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73-470: Karsan was founded in 1966 in Bursa , Turkey , to produce light commercial vehicles . Koç Group assumed management control of the company between 1979-1998. Later on, Kıraça Group took over the company in 1998 by acquiring the majority of the shares under the leadership of İnan Kıraç. Karsan, owned by 100% Turkish capital, produces and sells Peugeot light commercial vehicles under a licensing agreement with

146-451: A metro ( Bursaray ), trams and a bus system for inner-city public transport, while taxi cabs are also available. Bursa's Yenişehir Airport is 20 mi (32 km) away from the city centre. The citizens of Bursa also prefer Istanbul's airports such as Istanbul Airport and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport for flights to foreign countries, due to Istanbul's proximity to Bursa. There are numerous daily bus and ferry services between

219-762: A dry-hot summer subtropical climate (Csa) under the Trewartha classification. The city has hot, dry summers that last from June until September. Winters are cool and damp, also containing the most rainfall. There can be snow on the ground which will last for a week or two. Air pollution is a chronic problem in Bursa. Bursa is the largest production centre of the Turkish automotive industry . Factories of motor vehicle producers like Fiat , Renault and Karsan , as well as automotive parts producers like Bosch , Mako , Valeo , Johnson Controls , Delphi have been active in

292-557: A force of 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry under the command of Philokles to invade Attica and place the city of Athens under siege (Livy 31.14-16). In light of reports from Laevinus and further embassies from Pergamon, Rhodes, and Athens, Publius Sulpicius Galba one of the consuls for 200 BC was tasked with resolving the troubles in Macedonia. He organised a formal declaration of war in March (Livy 31.4-8) then recruited troops, and crossed

365-555: A force of 5,000 men and 300 cavalry. Finding that Claudius had already withdrawn, he sped on towards Athens, where he defeated the Athenian and Attalid troops in a battle outside the Dipylon Gate and encamped at Cynosarges , made a series of unsuccessful assaults on Eleusis , Piraeus , and Athens. Then he ravaged the sanctuaries throughout Attica and withdrew to Boeotia . The damage to the rural and deme sanctuaries of Attica

438-536: A longer list, see the places of interest in Bursa . Bursa, initially home to a small Romaniote Jewish community, underwent a demographic shift with the arrival of Sephardic Jews who were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the late 15th century. The Sephardic majority quickly absorbed the Romaniotes, leading to a cultural and numerical dominance. Judaeo-Spanish became the daily language, and

511-524: A narrow ravine. Villius marched to meet him, but was still considering what to do when he learnt that his successor, Titus Quinctius Flamininus was on his way to Corcyra to assume command. At a peace conference, Flamininus announced the Romans' new peace terms. Up to this point, the Romans had merely ordered Philip to stop attacking the Greek cities. Now Flamininus demanded that he should make reparations to all

584-701: A number of towns in the Malian Gulf . Philip V was able to generate revenue by imposing taxes on the population of Macedonia and the exploitation of royal property, including mining , forestry and agriculture . According to the Roman historian Livy , less than half of the tributum paid to Philip V was passed on to Rome after 168 BC. Following the Second Macedonian War, Philip V increased his revenues from agriculture and mines. Philip focused on consolidating power within Macedonia. He reorganised

657-589: A prestigious position at his court. After ascending to the throne, in the first year of his reign Philip V pushed back the Dardani and other tribes in the north of Macedonia . The Social War (220–217 BC) began following the establishment of the Hellenic League (Symmachy) of Greek federations (eventually including the Achaeans, Acarnanians, Boeotians, Euboeans, Magnesians, Messenians, and Thessalians)

730-530: A single direction. Bursa has two public universities and one private university. Uludağ University , founded in 1975, is the oldest institution of higher education in the city. Founded first as the Bursa University then renamed Uludağ University in 1982, the university has a student body of 47,000, one of the largest in Turkey. Bursa Technical University is the second public university of Bursa and

