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45-1122: All references are listed as Mahabharata, Book number, Chapter Number. E.g.:- (6,9):- Mahabharata Book 6 Chapter 9 Kasmira is mentioned as a kingdom of ancient India (Bharata Varsha) along with the Sindhu , the Sauviras , the Gandharvas , the Darsakas, the Abhisaras, the Utulas, the Saivalas, the Valhikas , and the Darvis. Then again there are the Sudras , the Abhiras , the Dardas , the Kasmiras, and

90-629: A son [...] of the name of the Ikshwaku . [...] His tenth son [...] was named Dasaswa, and this virtuous prince of infallible prowess became the king of Mahismati . Dasaswa's son [...] was known by the name of Madiraswa and ruled over the Earth as her lord. He was constantly devoted to the study of the Vedas as also of the science of arms. Madiraswa's son was the king named Dyutimat who possessed great good fortune and power and strength and energy. Dyutimat's son

135-529: Is mentioned as the son of Sindhu at (1:188). Jayadratha is mentioned as of Sindhu's race at (5:142). Jayadratha is mentioned as the king of Sindhu, Sauvira and other countries at (3:265). The warriors of the Sivi , Sauvira and Sindhu tribes were under the command of Jayadratha (3:269). At (11:22) Jayadradha is mentioned as the king of Sindhu and Saivira . Apart from Dussala (1:117) (the sister of Duryodhana ), Jayadradha had two other wives, one from Gandhara and

180-742: The BMAC substrate ) , or possibly from sédhati (“to go, move”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱiesdʰ- (“to drive away; to go away”). The term Sindhu was used often to describe the Indus region as a whole, the early Vedic name for the Punjab , for example, was Sapta Sindhu . Sindhu (the Bhojas, the Sindhus, the Pulindakas) is mentioned as a separate kingdom of Bharata Varsha at (6:9). The Kasmiras,

225-524: The Kekayas , fought with great impetuosity." (6:52) Arjuna 's words, when Jayadratha and others together attacked and killed his son Abhimanyu , during the Kurukshetra War : "Thou shalt in tomorrow's battle, O Kesava , behold the earth strewn by me with the heads of kings cut off by the force, of my shafts! (Tomorrow) I shall gratify all cannibals, rout the foe, gladden my friends, and crush

270-487: The Kurukshetra War , Sauvira sided with the Kauravas under their ruler Jayadratha . (6:71), (7:10,136) "In Bhishma 's division were all the sons of Dhritarashtra , and also Sala, who was a countryman of the Valhikas , and also all those Kshatriyas called Amvastas, and those called Sindhus , and those also that are called Sauviras, and the heroic dwellers of the country of the five rivers." (6:20) "The Abhishahas,

315-633: The Sauviras fight best with their nails and lances. They are brave and endued with great strength. Their armies are capable of vanquishing all forces, The Usinaras are possessed of great strength and skilled in all kinds of weapons. The Easterners are skilled in fighting from the backs of war elephants and are conversant with all the ways of unfair fight. The Yavanas , the Kamvojas , and those that dwell around Mathura are well skilled in fighting with bare arms. The Southerners are skilled in fighting sword in hand." (12:100) At (5:133) we find Kunti telling

360-636: The Sindhu Sauviras , the Gandharas (or Gandharvas ) were mentioned as kingdoms of Bharata Varsha at (6:9). Sindhu and Sauvira are mentioned as a united country at many places, including (5:19), (6:51), (6:56), (7:107), (8:40), and (11:22). Culturally, Sindhus were mentioned as similar to the Madras as per Karna : "The Prasthalas, the Madras , the Gandharas , the Arattas , those called Khasas ,

405-1534: The Trigartas , the Daravas, the Kokonadas, and various other Kshatriyas advanced against the son of Pandu . (2,26) The Kairatas, the Daradas, the Darvas, the Suras, the Vaiamakas, the Audumvaras, the Durvibhagas, the Kumaras, the Paradas along with the Vahlikas, the Kashmiras, the Ghorakas, the Hansakayanas, the Sivis, the Trigartas, the Yauddheyas, the ruler of Madras and the Kaikeyas, the Amvashtas,

