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42-634: The unofficial self-description of "capital city of Kashubia" has long been contested by Kartuzy and Kościerzyna . Located west of Gdańsk (inclusive of all but the easternmost district) and the mouth of the Vistula river, it is inhabited by members of the Kashubian ethnic group. The region is home to the Kashubian Lake District . According to the 1999 basic study Geografia współczesnych Kaszub (Geography of present-day Kashubia) by

84-565: A few. The most famous dance is the Kòséder . The Kashubian language is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup. It was historically considered a dialect of Polish, but is now officially recognized as a regional language and enjoys legal protection as such. In a 2011 census, over 108,000 people in Poland declared that they mainly use Kashubian at home. The population of

126-695: A time and is buried here. In 2010, the Kashubian Unity Day was held here. On March 28, 2010, after the Holy Mass in the fourteenth-century collegiate church, Kashubes in colorful regional costumes with black-and-yellow flags passed through the streets to the Team of Schools No. 2 for Wybicki's Estate where the main celebrations were held. The town was administratively part of the Gdańsk Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998. A coat of arms for Kartuzy

168-465: A yellow background (optionally golden). The colors of the Kashubian flag are taken from the emblem - the upper color is black, and the lower one is yellow (golden). A Kashubian flag with a griffin in the center is also used. If there is an emblem on the flag, then the background is yellow. Embroidery is an important part of Kashubian culture which uses seven colours; three shades of blue representing

210-630: Is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup. In Poland , it has been an officially recognized ethnic-minority language since 2005. Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the only remnant of the Pomeranian language . It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German and the extinct Polabian (West Slavic) and Old Prussian (West Baltic) languages. The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education. Kashubian

252-440: Is a prestige language. Kashubian is closely related to Slovincian , and both of them are dialects of Pomeranian . Many linguists , in Poland and elsewhere, consider it a divergent dialect of Polish . Dialectal diversity is so great within Kashubian that a speaker of southern dialects has considerable difficulty in understanding a speaker of northern dialects. The spelling and the grammar of Polish words written in Kashubian, which

294-488: Is a town in northern Poland , located in the historic Eastern Pomerania ( Pomerelia ) region. It is the capital of Kartuzy County in Pomeranian Voivodeship . Kartuzy is located about 32 kilometres (20 miles) west of Gdańsk and 35 km (22 miles) south-east of the town of Lębork on a plateau at an altitude of approximately 200 metres (656 feet) above sea level in the average. The plateau, which

336-554: Is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by some tribes of Pomeranians called Kashubians , in the region of Pomerania , on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula and Oder rivers. It first began to evolve separately in the period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century as the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began to divide based around important linguistic developments centred in

378-531: Is divided by the Radaune lake, comprises the highest parts of the Baltic Sea Plate . In the west of this lake are the highest points of the headwaters of rivers Łeba , Słupia and Bukowina at an altitude of up to 271 metres (889 feet). A hill in the south of the lake is 331 metres (1,086 feet) high. Kartuzy was established about 1380 as a monastery for Carthusian monks descending from Prague in

420-567: Is higher, around 366,000. All Kashubian speakers are also fluent in Polish. A number of schools in Poland use Kashubian as a teaching language. It is an official alternative language for local administration purposes in Gmina Sierakowice , Gmina Linia , Gmina Parchowo , Gmina Luzino and Gmina Żukowo in the Pomeranian Voivodeship . Most respondents say that Kashubian is used in informal speech among family members and friends. This

462-425: Is most likely because Polish is the official language and spoken in formal settings. During the Kashubian diaspora of 1855–1900, 115,700 Kashubians emigrated to North America , with around 15,000 emigrating to Brazil . Among the Polish community of Renfrew County, Ontario , Kashubian is widely spoken to this day, despite the use of more formal Polish by parish priests. In Winona, Minnesota , which Ramułt termed

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504-517: Is most of its vocabulary, are highly unusual, making it difficult for native Polish speakers to comprehend written text in Kashubian. Like Polish, Kashubian includes about 5% loanwords from German (such as kùńszt "art"). Unlike Polish, these are mostly from Low German and only occasionally from High German . Other sources of loanwords include the Baltic languages . The number of speakers of Kashubian varies widely from source to source. In

546-692: Is the only language in Poland with that status, which was granted by the Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language of the Polish Parliament . The act provides for its use in official contexts in ten communes in which speakers are at least 20% of the population. The recognition means that heavily populated Kashubian localities have been able to have road signs and other amenities with Polish and Kashubian translations on them. Friedrich Lorentz wrote in

588-400: Is used for expressive purposes or is the result of syllable stress. All traces of vowel length can now be seen in vowel alterations. Kashubian features free placement of stress , and in some cases, mobile stress, and in northern dialects, unstressed syllables can result in vowel reduction . An archaic word final stress is preserved in some two-syllable adjectives, adverbs, and regularly in

