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31-650: Of half Turkish and half German origin, Karl Boy-Ed was born in Lübeck on the German Baltic seacoast; he was the first of three children. His Turkish father, Carl Johann Boy, was a merchant in Luebeck. In 1878, Carl Johann Boy and his wife Ida Boy-Ed separated. Ida Ed (daughter of Christoph Marquard Ed, a member of the German parliament, publisher, and newspaper editor), moved to Berlin with her son Karl. She worked as

62-516: A clause allowing for the repurchase of the lands by the Duke or his heirs, but only if they were buying back the property for themselves and not for a third party. Lübeck considered this acquisition to be crucially important since Mölln was an important staging post in the trade (especially the salt trade) between Scandinavia and the cities of Brunswick and Lunenburg via Lübeck. Therefore, Lübeck manned Mölln with armed guards to maintain law and order on

93-423: A journalist and began writing novels. In 1880 Ida’s estranged husband forced her and Karl to return to Luebeck, as their divorce had not been finalized. She continued on her career as a writer and published an amazing volume of seventy novels and essays. She supported the career of young Thomas Mann and corresponded with his brother Heinrich . As a major influence in the art and music scene in Luebeck, Ida supported

124-419: A life tenancy of these lands. Lübeck and Eric III further stipulated that once Eric had died, Lübeck would be entitled to take possession of the pledged territories until his successors could repay the debt and simultaneously exercise the repurchase of Mölln. By this stage the sum involved was calculated as 26,000 Lübeck Marks, an enormous amount of money at that time. In 1401, Eric III died without issue and

155-624: A thorough social network. He worked closely with Franz von Papen , later Chancellor of Germany, who took over the job of Military Attache in the United States and Mexico in 1914. Boy-Ed and von Papen established an effective spy and sabotage ring during World War I, aimed at hindering the U.S. from sending aid to the Allies . Some of the more notorious members of this network were Franz von Rintelen , Felix A. Sommerfeld , Horst von der Goltz , and Paul Koenig. He and von Papen were expelled from

186-545: A war alliance in support of Brandenburg . The armies of both cities opened a second front and conquered Bergedorf, Riepenburg castle and the Esslingen river toll station (today's Zollenspieker Ferry ) within weeks. This forced Eric V to agree to the Peace of Perleberg on 23 August 1420, which stipulated that all the pawned territories, which Eric IV, Eric V and John IV had violently taken in 1401, were to be ceded irrevocably to

217-461: Is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . In 1226, Emperor Frederick II declared the city of Lübeck to be a Free Imperial City . Lübeck law was the constitution of the city's municipal form of government developed after being made a free city. In theory, Lübeck law made the cities which had adopted it independent of royalty. In the 14th century, Lübeck became

248-694: The Bürgermeister , displacing the duly-elected Social Democrat , Paul Löwigt  [ de ] . Additionally, on 30 January 1934, the Reich government enacted the " Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich ", formally abolishing all the state parliaments and transferring the sovereignty of the states to the central government. With this action, the Lübeck popular assembly, the Bürgerschaft ,

279-702: The Continental System , trade suffered, and from 1811 to 1813, Lübeck was formally annexed as part of the First French Empire . Lübeck reassumed its pre-1811 status in 1813. The 1815 Congress of Vienna reconfirmed Lübeck's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation . Lübeck joined the North German Confederation in 1867. The following year Lübeck sold its share in

310-780: The Count's Feud , a civil war that raged in Denmark from 1534 to 1536. Lübeck also joined the Schmalkaldic League . After its defeat in the Count's Feud, Lübeck's power slowly declined. Lübeck remained neutral in the Thirty Years' War , but with the devastation of the war and the new transatlantic orientation of European trade, the Hanseatic League, and thus Lübeck, lost importance. After the de facto disbandment of

341-593: The Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania . After trying to move to the United States in 1926 but being denied a visa by the State Department, Boy-Ed settled in Hamburg, Germany. He died after a horse-riding accident on his 58th birthday. Free City of L%C3%BCbeck The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck ( German : Freie und Hansestadt Lübeck ) was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what