450-483: The Vitasta have pure waters. The very many rivers flowing through Kasmira fall into the great river called Sindhu . (13,25) Arjuna during his military campaign to collect tribute to Yudhishthira 's Rajasuya sacrifice, arrived at Kashmira. Arjuna brought under his sway the seven tribes called Utsava-sanketa. Then he defeated the brave Kshatriyas of Kashmira and also King Lohita along with ten minor chiefs. Then

495-697: The Aurasikas, the Pisachas , the Samudgalas, the Kamvojas , and the Vatadhanas were mentioned together and said to be vanquished by Vasudeva Krishna (7,11) The Kashmiras and the Daradas, along with other tribes, were vanquished by Bhargava Rama (7,68). The river Vitasta , is situated in the country of the Kasmiras and is the abode of the Naga Takshaka.(3,82). The rivers Chandrabhaga and

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540-1079: The Kaukuras, the Tarkshyas, the Vastrapas along with the Palhavas, the Vashatayas, the Mauleyas along with the Kshudrakas, and the Malavas, the Paundrayas, the Kukkuras, the Sakas and many others brought tribute to Pandava King Yudhishthira 's Rajasuya sacrifice. (2,51) Sindhu kingdom Sindhu kingdom or simply Sindhu was an ancient kingdom on the Indian subcontinent . It stretched

585-1116: The Nishadas, the Sauviras , the Valhikas , the Daradas , the Westerners, the Northerners, the Malavas , the Abhighatas, the Surasenas , the Sivis , the Vasatis, the Salwas , the Sakas , the Trigartas , the Amvashthas, and the Kekayas , similarly fell upon Arjuna ." (6:118) " Bhishma protected by the warriors headed by Saindhava and by the combatants of the East and the Sauviras and

630-625: The Pattis (6,9). Kasmiras were mentioned along with the Pahlavas , the Daradas , and the various tribes of the Kiratas, Yavanas , Sakas , Harahunas , Chinas , Tukharas , Sindhavas , Jagudas, Ramathas, Mundas, the inhabitants of the kingdom of women, Tanganas, Kekayas , and the Malavas as bringing tribute to Yudhishthira 's Rajasuya sacrifice. (3,51) The Daserakas, the Kasmirakas ,

675-674: The Sauviras were once connected with the Abhira tribe. The Compendium of Charaka ( Sanskrit चरकसंहिता Charaka saṃhitā ) is an early text on Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine) probably completed in its present form in the first few centuries AD. In chapter 1 of the Vimānasthāna section of the Compendium , at verse 18, the author notes that the people of Sauvīra are over-fond of salt in their diet, and even consume salt in milk. As

720-516: The Sauviras, endued with great prowess, who had always shown a disregard for the Kurus , was made by the intelligent Arjuna to feel the edge of his power. And Arjuna also repressed by means of his arrows (the pride of) king Sumitra of Sauvira, also known by the name of Dattamitra[,] who had resolutely sought an encounter with him. (1:141) A prajapati (patriarch) named Manu , and his descendants who ruled Sauvira, are described by Bhishma : Manu had

765-521: The Sindhu king, to fight against the Sindhus and take back his kingdom from them: "And the princess Vidula, one day, rebuked her own son, who, after his defeat by the king of the Sindhus , lay prostrate with heart depressed by despair." (5:133) "Rejoice, O son, and make thyself happy in the possession of wealth in the company of the daughters of the Sauviras and do not, in weakness of heart, be ruled over by

810-524: The Sindhu mingleth with the sea, is that tirtha of Varuna." (3:82) In the Harivamsa Purana , the Sindhu kingdom is mentioned at (2.56.26). The Yadavas , led by Krishna , arrived there in search for a place to build the city of Dvārakā . The place was so charming, that some of the Yadavas "started enjoying the heavenly comforts in some of the places there". Sauvira kingdom Sauvīra

