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74-462: Karyes ( Greek : Καρυές, before 1930: Αράχωβα - Arachova ) is a village of the Peloponnese peninsula, which is located in the southern part of Greece . The Peloponnese is made up of a number of states and Karyes belongs to the state of Laconia in which Sparta is the capital. Karyes gets its official name from the word ‘walnut’ due to the village having many walnut trees and has been spelled

148-577: A basis for coinages: anthropology , photography , telephony , isomer , biomechanics , cinematography , etc. Together with Latin words , they form the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary ; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many English words of Greek origin . Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be ancient Macedonian , which, by most accounts,

222-558: A fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts . The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see Koine Greek phonology for details): In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes , a limited but productive system of compounding and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in

296-560: A faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill . The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs : three different accent marks ( acute , grave , and circumflex ), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on

370-540: A foreign language. It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near

444-713: A meeting, where all the Greeks except the Spartans recognised him as their leader. As a result, the Spartans were punished, their power began to decline and the people of Tegea, Messinia and Karyes then regained their independence. Goth Alaric I who was King of the Visigoths in 370 - 410 AD invaded and took over a number of areas in Greece and villages of the Peloponnese including the city of Argos, Arcadia and also Karyes in 396 AD. The Goths looted and destroyed everything in these villages but after some time in 403 AD they gained

518-406: A number of ways such as Karyes, Karyai, Karya, Caryes, Caryai and Caryae. It should not be confused with some other villages in Greece which go by the same name such as Caria of Asia Minor, Karyes, Mount Athos , Karyes, Pieria , Karya of Argos, and Karyes of Chios. Karyes also goes by the name of Arahova (not to be confused with Arahova of Boetia, Greece) which was thought to have originated from

592-586: A spring and temple in Arcadia. There is a modern version of the town clock tower which was built in 1955, as the previous one which was built in 1930 was blown up in the 1944 Nazi invasion. Majority of people from the village work as farmers producing vegetables and fruit and looking after their livestock such as goats, sheep, chickens and tending to their bee farms. Karyes holds an annual festival on 26 and 27 July to celebrate two religious Saint's days where there are feasts, music, dancing and other festivities. Karyes

666-804: Is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable Greek diaspora which has notable communities in the United States , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , Ukraine , the United Kingdom , and throughout the European Union , especially in Germany . Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout

740-773: Is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece , Cyprus , Italy (in Calabria and Salento ), southern Albania , and other regions of the Balkans , Caucasus , the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor , and the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system

814-479: Is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of borrowings from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks, some documented in Mycenaean texts ; they include a large number of Greek toponyms . The form and meaning of many words have changed. Loanwords (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, Venetian , and Turkish . During

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888-399: Is located in the southern part of Greece within the Peloponnese peninsula. It is about 40 km North-East from the major city of Sparta near the border of the two states, Laconia and Arcadia and roughly midway between Tripoli and Sparta. It is situated at the foot of Parnon mountain around 980 metres above sea level and is made up of a partly flat and partly mountainous terrain with some of

962-519: Is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, Hungary , Romania, and Ukraine. It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . The phonology , morphology , syntax , and vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to

1036-845: Is sometimes called aljamiado , as when Romance languages are written in the Arabic alphabet. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Greek: Transcription of the example text into Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Proto-Greek Mycenaean Ancient Koine Medieval Modern Arcadia (ancient region) The modern regional unit of

1110-526: Is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey , and the many other countries of the Greek diaspora . Greek roots have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary . Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around

1184-763: Is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek . In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Greek the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , 'whatever') from ότι ( óti , 'that'). Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries. Boustrophedon , or bi-directional text,

1258-650: Is the Greek alphabet , which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with

1332-495: The Eastern Mediterranean , in what are today Southern Italy , Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya ; in the area of the Black Sea , in what are today Turkey, Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ; and, to a lesser extent, in the Western Mediterranean in and around colonies such as Massalia , Monoikos , and Mainake . It

1406-516: The Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ), but little definitive evidence has been found. In addition, Albanian has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other extinct languages of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed Palaeo-Balkan , and Greek has a central position in it. Linear B , attested as early as

1480-696: The Peloponnesian War , Arcadia allied with Sparta and Corinth . In the following years, during the period of the Hegemony of Thebes , the Theban general Epaminondas reinforced the Arcadian federation in order to rival neighboring Sparta. Then he founded Megalopolis , which became its new capital. Over the next centuries Arcadia weakened. It initially was subjugated by the Macedonians and later

1554-492: The nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by the genitive ). The verbal system has lost the infinitive , the synthetically -formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood . Many have been replaced by periphrastic ( analytical ) forms. Pronouns show distinctions in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular, dual , and plural in