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372-909: The United States and took his examinations in divinity at Berkeley Divinity School . He was ordained deacon by Bishop John Williams in 1876, after which he became assistant at All Saints' Church in Worcester, Massachusetts . He was ordained priest on December 19, 1877, by Bishop Benjamin Henry Paddock after which he became missioner at Grace Church in South Boston . In 1880 he became assistant priest at Saint Thomas' Church . New York City , while in 1887 he became Archdeacon of New York. Between 1893 and 1902 he served as rector of St John's Church in Washington, D.C. Mackay-Smith

403-502: The "Queen of the Hanseatic League ", and at that time, the largest and most powerful member of this medieval trade organization. In 1359, Lübeck bought the ducal Herrschaft of Mölln from the indebted Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln , a branch of the ducal house of Saxe-Lauenburg . The City and Duke—with the consent of the Duke's brother Eric —agreed on a price of 9,737.50 Lübeck marks . The parties also agreed to

434-533: The 711-year-long statehood of Lübeck came to an end on 1 April 1937 and almost all its territory was incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein. Lübeck was occupied by the British Army in the closing days of World War II . The Red Army later occupied all territory to the east of the city, as agreed by the Allied powers . Prussia was dissolved as a state by the occupying Allied forces after the war. However, Lübeck

465-745: The Hanseatic League in 1669, Lübeck remained an important trading town on the Baltic Sea. Lübeck remained a Free Imperial City even after the German Mediatisation in 1803 and became a sovereign state at the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. During the War of the Fourth Coalition against Napoleon , troops under Bernadotte occupied neutral Lübeck after a battle against Blücher on 6 November 1806. Under

496-734: The Republic's enforcement of its right to determine state and Reich taxes. After the Nazi seizure of power , Lübeck, like all other German states, was subjected to the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination). Subsequent to the enactment of the " Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich " on 7 April 1933, Friedrich Hildebrandt was appointed to the new position of Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) of Lübeck on 26 May 1933. Hildebrandt installed Otto-Heinrich Drechsler as

527-641: The US in December 1915 after several clandestine operations had been reported in American papers. Back in Germany, Boy-Ed took charge of the "N". However, not all was well with the German navy officer. Boy-Ed suffered from phagomania , a constant desire to eat. The disorder required tremendous self-discipline in social circumstances. The other more severe disorder was insomnia . Boy-Ed could not sleep at night, which on

558-674: The bi-urban condominium of Bergedorf to the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg , which was also a sovereign state of the North German Confederation. In 1871, Lübeck became an autonomous component state within the newly founded German Empire . After the collapse of the empire following the First World War , Lübeck joined the Weimar Republic as a constituent state. Its status was weakened during this time by

589-540: The cities of Hamburg and Lübeck. The cities transformed the gained areas into the Beiderstädtischer Besitz ( condominium of both cities ), ruled by bailiffs for four-year terms. The bailiffs were to come from each of the cities alternately. The Hanseatic League, under Lübeck's leadership, fought several wars against Denmark with varying degrees of success. Whilst Lübeck and the Hanseatic League won in 1435 and 1512, Lübeck lost when it became involved in

620-648: The early careers of conductors Wilhelm Furtwaengler and Hermann Abendroth . Thomas Mann regularly stayed overnight in the Boy-Ed household. Karl Boy-Ed joined the German navy at the age of nineteen. Rising through the ranks to become lieutenant commander, he served on dozens of naval assignments. In 1898 Boy-Ed witnessed the American occupation of the Philippines. Shortly before the Boxer Rebellion , Kaiser Wilhelm’s brother, Prince Heinrich von Preußen sent

651-536: The navy lieutenant on a secret mission to assess the “value of the Chinese navy.” Boy-Ed considered his report as a major writing accomplishment. In view of the hostilities that broke out with China a year later, Boy-Ed’s “research” certainly was timely. Between 1906 and 1909 Boy-Ed served on the staff of Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz . In this period Boy-Ed took over the “ Nachrichten-Abteilung ” ("N") (office of naval intelligence) from Paul von Hintze . Department "N"