803-634: A struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic . He would lead Macedon against Rome in the First (212-205 BC) and Second (200-196 BC) Macedonian Wars. While he lost the latter, Philip later allied with Rome against Antiochus III in the Roman-Seleucid War . He died in 179 BC from illness after efforts to recover the military and economic condition of Macedonia and passed the throne onto his elder son, Perseus of Macedon . Philip

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876-404: A weekday is 62 min. 12% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 18 min, while 31% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip on public transit is 8.1 km (5.0 mi), while 17% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in

949-555: Is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with the later Ottoman mosques (see for example the works of Suleiman the Magnificent 's chief architect, Mimar Sinan .) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople ( Istanbul ) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by

1022-591: Is the work of Ottomanist Halil İnalcık . In July 1915, thousands of Greek Orthodox Christians sought refuge in Bursa after having been forced out of their coastal villages by orders of the Young Turk government . This worsened the situation of the native Greeks of Bursa, who had managed to survive through the attacks and boycotts of 1914. A short time later, deportation orders came for Bursa's Armenians. Protestant Armenians were initially spared from deportation, but villagers that tried to resist were massacred. Most of

1095-530: The Adriatic in autumn (Livy 31.12-14). Meanwhile, Philip was besieging Abydos in the Hellespont . During the siege of Abydos, in the autumn of 200 BC, Philip was met by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , a Roman ambassador on his way back from Egypt, who urged him not to attack any Greek state or to seize any territory belonging to Ptolemy and to go to arbitration with Rhodes and Pergamon. Philip protested that he

1168-616: The Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most recent arrival of Balkan Turks took place between the 1940s and 1990s, when the People's Republic of Bulgaria expelled approximately 150,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey. About one-third of these 150,000 Bulgarian Turkish refugees eventually settled in Bursa (especially in

1241-549: The Roman Republic and renamed it Prusa ( Ancient Greek : Προῦσα ; sometimes rendered as Prussa ). After 128 years of Bithynian rule, Nicomedes IV , the last King of Bithynia , bequeathed the entire kingdom to the Roman Empire in 74 BC. An early Roman Treasure was found near Bursa in the early 20th century. Composed of a woman's silver toilet articles, it is now in the British Museum . Under Byzantine rule,

1314-514: The Seleucid king Antiochus III to capture Egyptian-held territory from the boy king Ptolemy V (Plb. 15.20), Philip invaded their territories in Asia Minor , besieging Samos and capturing Miletus . This expansion of Macedonian influence created alarm in a number of neighbouring states, including Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes . Philip responded by ravaging Attalid territory and destroying

1387-528: The Spartans , the Romans and their allies. Rome's alliance with the Aetolian League in 211 BC effectively neutralised Philip's advantage on land (Livy 26.24.6-11). The intervention of Attalus I of Pergamum on the Roman side further exposed Philip's position in Macedonia. Philip was able to take advantage of the withdrawal of Attalus from the Greek mainland in 207 BC, along with Roman inactivity and

1460-611: The Süper Lig (Super League), the top-tier of Turkish football, until finishing 16th at the end of the 2018–19 Süper Lig season and being relegated to the TFF First League . A few years earlier, Bursaspor had managed to become the Turkish champions at the end of the 2009–10 Süper Lig season, thereby becoming the second Anatolian club to ever win the Süper Lig championship title after Trabzonspor. Henceforth, Bursaspor

1533-626: The Timsah Arena (meaning "Crocodile Arena", crocodile being the mascot of the team), which has a seating capacity of 45,000. The city has three professional basketball teams in the Turkish Basketball League , Bursaspor and Tofaş S.K. , which is among the most successful teams. The club plays its games at the Tofaş Nilüfer Sports Hall . Also, Final Spor plays in the second division. The current mayor of