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1628-470: The 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language . Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages . The Greek language is conventionally divided into

1702-597: The Arcadians joined the Achaean League . Geographically, ancient Arcadia occupied the highlands at the centre of the Peloponnese. To the north, it bordered Achaea along the ridge of high ground running from Mount Erymanthos to Mount Cyllene ; most of Mount Aroania lay within Arcadia. To the east, it had borders with Argolis and Corinthia along the ridge of high ground running from Mount Cyllene round to Mount Oligyrtus and then south Mount Parthenius . To

1776-464: The Germans and save their homes.  The next day after more destruction and burning, they loaded everything in their cars and mules and began to leave. Another 46 people that were taken as prisoners were shot dead on 21 March. From June – July 1944 Karyes experienced its final and most terrifying Nazi invasion on Parnon mountain which lasted 15 days. The troops completely destroyed everything and there

1850-486: The Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the Phoenician alphabet , with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit

1924-425: The Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than

1998-495: The Greek language was the Cypriot syllabary (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate Cypro-Minoan syllabary ), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet. Greek has been written in

2072-629: The Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of the syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow

2146-685: The Greek-Albanian border. A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in the country. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in 1923 a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkey , though very few remain today. A small Greek-speaking community

2220-656: The Lacedaemonian, virgin dancers would perform the dance of ‘caryatis’ around a statue of the goddess Artemis Caryatis at a summer festival called Karyateia. The original caryatids were dancers from Karyes but later, any female from the Laconian area who performed this dance was also called a caryatid. Pausanias also mentions a temple of Artemis located in Karyes and says that she was sacred in this area. Roman architect, writer and engineer Vitruvius had his own opinion on

2294-722: The Slavic word for walnut. The village of Karyes is the birthplace of the six caryatid maidens which are featured in architecture in the place of columns on the ancient and world famous Erectheion of the Athenian Acropolis . The original caryatid maidens of the Acropolis were replaced by replicas due to air pollution and five of the six originals are now housed in the Acropolis Museum in Athens. The sixth caryatid

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2368-517: The Spartans, and they were also allies with the Spartans in the Persian war. The Spartans respected the Karyates because of their bravery and endurance, but the Karyates preferred to deal with and be part of Arcadia and Tegea as the Spartans were very strict, regimented and difficult in their ways.  Karyes was part of Sparta until 338 BC when Philip II of Macedon came to the Peloponnese for

2442-404: The acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography . After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system),

2516-524: The ancient authors as Pelasgians . Whilst Herodotus seems to have found the idea that the Arcadians were not Greek far-fetched, it is clear that the Arcadians were considered as the original inhabitants of the region. This is testified by ancient myths, like the myth of Arcas , the myth of Lycaon etc. Arcadia is also one of the regions described in the " Catalogue of Ships " in the Iliad ; its troops were led by Agapenor . Agamemnon himself gave Agapenor

2590-402: The ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and decline for case (from six cases in the earliest forms attested to four in the modern language). Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. The inflectional categories of

2664-449: The ancient settlement in Karyes and the caryatid monument is said to be currently positioned in the place of the ancient acropolis of Karyes. During the years before Christ, the people of the Peloponnese were polytheistic and worshipped many Gods, Goddesses and various nymphs, which explains the worship of goddess Artemis in this area. The Peloponnese consisted of a lot of different municipalities, Tegea, Arcadia, Messinia, Laconia (including

2738-544: The attention of Roman General Flavius Stilicho who came to the Peloponnese and killed and pushed a lot of them out of the area. When the goths were kicked out, the people from Karyes started to rebuild their life and towns. The Byzantine era came about a few hundred years after the Roman occupation in Greece and during this period, Greece became part of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Greek city of Constantinople

2812-410: The capital of Arcadia became Megalopolis . Arcadia was the location of the cult of Despoina , also known as the Arcadian mysteries. Despoina means "the mistress", but was only a title given to the goddess, and was not her real name, which was told only to those initiated in the mysteries. Despoina, along with Demeter , was the primary deity worshipped in Arcadia, and was particularly worshipped at

2886-592: The city of Sparta) and they all had their own heads of state.  During this time the Spartans had a lot of conflict and they involved themselves in a lot of different wars such as the first and second Messinian wars, the Peloponnesian war and the Greco-Persian Wars . Karyes had its own army of around 600 men and they generally supported the Spartans. Karyes took part in the Trojan war along with

2960-404: The early 19th century that was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to Standard Modern Greek , used today for all official purposes and in education . The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of

3034-618: The epics of Homer , ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in the European canon . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute

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3108-452: The following periods: In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: Dimotiki , the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa , meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greek developed in