855-740: The Surasenas, the Sivis , and the Vasatis, the Swalyas , the Matsyas , the Amvashtas, the Trigartas , and the Kekayas , the Sauviras, the Kitavas, and the dwellers of the eastern, western, and northern countries were all resolved to fight reckless of the lives." (6:18) Those warriors that are opposed to Arjuna , viz., the Sauvirakas , the Sindhava -Pauravas, headed by Karna , are regarded as

900-399: The Vasatis, the Sindhus and the Sauviras are almost as blamable in their practices." (8:44) "One should always avoid the Vahikas, those impure people that are out of the pale of virtue, and that live away from the Himavat and the Ganges and Saraswati and Yamuna and Kurukshetra and the Sindhu and its five tributary rivers." (8:44) "The Gandharas (or Gandharvas ), the Sindhus, and

945-424: The absence of Arjuna who was fighting elsewhere, Jayadratha was able to stop the Pandavas (except Arjuna) and helped kill Abhimanyu treacherously for Kauravas . In the Kurukshetra War , Sindhu sided with the Kauravas under their ruler Jayadratha . (6:71), (7:10,136) " Jayadratha of the country of the Sindhu, and the kings of the southern and the western countries and of the hilly regions, and Shakuni ,

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990-426: The backs of war elephants and are proficient with alternate fighting methods. The Yavanas , the Kamvojas , and those that dwell around Mathura are well skilled in fighting with bare arms. The Southerners are skilled in fighting sword in hand. (12:100) In book 5, section 133 of the Mahabharata , the character Kunti tells the story of Vidula . Vidula persuaded her son, who was the king of Sauvira but banished by

1035-411: The banks of river Sindhu (Indus). It was mentioned in the epic Mahabharata and in the Harivamsa Purana , often alongside the Sauvira kingdom . It is believed that Sindhu kingdom was founded by Vrishadarbha, one of sons of Sivi. According to the Glimpses of Ancient Sindh , authored by Mirchandani, its capital was known as Vrsadarbhpura, and Tulsianis, later known as Sindhu, was located at or near

1080-537: The best of the Kamvoja breed as also of those born in the country of the Rivers, and of those belonging to Aratta and Mahi and Sindhu , and of those of Vanayu also that were white in hue, and lastly those of hilly countries" were the different types of horse employed in this war. (6:91) Steeds from Sindhu "were lean-fleshed, yet strong and capable of a long journey and endued with energy and strength of high breed and docility, free from inauspicious marks, with wide nostrils and swelling cheeks, free from faults as regards

1125-567: The character Karna as being similar to the Madras : "The Prasthalas, the Madras , the Gandharas , the Arattas , those called Khasas , the Vasatis, the Sindhus and the Sauviras are almost as blamable in their practices." (8:44) The Gandharvas [or Gandharas ], the Sindhus , and the Sauviras fight best with their nails and lances. They are brave and endowed with great strength. Their armies are capable of vanquishing all forces. The Usinaras possess great strength and are skilled in all kinds of weapons. The Easterners are skilled in fighting from

1170-416: The daughters of the Saindhavas." (5:134) "Pierced by the wordy arrows of his mother, the son roused himself like a steed of proud mettle and achieved [defeating the Sindhus] all that his mother had pointed out." (5:136) There is a mention of King Rahugan meeting with Bharat followed by an extensive dialogue between them about life and its meaning. The kingdom of Sauvira was founded by Prince Suvira, one of

1215-407: The foremost of car-warriors (7:108). "[M]any combatants also, belonging to the Nishadas, the Sauviras, the Valhikas , the Daradas , the Westerners, the Northerners, the Malavas , the Abhighatas, the Surasenas , the Sivis , the Vasatis, the Salwas , the Sakas , the Trigartas , the Amvashthas, and the Kekayas , similarly fell upon him" (Arjuna). (6:118) Bhishma the son of Santanu, protected by