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1606-512: The Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque) between 1396 and 1400. After Bayezid was defeated in the Battle of Ankara by the forces of Timur in 1402, the latter's grandson, Muhammad Sultan Mirza , had the city pillaged and burned. Despite this, Bursa remained as the most important administrative and commercial centre in the empire until Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453. The population of Bursa

1679-455: The 14th century. The earliest known human settlement near Bursa's current location was at Ilıpınar Höyüğü around 5200 BC. It was followed by the ancient Greek city of Cius , which Philip V of Macedon granted to Prusias I , the King of Bithynia , in 202 BC. King Prusias rebuilt the city with the advice of general Hannibal of Carthage , who took refuge with Prusias after losing the war with

1752-573: The Aetolian city of Thaumaci , but gave up and withdrew as winter approached. He spent the winter training his army and engaging in diplomacy, particularly with the Achaean League. Publius Villius Tappulus replaced Sulpicius in command, but spent most of the year dealing with a mutiny. In summer 198 BC Philip marched west and encamped on both sides of the Aoös river where it passed through

1825-612: The Aetolians had decorated their stoas (Plb. 5.9). These shields were the arms taken from the enemies of the Aetolians during their previous military victories and included the shields of the Gauls who had raided Greece in the 3rd century BC. Philip and his Greek allies in the Hellenic League ultimately claimed victory against the Aetolians, Spartans and Elians at the conference of Naupactus in 217 BC (Plb. 5.102-105). During

1898-468: The Berut synagogue. Bursa also had a Jewish cemetery until recently. Though never a major center, Bursa's Jewish population fluctuated. Dubious data suggests 683 families in 1571/72, dropping to 141 by 1696/97. By 1883, there were 2,179 Jews, with an influx of 400 from Akkerman in 1887. Pre- World War I , the population reached 3,500, but emigration reduced it to 140 by the early 21st century. Engaged in

1971-755: The Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Mustafa Bozbey is elected from the main opposition party (CHP) in March 2024. Alinur Aktaş from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was in office between 2019 and 2024, the AKP coalition won 49.6% of the vote against the CHP coalition which got 47% of the vote. Ulu Cami is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture , which incorporated many elements from Seljuk architecture. Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I ,

2044-590: The French manufacturer, as well as the Fiat Ducato and its rebadged version the Peugeot Boxer . In addition to these, Karsan produces and sells specialised vehicles such as ambulances, taxis, patrol vehicles and 4x4s. Karsan also has cooperations with Hyundai for light trucks manufacture, with Renault Trucks for long-distance trailer-trucks and with BredaMenarinibus for bus manufacture. Karsan's V-1

2117-570: The Greek cities he had harmed and withdraw all his garrisons from cities outside Macedonia, including Thessaly, which had been part of the Macedonian kingdom continuously since 353 BC. Philip stormed out of the meeting in anger and Flamininus decided to attack. In the subsequent Battle of the Aous , the Macedonian force collapsed and fled, suffering 2,000 casualties. Philip gathered up the survivors and retreated to Thessaly and then to Tempe . Over

2190-564: The Hürriyet neighbourhood). With the construction of new industrial zones in the period between 1980 and 2000, many people from the eastern provinces of Turkey came and settled in Bursa. The area covered by Bursa corresponds to 1.41% of Turkey 's land area, which makes the city 27th in the country in terms of land area. Bursa stands on the northwestern slopes of Mount Uludağ (known as the Mysian Olympus in classical antiquity), on

2263-602: The Roman Republic directly, the Senate passed a decree supporting Pergamum and Rhodes and Marcus Valerius Laevinus was sent to investigate (Livy 31.3). Simultaneously, Philip's relationship with Athens suddenly deteriorated. The Acarnanian League launched a raid on Attica , aided by troops which they had received from Philip V. Attalus I and Rhodes convinced the Athenians to declare war on Macedon and Philip dispatched