3182-664: The history behind the caryatids. Vitruvius claims that the caryatids were maidens of Karyes who were held captive as slaves, as a form of punishment for siding with the Persian enemies against the Spartans. He believes they were later depicted in Greek architecture as holding a great burden for being traitors and their presence in architecture was a way of commemorating this betrayal. Other authors and scholars reject Vitruvious' view such as German poet and critic Lessing who critiqued this theory as he could find no historical evidence or documents to support his claims and thus argued that his view

3256-688: The houses being built on hills and slopes. Northwest of the village there is a hill with a church on top of it called Saint Elias and East of the village there is a hill with another church on top of it called Saint Constantine. Since the 2011 local government reform Karyes is part of the municipality Sparta, Laconia , of which it is a municipal unit with an area of 64.426 km. South Kynouria (municipality) (16) Tripolis (municipality) (2) Evrotas (municipality) (1) Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνικά , romanized :  Elliniká , [eliniˈka] ; Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνική , romanized :  Hellēnikḗ )

3330-439: The infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of the dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn

3404-467: The late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek. It is basically a syllabary , which was finally deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s (its precursor, Linear A , has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language). The language of the Linear B texts, Mycenaean Greek , is the earliest known form of Greek. Another similar system used to write

3478-495: The local Greeks. Greece was under Ottoman occupation for hundreds of years from the 1400s until the Greek War of Independence began in 1821. In an attempt to stop the revolution by the Greeks, the Peloponnese was invaded in 1826 by a Turkish army led by a general named Ibrahim. On 12 May they came to siege and destroy Karyes and the residents fled to the mountains with whatever possessions they could carry and hid in caves. Karyes

3552-640: The membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages . Greek is recognized as a minority language in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë . It is also an official minority language in the regions of Apulia and Calabria in Italy. In the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Greek

3626-441: The modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and

3700-399: The noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However, the morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the modern form of the language . Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks

3774-536: The objects of study of the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world . It eventually became the official language of the Byzantine Empire and developed into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . It

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3848-706: The older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from Albanian , South Slavic ( Macedonian / Bulgarian ) and Eastern Romance languages ( Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian ). Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics , physics , astronomy , democracy , philosophy , athletics , theatre, rhetoric , baptism , evangelist , etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as

3922-467: The pre-war population of 2180. The current Karyes features a main town square where there are coffee shops, bars and restaurants and 40 metres from the Town Square there is a beautiful church called Saint Andreas. 100 metres from the Town Square there is another shopping area which consists of a supermarket, fruit market, bread shop and cake shop. The church of Assumption dedicated to Jesus' mother Mary

3996-467: The region of Arcadia was mountainous, apart from the plains around Tegea and Megalopolis , and the valleys of the Alpheios and Ladon rivers. The Arcadians were an ancient Greek tribe which was situated in the mountainous Peloponnese. It is considered one of the oldest Greek tribes in Greece and it was probably part of, or a relative tribe of, the aboriginal inhabitants of Greece, who are mentioned by

4070-534: The residents for provisions such as food, wine and livestock. At 5am on 19 September 1943, Karyes was invaded again by German troops and the bell of Saint John church rang to give warning to the residents. As the residents were woken up from their sleep it was too late for them to escape to the mountains and the whole village was seized by panic as flares and machine guns fired and grenades exploded. In this invasion, twelve people were killed, four were injured and thirty one people were taken as hostages.  This invasion

4144-528: The same name more or less overlaps with the historical region, but is slightly larger. Arcadia was gradually linked in a loose confederation that included all the Arcadian towns and was named League of the Arcadians . In the 7th century BC, it successfully faced the threat of Sparta and the Arcadians managed to maintain their independence. They participated in the Persian Wars alongside other Greeks by sending forces to Thermopylae and Plataea . During

4218-534: The ships for the Trojan war because Arcadia did not have a navy. The Arcadians founded numerous towns. Of these the strongest were the cities which controlled the few fertile valleys; Mantinea , Tegea and Orchomenos . The remaining towns were more mountainous or had smaller plains. Some of these were Nostia , Asea , Ypsounta, Teuthis , Heraea , Thyraion , Nestani , Alea, Lykosoura , Trikolonon, Tropea, Caphyae , Pallantion, Petrosaca , Feneos , Phoezon , Leucasium , Mesoboa , Stymphalus , etc. From 370 BC

4292-660: The south, the borders with Laconia and Messenia ran through the foothills of the Parnon and Taygetos mountain ranges, such that Arcadia contained all the headwaters of the Alpheios river, but none of the Eurotas river. To the south-west, the border with Messania ran along the tops of Mount Nomia , and Mount Elaeum , and from there the border with Elis ran along the valleys of the Erymanthos and Diagon rivers. Most of