1260-412: The king of Sindhu and Saivira, and being married to — besides Dussala (the sister of Duryodhana ) — two other wives, one from Gandhara and the other from Kamboja . Jayadratha is mentioned as the king of Sauvira at many places in the Mahabharata , such as in this conversation between Jayadratha's ally Kotika and Draupadi , the wife of the Pandavas : I am king Suratha's son whom people know by

1305-419: The king of the Sindhus , Sauviras and Sivis , having conquered Sauvira and Sivi, two kingdoms close to the Sindhu kingdom. Jayadratha was an ally of Duryodhana and the husband of Duryodhana's sister Dussala. The kingdom of Sauvira is also stated to be close to the Dwaraka and Anarta kingdoms. According to Bhagwat Puran Sauviras were once connected with Abhira . Culturally, the Sauviras were mentioned by

1350-425: The king, viz., the powerful Valahaka, Anika, Vidarana and others, are among his followers. These strong-limbed and noble youths are the flowers of the Sauvira chivalry. The king is journeying in the company of these his friends. (3:263) A king named Satrunjaya among the Sauviras is mentioned at (12:139). The whole chapter consists of a conversation between this king and a sage in the Bharadwaja clan. Arjuna and

1395-728: The location of the present town of Mithankot (in southern Punjab , Pakistan ) the inhabitants of the kingdoms were called Sindhus or Saindhavas. "Sindhu" literally means "river" and "sea". According to the epic Mahabharata , Jayadratha (the husband of Duryodhana 's sister) was the king of Sindhus, Sauviras and Sivis . Probably Sauvira and Sivi were two kingdoms close to the Sindhu kingdom and Jayadratha conquered them, holding them for some period of time. Sindhu and Sauvira seem to have been two warring states fighting each other. "Sindhu" means "river" and "sea" in classical Sanskrit . The term originated from Proto-Indo-Aryan *síndʰuṣ , from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (possibly derived from

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1440-430: The name of Kotika, and that man with eyes large as the petals of the lotus, sitting on a chariot of gold, is the warrior known by the name of Kshemankara, king of Trigarta . And behind him is the famous son of the king of Pulinda, who is even now gazing on thee. Armed with a mighty bow and endued with large eyes, and decorated with floral wreaths, he always liveth on the breasts of mountains. The dark and handsome young man,

1485-399: The other Pandava princes became so powerful that they slew in battle the great Sauvira who had performed a sacrifice extending over three years, undaunted by the raids of the Gandharvas [alternatively Gandharas ]. And the king of the Yavanas himself, whom the powerful Pandu even had failed to bring under subjection, was brought by Arjuna under control. Then again Vipula , the king of

1530-405: The other from Kamboja (11:22). Jayadratha is mentioned as the sole ruler, governing "the rich countries of Saivya, Sivi , Sindhu and others" at (3:265). Jayadratha "had under his sway ten kingdoms," of which Sindhu was the main kingdom (8:5). Jayadratha had also played a vital role in the battle of Kurukshetra, and was killed by Arjuna . On a particular day in the battle of Kurukshetra, due to

1575-422: The possession of wealth in the company of the daughters of the Sauviras and do not, in weakness of heart, be ruled over by the daughters of the Saindhavas." (5:134) "Pierced by the wordy arrows of his mother, the son roused himself like a steed of proud mettle and achieved (defeating the Sindhus) all that his mother had pointed out." (5:136) At (3:262) Jayadratha is mentioned as the son of Vriddhakshatra. Jayadratha

1620-450: The ruler of the Gandharas , and all the chiefs of the eastern and the northern regions, and the Sakas , the Kiratas , and Yavanas , the Sivis and the Vasatis with their Maharathas at the heads of their respective divisions joined the Kaurava army." (5:198) "A silver boar adorned the standard-top of the ruler of the Sindhus. Decked with golden chains, it was of the splendour of a white crystal." (7:102) "In Bhishma 's division were all