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2336-648: The Romans and provided material support for their wars against the Spartans under Nabis in 195 BC. Philip V also supported the Romans against Antiochus III the Great and the Aetolian League . After the Roman–Seleucid War the Romans allowed Philip V to keep territory he had conquered, such as Demetrias , the Magnesian coastline of Thessaly , parts of Athamania , parts of Dolopia , parts of Perrhaebia , and

2409-597: The administrative center of Bursa Province . The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the Marmara Region , Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of Turkey's automotive production takes place in Bursa. As of 2019, the Metropolitan Province was home to 3,056,120 inhabitants, 2,161,990 of whom lived in the 3 city urban districts ( Osmangazi , Yıldırım and Nilüfer ) plus Gürsu and Kestel . Bursa

2482-562: The banks of the Nilüfer River , in the southern Marmara Region . It is the capital city of Bursa Province , which borders the Sea of Marmara and Yalova to the north; Kocaeli and Sakarya to the northeast; Bilecik to the east; and Kütahya and Balıkesir to the south. Bursa has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ) under the Köppen classification, and

2555-722: The building of hospitals, caravanserais and madrasas throughout the 14th century, with the first official Ottoman mint established in the city. After conquering Edirne (Adrianople) in East Thrace , the Ottomans turned it into the new capital city in 1363, but Bursa retained its spiritual and commercial importance in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I built the Bayezid Külliyesi (Bayezid I theological complex) in Bursa between 1390 and 1395 and

2628-451: The center of Bursa however they were stopped by the allied commanders and were only able to burn the train station together with Turkish civilians in it. The Cretan artilleryman Vasilios Moustakis describes the event with the following words: "The Infantry had come through and set fire to the station. We saw an English general on horseback, who ordered the fire to be put out because if Bursa were burned, it would be harming Greece". Following

2701-442: The city for decades. The textile and food industries are equally strong, with Coca-Cola , Pepsi Cola and other beverage brands, as well as fresh and canned food industries being present in the city's organized industrial zones. Apart from its large automotive industry, Bursa also produces a substantial amount of dairy products (by Sütaş ), processed food (by Tat ), and beverages (by Uludağ ). Traditionally, Bursa

2774-514: The city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has thermal baths , old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums. Mount Uludağ , known in classical antiquity as the Mysian Olympus or alternatively Bithynian Olympus , towers over the city, and has a well-known ski resort . The shadow play characters Karagöz and Hacivat are based on historic personalities who lived and died in Bursa in

2847-517: The community paid its poll tax through the representative, the kahya . Throughout the Ottoman period, most Jews resided in Kuruçeşme, Bursa's Jewish quarter, home to three synagogues . Etz Chaim (Eṣ Ḥayyim), the oldest, predated Ottoman conquest , while the Gerush and Mayor synagogues were established by Sephardic newcomers. Despite the 1851 fire destroying Etz Chaim, the other two remain, along with

2920-476: The country's internal affairs and finances. Mines were reopened, and a new currency was minted . However, Rome continued to be suspicious of Philip's intentions. Accusations by Macedon's neighboring states, particularly Pergamon , led to constant interference from Rome. Feeling the threat growing that Rome would invade Macedon and remove him as king, he tried to extend his influence in the Balkans by force and diplomacy. However, his efforts were undermined by

2993-612: The deportees would perish in what became known as the Armenian Genocide . Subsequently, large numbers of Kurds and Circassians, as well as Syrians from the south, were settled in the homes and towns of the deported Christians, radically altering the demographic composition of the town and region. According to Mustafa Zahit Oner, in the last days of the Greco-Turkish War in 1922, the Greek Army attempted to burn

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3066-530: The design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia , had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming; to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State. A brief list of the places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For

3139-574: The end of 2013, the J10 minibus has been replaced by the Karsan Jest. In December 2018 the company acquired the 70% of Industria Italiana Autobus through a capital increase. The following month, after a meeting with Ministry of Economic Development , the participation in IIA fell to 20%. Bursa, Turkey Bursa ( Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbuɾsa] ) is a city in northwestern Turkey and