4366-437: The stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ( rough and smooth breathing ), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis , used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of

4440-479: The villagers, who quickly ran to hide in the mountains, forest and around the village.  The village was completely looted for any jewellery, tools, livestock, clothes and furniture and the school and town clock were blown up. 8 people were killed and over 200 houses were burnt down. Around 40 houses were saved with the help of some women who cleverly put out some of the major fires and set fires to objects such as clothes and sheets on top of stone or steel, to deceive

4514-574: Was a distinct dialect of Greek itself. Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards Phrygian as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical isoglosses , with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian ) or

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4588-432: Was a myth and confabulation. Frank Granger suggested that he perhaps confused Karyes for another town called Caria , of Asia Minor which was said to have been implicated in collaborating with the Persian enemy. The village name of Karyes has carried from ancient times as there has been an abundance of walnut trees since then. Various objects and fragments which were found during digging, have provided physical evidence for

4662-568: Was also used as the official language of government and religion in the Christian Nubian kingdoms , for most of their history. Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside Turkish ) and the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (alongside English ). Because of

4736-557: Was also used in Ancient Greek. Greek has occasionally been written in the Latin script , especially in areas under Venetian rule or by Greek Catholics . The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe

4810-430: Was built in the 1900s and according to Pausanias, where this church stands was once the temple of Artemis Caryatis. In the courtyard of this church there are a number of eternal plane trees and legend says that they were planted by King Menelaus , King of Sparta near a spring around 1100 BC, but their exact age has not been determined. Similarly, Pausanias also mentions some plane trees planted by King Menalaus close by to

4884-496: Was burnt down to the ground with the exception of seven or eight houses and the church of Saint Paraskevi. The Turkish troops returned three months later with 1500 men, but this time they were attacked by the Greek forces and suffered a loss in which 185 soldiers were killed, many Greek prisoners were released and Ibrahim and his army were chased out of the village. World War II occurred in Southern Europe in 1941 and Karyes

4958-528: Was finally brought to an end when an International Red Cross representative named Alexander Perrson visited Karyes. On 26 November 1943, 118 elite and educated people from Laconia were captured by the Nazi Forces. This attack was said to be a form of revenge by the Germans for an attack done by rebels of Monodentri . Among this group doctor Christos Karvounis from Karyes who completed his studies in Germany

5032-413: Was further torture and shootings, in which a total of 250 people from 15 nearby villages were killed, including 14 people from Karyes. In September, as Hitler was losing the war, the troops began to retreat and by 18 October all the bells started to ring and gave the final signal of freedom that all the Germans had left Laconia. As of 2001 Karyes has around 729 permanent residents which is a lot less than

5106-515: Was invaded by the Nazi Axes Forces for the first time on 18 December 1942. Fearing for their lives, many of the residents fled the village and took refuge in huts they had built in the mountains. The Italians who were allies with Germany, terrorised the remaining villagers by kidnap, torture, shooting and burning a number of houses before leaving the village. Some of the soldiers stayed in the village where they tortured, bribed and threatened

5180-626: Was made capital of the Byzantine. The founding father of Byzantium was emperor Constantine I who ruled from 306 – 337 AD.  Due to emperor Constantine's support of Christianity, this period saw the shift away from paganism towards the Christianisation of society, except the north part of Laconia which remained polytheistic up until 867 – 866 AD. Also during this era, Slavic people came to the area of Laconia and to Karyes and settled peacefully by adopting Christianity and assimilating with

5254-464: Was recognised by one of the army men. The soldiers were going to let him go but he pleaded with them and said that he will not leave without the others, but his plea was ignored and all the 118 people were killed. Kostas Pitsius who kept a diary at the time recorded that on 15 March 1944, Karyes was burned down by the German troops. Around 150 men arrived and the bell of Saint Andreas church sounded to warn

5328-657: Was stolen (unproven) by the command of British Lord Elgin and is now held in the British Museum in London. There are two different views for the meaning behind the caryatid maidens in the literature, the first being a maiden dancer from the village of Karyes and the second an imprisoned slave. Geographer Pausanias ’ historical account from the second century AD discusses the history behind the Caryatid statues as representing dancers from Karyes. He states every year in Karyes

5402-580: Was under the control of the Frankish Empire ). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios . Additionally, the term Greeklish is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications. The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy . The Yevanic dialect

5476-673: Was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet . In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as Greek Aljamiado , some Greek Muslims from Crete wrote their Cretan Greek in the Arabic alphabet . The same happened among Epirote Muslims in Ioannina . This also happened among Arabic-speaking Byzantine rite Christians in the Levant ( Lebanon , Palestine, and Syria ). This usage

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