1665-436: The ruler of the Sindhus, viz. Jayadratha ! A great offender, one who hath not acted like a relative, born in a sinful country, the ruler of the Sindhu, slain by me, will sadden his own. Thou shalt behold that ruler of the Sindhus, of sinful behavior, and brought up in every luxury, pierced by me with my shafts!" (7:73) Horses belonging to Sindhu breed were used extensively in the Kurukshetra War . (7:24) "[S]teeds consisting of

1710-565: The scourge of his enemies, standing at the edge of that tank, is the son of Suvala of the race of Ikshwaku . And if, O excellent lady, thou hast ever heard the name of Jayadratha , the king of Sauviras , even he is there at the head of six thousand chariots, with horses and elephants and infantry, and followed by twelve Sauvira princes as his standard-bearers, named Angaraka, Kunjara, Guptaka, Satrunjaya , Srinjaya, Suprabiddha, Prabhankara, Bhramara, Ravi, Sura, Pratapa and Kuhana, all mounted on chariots drawn by chestnut horses. The brothers also of

1755-462: The sons of Dhritarashtra , and also Sala who was a countryman of the Valhikas , and also all those Kshatriyas called Amvastas, and those called Sindhus, and those also that are called Sauviras , and the heroic dwellers of the country of the five rivers." (6:20) "Those warriors that are opposed to Arjuna , viz., the Sauvirakas , the Sindhava-Pauravas, headed by Karna , are regarded as foremost of car-warriors." (7:108) "Many combatants belonging to

1800-411: The sons of Sivi. The neighboring kingdoms of Madra, Kekaya, and Sindhu belonged to Madraka, Kekaya, and Vrsadarbh, the other three sons of Sivi. Jayadratha was the king not only of Sauvira but of Sindhu and other countries as well. (3:265) The warriors of the Sivi , Sauvira and Sindhu tribes were under the command of Jayadratha. (3:269) In section 22 of book 11, Jayadradtha is again mentioned as

1845-464: The story of Vidula who persuaded her son, who was the king of Sauvira but banished by the Sindhu king, to fight against the Sindhus and take back his kingdom from them: "The princess Vidula, one day, rebuked her own son, who, after his defeat by the king of the Sindhus, lay prostrate with heart depressed by despair." (5:133) "It is true, the king of the Sindhus hath many followers. They are, however, all discounted. Rejoice, O son, and make thyself happy in

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1890-421: The ten hairy curls, [...] and fleet as the winds." (3:71) "The river Sindhu (Indus) too is flowing with a current of fresh blood." (3:223) "The seven large rivers including the Sindhu (Indus) though flowing eastwards then flowed in opposite directions. The very directions seemed to be reversed and nothing could be distinguished. Fires blazed up everywhere and the earth trembled repeatedly." (5:84) "The spot where

1935-417: The warriors headed by Saindhava and by the combatants of the East and the Sauviras and the Kekayas, [fought] with great impetuosity. (6:52) "[T]he diverse tribes of the Sauviras, the Vasatis, and the Kshudrakas, and the Malavas, all these, at the command of the royal son of Santanu [Bhishma], quickly approached Kiritin [Arjuna] for battle." (6:59) According to the Bhagavata Purana , another Hindu text,

1980-399: Was an ancient kingdom of the lower Indus Valley mentioned in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist literature and the Hindu epic Mahabharata . It is often mentioned alongside the Sindhu kingdom . Its capital city was Roruka, identified with present-day Aror / Rohri in Sindh , mentioned in the Buddhist literature as a major trading center. According to the Mahabharata, Jayadratha was

2025-427: Was the highly devout and pious king who was famous in all the worlds under the name of Suvira. [...] Suvira too had a son who was invincible in battle, and who was the best of all warriors and known by the name of Sudurjaya. (13:2) King Suvira is also mentioned in Book 1, Section 67 as one of "many heroic kings on earth." King " Ajavindu among the Suviras" is mentioned as an annihilator of his own race. (5:74) In

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