3212-506: The foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Bursa became one of the industrial centres of the country. The economic development of the city was followed by population growth, and Bursa became the 4th most populous city in Turkey . The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major centre for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from

3285-576: The increasing role of Philopoemen , the strategos of the Achaean League . Philip and his troops sacked Thermum , the religious and political centre of Aetolia for the second time, destroying any remaining structures (Plb. 11.7.2), and the king was able to force the Aetolians to accept his terms in 206 BC. The following year (205 BC) he was able to conclude the Peace of Phoenice with Rome and its allies (Livy 29.12.14). Following an agreement with

3358-514: The local economy, Bursa's Jews were shop owners and involved in guilds. In the 16th and 17th centuries, they excelled in textile manufacturing, silk trade, goldsmithing , and finance. Despite economic struggles in the 18th and 19th centuries, a 1886 report highlighted poverty. Bursa faced blood libels in 1592 and 1865. Despite its size, the community produced renowned halakhic scholars across centuries. Modern schooling arrived in 1886 with Alliance Israélite Universelle , but it closed in 1923 during

3431-416: The mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1400. It is a large and rectangular building, with a total of twenty domes that are arranged in four rows of five, and are supported by 12 columns. Supposedly the twenty domes were built instead of the twenty separate mosques which Sultan Bayezid I had promised for winning the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. The mosque has two minarets . Inside

3504-427: The mosque, there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by the famous calligraphers of that period. There is also a fountain ( şadırvan ) where worshipers can perform ritual ablutions before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight which creates a soft, serene light below; thus playing an important role in the illumination of the large building. The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior

3577-410: The pro-Roman policy of his younger son Demetrius, who was encouraged by Rome to consider the possibility of succession ahead of his older brother, Perseus . This eventually led to a quarrel between Perseus and Demetrius which forced Philip to decide reluctantly to execute Demetrius for treason in 180 BC. This decision had a severe impact on Philip's health and he died a year later at Amphipolis towards

3650-454: The recent decades due to the heavy industrialization of the city. Bursa is a major centre for tourism. One of the most popular skiing resorts in Turkey is located on Mount Uludağ , just next to the city proper. Bursa's thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since Roman times. Apart from the baths that are operated by hotels, Uludağ University has a physical therapy centre which also makes use of thermal water. Bursa has

3723-665: The sea, but with limited success. His first expedition in 216 BC had to be aborted, while he suffered the loss of his whole fleet in a second expedition in 214 BC. A later expedition by land met with greater success when he captured Lissus in 212 BC. In 215 BC, Philip V signed a Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty with Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general (Plb. 7.9; Livy 23.33, 38.7). Their treaty defined spheres of operation and interest, but achieved little of substance or value for either side. Philip V became heavily involved in assisting and protecting his allies from attacks from

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3796-512: The secularization program. Jewish children then attended Turkish schools for a modern education. Bursa is twinned with: Philip V of Macedon Philip V ( Greek : Φίλιππος , romanized :  Philippos ; 238–179 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by the Social War in Greece (220-217 BC) and

3869-639: The temples outside the walls of Pergamon (Didodorus XXVIII 5). Their navies clashed with Philip's off Chios and Lade (near Miletus ) in 201 BC. Philip then invaded Caria . Although the Rhodians and Attalids successfully blockaded his fleet at Bargylia , they nevertheless sent an appeal to the Romans for help. At around the same time, the Romans finally defeated Carthage. Although very little in Philip's recent actions in Thrace and Asia Minor could be said to concern

3942-403: The town became a garrison city in 562, where imperial guards were stationed. Already by the mid-6th century, Bursa was known as a famous silk textile manufacturing centre. Bursa (from the Greek "Prusa") became the first major capital city of the early Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326. As a result, the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth such as

