isthmus amounts to 539,000. Many Saint Petersburg residents also decamp to the Isthmus during their vacations. The main population centers of the Isthmus are Vyborg ( Выборг ; Finnish : Viipuri ; Swedish : Viborg ), Priozersk ( Приозе́рск ; Finnish : Käkisalmi ; Swedish : Kexholm ) and Primorsk ( Примо́рск ; Finnish : Koivisto ; Swedish : Björkö ). The isthmus' terrain has been influenced dramatically by

7410-686: The policy of national delimitation in the Soviet Union . However, in 1936 the entire Finnish population of the parishes of Valkeasaari , Lempaala , Vuole and Miikkulainen along the Finnish border was deported to Siberia and Central Asia , and replaced by a Russian-speaking population. A number of defensive lines crossed the isthmus during the Soviet-Finnish hostilities in World War II , such as Mannerheim Line , VKT-line , VT-line , Main line (Finnish) and KaUR (Soviet), and fronts moved back and forth over it. In November 1939,

7505-404: The remainder being Russians, Izhorians and Votes . Ingermanland was to a considerable extent enfiefed to noble military and state officials, who brought their own Lutheran servants and workmen. However, a small number of Russian Orthodox churches remained in use until the very end of the Swedish dominion, and the forceful conversion of ethnic Russian Orthodox forbidden by law. Nyen became

7600-632: The remaining area populated by Ingrian Finns seceded from Bolshevist Russia as the Finland-backed Republic of North Ingria , but was reintegrated with Russia in the end of 1920 according to the conditions of the Treaty of Tartu . In 1928–1939 parts of the isthmus which belonged to Russia constituted the Kuivaisi National District with its center in Toksova , with Finnish as the official language, according to

7695-649: The same area as the Gatchinsky , Kingiseppsky , Kirovsky , Lomonosovsky , Tosnensky , Volosovsky and Vsevolozhsky districts of modern Leningrad Oblast as well as the city of Saint Petersburg . The names of the region are: In the Viking era (late Iron Age ), from the 750s onwards, Ladoga served as a bridgehead on the Varangian trade route to Eastern Europe. A Varangian aristocracy developed that would ultimately rule over Novgorod and Kievan Rus' . In

7790-471: The sea at Heinjoki (now Veshchevo), to the east of present-day Vyborg . Around 3100–2400 BP the Neva River emerged, draining Lake Ladoga into the Baltic Sea . Ladoga level gradually sank from 15–18 m to its modern position of 4–5 m above sea-level, and lowland lakes were isolated again. However, the Vuoksi still had a significant direct outflow connection to the Bay of Vyborg , possibly as late as in

7885-451: The south and east and hilly in the west and northwest. Altitudes range between 170–180 meters (560–590 ft) above sea level in the north to less than 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) in the south. Low moraine ridges with the relative height of 10–20 meters (33–66 ft) are located parallel to the shore of Lake Ladoga , and along the coastal lowlands are the coastal dunes which reach the height of 3–5 meters (9.8–16.4 ft). About 60% of

7980-400: The south, Vyborgsky District in the northwest, Nevsky , Krasnogvardeysky , Kalininsky , Vyborgsky , and Kurortny Districts of the federal city of St. Petersburg in the west, and is washed by Lake Ladoga in the east. The area of the district is 3,036.4 square kilometers (1,172.4 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Vsevolozhsk . Population (excluding

8075-530: The southern edge of the Baltic Shield 's crystalline bedrock. During the final part of the last Weichselian glaciation , deglaciation in the central parts of the Isthmus started as early as 14000 BP , when it formed the bottom of a large lake dammed by the surrounding ice sheet . During further deglaciation, at the time of the Baltic Ice Lake , an early high water stage of the Baltic Sea , when

8170-459: The southern shore of Lake Sukhodolskoye small medieval burial mounds are abundant as well. A lot of large cult stones have been found along these bodies of water, as well as agglomerations of cairns . Remnants of several rural settlements were also discovered there as well as on the shore of Lake Ladoga. Remnants of the Tiuri ( Tiversk ) town (10th–15th centuries) were excavated on a former island in

8265-576: The station Kapitolovo of the Saint Petersburg–Hiitola railroad , a facility of the Saint Petersburg nuclear enterprise Izotop is located, which specializes in transportation of nuclear materials and radioactive waste . Bogs of Vsevolozhsky District along the shores of Lake Ladoga and the Neva River were major sources of peat for fuel. Now it is extracted in smaller quantities, mostly for agricultural purposes. The district

8360-462: The urban-type settlement of Vsevolozhsky, which became the center of the district. During World War II , the district was not occupied, and played an important role in the Siege of Leningrad : The goods were transported to Leningrad across the ice on the Lake Ladoga, to Kokkorevo , and then to Leningrad across the district (the Road of Life ). On December 8, 1955 some areas in the south of

8455-399: The uyezds were abolished and Leninsky District , with the administrative center in the settlement of Vsevolozhskoye, was established. The governorates were also abolished, and the district was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . It included parts of former Leningradsky Uyezd. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished as well, and the districts were directly subordinated to

8550-649: The wider sense) Avenella flexuosa and Carex globularis , mosses Pleurozium schreberi , Sphagnum angustifolium and S. russowii , and lichens Cladonia spp. Prominent in various spruce forests are wood horsetail , common wood sorrel , bilberry , lingonberry, graminoids Avenella flexuosa , Calamagrostis arundinacea , Carex globularis , and mosses Polytrichum commune and Sphagnum girgensohnii . Prominent vegetation of various birch forests include meadowsweet , common wood sorrel, bilberry and graminoids Calamagrostis arundinacea and C. canescens . 1184 species of wild vascular plants are recorded in

8645-412: Was abolished and split between Kuyvozovsky District and newly established Leningradsky Prigorodny District. On August 19, 1936 Leningradsky Prigorodny District was abolished and split between the town of Leningrad and Krasnoselsky , Slutsky , Mginsky , Vsevolozhsky and Pargolovsky Districts. Krasnoselsky, Slutsky, Vsevolozhsky, and Pargolovsky Districts were established on that day to accommodate

8740-424: Was abolished and split between the city of Leningrad and Vsevolozhsky District. In particular, the urban-type settlement of Pargolovo was transferred to Leningrad. On August 1, 1927, Kuyvozovsky District with the administrative center in the village of Kuyvoz was established as well. It was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast and included parts of former Leningradsky Uyezd. On October 30, 1930

8835-562: Was granted a town status. Another district established on August 19, 1936 was Pargolovsky District with the administrative center in the settlement of Pargolovo . It included areas which previously belonged to Leningradsky Prigorodny District and Toksovsky District . On November 9, 1938 Pargolovo became an urban-type settlement. During World War II, in Pargolovsky District battles between Soviet and Finnish armies took place. On April 3, 1954 Pargolovsky District

8930-691: Was the beginning of the Continuation War as it is known in Finland. (It is considered to be a front of the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and Russia.) Finland initially regained the lost territory, reaching the Russian side of the border of 1939 in what was seen by the Russians as indirectly contributing to the Siege of Leningrad (see Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941) ). Some 260,000 Karelian evacuees returned home. On 9 June 1944, strong Soviet forces opened

9025-464: Was to be free of Finnic and some other peoples, who were considered politically unreliable. On 25 March 1935, Genrikh Yagoda authorized a large-scale deportation targeting Estonian, Latvian and Finnish kulaks and lishentsy residing in the border regions near Leningrad. About 7,000 people (2,000 families) were deported from Ingria to Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the Ural region . In May and June 1936

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