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682-419: The one hand increased his productivity by leaps and bounds but weighed heavily on his health. The stresses of his New York assignment had taken a heavy toll on him physically and mentally. He admitted in his autobiographic sketch that as a result of his wartime assignment his nerves suffered a permanent “crack.” In February 1921, he married Virginia G. Mackay-Smith, daughter of Bishop Alexander Mackay-Smith of

713-578: The roads. In 1370, Lübeck further acquired—by way of collateral for a loan—the Lordship of Bergedorf , the Vierlande, half the Sachsenwald (Saxon Forest) and Geesthacht from Duke Eric III, who had meanwhile succeeded his late brother Albert V. This acquisition included much of the trade route between Hamburg and Lübeck, thus providing a safe freight route between the cities. Eric III retained

744-572: The second squadron. In the beginning of 1912, his career took Boy-Ed to the United States as naval attaché under the German ambassador to the U.S., Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff . However, he traveled to Jamaica, the Panama Canal Zone and Mexico before he took over the office in Washington D.C. in 1913. Funny, smart, cosmopolitan, extremely well-read and intellectual, he enjoyed popularity and respect among American naval officials before

775-465: The war. His area of responsibility also included Mexico, where the ambassadorship had just turned over to Paul von Hintze, Boy-Ed's former boss. As naval attaché, he was responsible for naval matters in North America, mainly intelligence gathering and supply of the German cruiser fleet. Well liked in the US, he regularly was invited to observe American and Canadian naval maneuvers and established

806-625: Was dissolved and Lübeck effectively lost its rights as a federal state. In 1937, the Nazis passed the Greater Hamburg Act , whereby the nearby Hanseatic City of Hamburg was expanded to include towns that had formerly belonged to the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein . To compensate Prussia for these losses (and partly because Adolf Hitler had a personal dislike for Lübeck after it refused to allow him to campaign there in 1932),

837-486: Was elected Coadjutor Bishop of Pennsylvania in 1902 and was consecrated on May 1, 1902, in Trinity Church , Philadelphia by Bishop William Croswell Doane of Albany. He succeeded as diocesan bishop on February 9, 1911, upon the death of his predecessor, however, he called for the election of a coadjutor bishop a few months later due to his deteriorating health. Philip M. Rhinelander was elected and consecrated as

868-922: Was not restored to statehood . Instead, the city was incorporated into the new federal state of Schleswig-Holstein . Lübeck's position on the inner German border , which cut off the city from much of its hinterland , was a key factor in this development. In 1956, in a so-called Lübeck decision  [ de ] the West German Federal Constitutional Court upheld a decision by the federal government to strike down an attempt to restore Lübeck's statehood by referendum. Circles est. 1500: Bavarian , Swabian , Upper Rhenish , Lower Rhenish–Westphalian , Franconian , (Lower) Saxon 53°52′11″N 10°41′11″E  /  53.86972°N 10.68639°E  / 53.86972; 10.68639 Alexander Mackay-Smith Alexander Mackay-Smith (June 2, 1850 – November 16, 1911)

899-847: Was sixth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania , serving as diocesan bishop in 1911 only. His residence, the Bishop Mackay-Smith House , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Mackay-Smith was born on June 2, 1850, in New Haven, Connecticut , the son of Nathan Smith and Grace Caroline Bradley. He was educated at St Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire , and then at Trinity College from where he graduated in 1872. He then studied for three years in England and Germany. In 1876 he returned to

930-469: Was succeeded by his second cousin Eric IV, Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg . In the same year Eric IV, supported by his sons Eric (later reigning as Eric V) and John (later John IV), captured the pawned lands without making the agreed repayment and before Lübeck could take possession of them. Lübeck acquiesced. In 1420, Eric V attacked Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg and Lübeck gained Hamburg for

961-591: Was the precursor of the German Naval Intelligence agency; it collected intelligence on naval affairs and disseminated German propaganda on her own navy. After three years in Berlin, Boy-Ed served as first officer on the SMS ; Deutschland and then commander of the naval tender SMS  Hela . In 1911, promoted to lieutenant commander, he sailed on the SMS  Preussen , the flagship of

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