4015-414: The treaty, Philip V had to relinquish his claim to all Greek cities on the mainland and Asia Minor, including the "fetters" of Greece - Corinth, Chalcis and Demetrias (Plb. 18.44-46). He could also no longer harvest timber on the territory under his control. This effectively meant he could not build up an arsenal of weapons, such as large naval vessels. Following the peace treaty, Philip cooperated with

4088-412: The two armies met at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (Plb. 18.18-27; Livy 33.5-11). In what proved to be the decisive engagement of the war, the legions of Flamininus defeated Philip's Macedonian phalanx . Philip himself fled on horseback, collected the survivors, and withdrew to Macedonia. Philip was forced to sue for peace on Roman terms. In 196 BC Philip V signed a peace treaty with the Romans. As per

4161-446: The two cities. The 8.8 km (5.5 mi) long Bursa Uludağ Gondola ( Turkish : Teleferik ) connects Bursa with the ski resort areas 1,870 m (6,140 ft) high on the mountain Uludağ . The only railway station in Bursa is the Harmancık station on the Balıkesir - Kütahya railway, which was opened in 1930. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bursa, for example to and from work, on

4234-507: The war, Philip V was able to stabilise and increase his own authority amongst his own ministers and became well-known and respected for his leadership and military prowess among the Greeks (Plb. 4.77.1-4; 5.104.4-11; 7.11.4-6). After the Peace of Naupactus in 217 BC, Philip V tried to replace Roman influence along the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea , forming alliances or lending patronage to certain island and coastal provinces such as Lato on Crete. He first tried to invade Illyria from

4307-514: The winter of 198/197 BC, Philip declared his willingness to make peace. The parties met at Nicaea in Locris in November 198 - Philip sailed from Demetrias, but he refused to disembark and meet Flamininus and his allies on the beach, so he addressed them from the prow of his ship. To prolong the proceedings, Flamininus insisted that all his allies should be present at the negotiations. He then reiterated his demands that Philip should withdraw all his garrisons from Greece, Illyria, and Asia Minor. Philip

4380-451: Was 45,000 in 1487. During the Ottoman period, Bursa continued to be the source of most royal silk products. Aside from the local silk production, the city imported raw silk from Iran , and occasionally from China , and was the main production centre for the kaftans , pillows, embroidery and other silk products for the Ottoman palaces until the 17th century. Devshirme system was also implemented in Bursa and its surroundings where it

4453-531: Was assembled in Corinth in 224 BC at the instigation of Antigonus III Doson, the uncle and predecessor of Philip V. Philip took over leadership of the Hellenic League in 221/0 BC and led the Hellenic League on a three-year war against Aetolia , Sparta and Elis . Following the sack of Thermum, the Aetolian political and religious capital, the Aetolians agreed to peace. Philip's troops destroyed 2,000 statues and hauled away vast sums of treasure which included some fifteen thousand shields and suits of arms with which

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4526-408: Was attractive and charismatic as a young man. A dashing and courageous warrior, he was compared to Alexander the Great , modelled himself on Philip II , and is said by Polybius to have become a universal beloved of the Greeks ( κοινός τις...ἐρώμενος...τῶν Ἑλλήνων; Plb. 7.8.11 ) because of his benevolent conduct towards them. He had a close relationship with Aratus of Sicyon , who until 213 BC held

4599-639: Was established in 2010, beginning education in the 2011–2012 academic year. The first private university in Bursa was the Bursa Orhangazi University , which started education in the 2012–2013 academic year. However, Orhangazi University was shut down by the Turkish government after the failed coup attempt of July 2016. Istanbul Commerce University has opened graduate programs in Bursa in 2013. The vocational high schools, Bursa Sports High School , and Bursa Agriculture Vocational High School , are located in Osmangazi district. The city has one professional football club, Bursaspor , which formerly competed in

4672-441: Was famous for being the largest centre of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road . The city is still a major centre for textiles in Turkey and is home to the Bursa International Textiles and Trade Centre ( Bursa Uluslararası Tekstil ve Ticaret Merkezi , or BUTTIM ). Bursa was also known for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, which have decreased in

4745-500: Was in tremendous need of future shepherds was taken seriously by the state, and a decree commanded the return of the children. Bursa was also notable for its numerous hammams (bath) built during the reign of Suleiman such as the Yeni Kaplıca. From 1867 until 1922, Bursa was the capital of Hüdavendigâr vilayet . As it was a significant cultural and trade hub, traders, most of whom were Armenians, became very wealthy. The most influential study of Bursa's silk trade and economic history

4818-475: Was negotiated between the authorities and locals. For example, during the 1603-4 levy, the villagers of a Christian village called Eğerciler , in Bursa, declared that they were responsible for providing sheep to the capital, and the children of the village were very much needed as shepherds. They asserted that even though they were not obliged to give any children to the army, the officers took some anyway, and that they should be returned. The villagers’ claim that it

4891-438: Was not in violation of any of the terms of the Peace of Phoenice, but in vain. As he returned to Macedonia after the fall of Abydos, he learnt of the landing of Sulpicius' force in Epirus. Gaius Claudius Centho was sent with 20 ships and 1,000 men to aid the Athenians, then led a surprise raid on the city of Chalcis in Euboea , one of the key Antigonid strongholds known as the 'fetters of Greece'. Philip rushed to Chalcis with

4964-720: Was not prepared to go this far and he was persuaded to send an embassy to the Roman Senate. When this embassy reached Rome, the Senate demanded that Philip surrender the "fetters of Greece," Demetrias, Chalcis, and Corinth, but Philip's envoys claimed they had no permission to agree to this, so the war continued. Over the rest of the winter, Philip mobilised all the manpower of his kingdom, which amounted to 18,000 men. To these he added 4,000 peltasts from Thrace and Illyria, and 2,500 mercenaries. All these forces were gathered at Dion . In June 197 BC, Flamininus marched north through Thermopylae , with allies from Aetolia, Gortyn , Apollonia, and Athamania. Philip marched south into Thessaly and

5037-421: Was often considered to be one of the five biggest football clubs in Turkey, along with Galatasaray , Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş and Trabzonspor. The club's relegation to the TFF First League at the end of the 2018–19 season was a major shock for its fans and became a first in the history of Turkish football. Never had a club which had won the Süper Lig championship title been relegated. Bursaspor plays its home games at

5110-413: Was one of three finalists, alongside the Ford Transit Connect and Nissan NV200 , for New York City 's Taxi of Tomorrow . The Nissan NV200 was announced the winning model on 3 May 2011. At the end of 2010, the J9 Premier minibus was replaced with the Karsan J10 , available in three body versions-with 14, 17 or 20 seats, and powered by a Euro 4 common rail 2,3 liter diesel engine of Iveco origin. At

5183-582: Was severe and marked the permanent end of their use. Over the winter of 200-199 BC, the diplomatic efforts of Philip, Sulpicius, and the Athenians centred on the Aetolian League , which seemed inclined to support the Romans but remained neutral at this stage. In the spring, Sulpicius and the Dardanians separately invaded Upper Macedonia, while the Aetolian League joined the war on the Roman side and invaded Magnesia and Perrhaebia , then continued to ravage Thessaly . There, Philip suddenly appeared and completely defeated their force. He spent some time besieging

5256-487: Was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363. A more recent nickname is Yeşil Bursa (" Green Bursa ") referring to the parks and gardens located across the city, as well as to the vast, varied forests of the surrounding region. Bursa has a rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa, and

5329-406: Was the son of Demetrius II of Macedon , and either Phthia of Macedon or Chryseis. Philip was nine years old when his father died in 229 BC. His elder paternal half-sister was Apama III . Philip's great-uncle, Antigonus III Doson , administered the kingdom as regent and then king until his death in 221 BC when Philip was seventeen years old (Plb. 4.2.5, 4.5.3-4; Just. 28.4.16, 29.1.1). Philip

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