630-678: The Kingdom of Bohemia , after whom it received its name. The charterhouse was vested with large estates by the State of the Teutonic Order . According to the Second Peace of Thorn the area returned to the Kingdom of Poland in 1466, within which it was administratively part of the Pomeranian Voivodeship in the provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland . The Carthusian monks had the nearby woodlands cleared out, and peasants from

672-523: The Prussian State Railway . At the turn of the 20th century, the town had a Protestant church, a Catholic church and a synagogue. The town was appreciated as a climatic type of health resort. Many pensioners and other retired persons settled down here. According to the census of 1910, Karthuas had a population of 3,699, of which 1,937 (52.4%) were Germans , 1,696 (45.9%) were Kashubians and 50 (1.4%) were Poles . When after World War I

714-692: The SS Wachsturmbann "Eimann" and Einsatzkommando 16 entered the town to carry out mass arrests and massacres of local Poles as part of the Intelligenzaktion Pommern . Around 4,000 Poles from Kartuzy and the county were arrested in September 1939. That same month, many local pre-war Polish activists, as well as railway, post and court employees, were murdered in massacres in the forests in Gmina Somonino and at

756-528: The comparative degree of adverbs, in some infinitives and present and past tense forms, some nouns ending in -ô , in diminutives . ending in -ik / -yk , nouns formed with -c and -k , and some prepositional phrases with pronouns. Stress mobility can be observed in nouns, where in the singular the stress is initial, but in the plural it's on the final syllable of the stem, i.e. k'òlano but kòl'anami , and in some verb forms, i.e. k'ùpi vs kùp'ita . Some dialects have merged ë with e , making

798-466: The "Kashubian Capital of America", Kashubian was regarded as "poor Polish," as opposed to the "good Polish" of the parish priests and teaching sisters. Consequently, Kashubian failed to survive Polonization and died out shortly after the mid-20th century. Important for Kashubian literature was Xążeczka dlo Kaszebov by Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881). Hieronim Derdowski (1852–1902 in Winona, Minnesota )

840-500: The 15th century and include a book of spiritual psalms that were used to introduce Kashubian to the Lutheran church: Throughout the communist period in Poland (1948-1989), Kashubian greatly suffered in education and social status. Kashubian was represented as folklore and prevented from being taught in schools. Following the collapse of communism, attitudes on the status of Kashubian have been gradually changing. It has been included in

882-445: The 2021 census, approximately 87,600 people in Poland declared that they used Kashubian at home, a decrease from over 108,000 in the 2011 census. Of these, only 1,700 reported speaking exclusively in Kashubian within their homes, down from 3,800 in 2011. However, experts caution that changes in census methodology and the socio-political climate may have influenced these results. The number of people who can speak at least some Kashubian

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924-510: The Gdańsk scholar Jan Mordawski 43 municipalities ( gminas ) of the Pomeranian Voivodeship have a Kashubian share of at least one third of the total population: Although there are no legal regulations regarding the use of Kashubian symbols, the griffin , i.e. a mythical animal, derived from antiquity, is considered the emblem and symbol of the Kashubians. The Kashubian griffin is in black on

966-622: The Kartuzy forest. At the end of World War II Kartuzy was captured by the Red Army and afterwards it was restored to Poland. Kartuzy has long been a cultural center of the Kashubians . Since 1947 a Kashubian Museum has featured numerous exhibits connected to Kashubia and its inhabitants. The town has also set up a bust to honor Dr. Aleksander Majkowski , author of The Life and Adventures of Remus , who practiced medicine in Kartuzy for

1008-410: The Kashubian identity of its fanbase. On the occasion of Kashubian Unity Day in 2023 the team played in the colours of the Kashubian flag with a kit incorporating the Kashubian language and patterns inspired by traditional Kashubian embroidery. Kartuzy Kartuzy ( Polish: [karˈtuzɨ] ; Kashubian : Kartuzë , Kartëzë or Kartuzé ; former German : Karthaus )

1050-634: The Wzgórze Wolności, while 10 Polish priests were murdered in the forest near Kartuzy (see: Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland ). Dozens of Poles from Kartuzy, including local officials, teachers, merchants, postmen, restaurateurs, policemen were murdered in October and November 1939 in the nearby forest and in Piaśnica . Poles from the village of Egiertowo were also murdered in

1092-504: The distinction contrastive. Most of this mobility is limited to morphology and stress has largely stabilized in Kashubian. Northern and central dialects show a much more limited mobility, as northern dialects show stabilization on initial stress, and central shows constant distance between the stressed syllable and the initial syllable of the word. Proclitics such as prepositions, pronouns, and grammatical particles such as nié may take initial stress. Eastern groups place accents on

1134-866: The early 20th century that there were three main Kashubian dialects. These include the Other researches would argue that each tiny region of the Kaszuby has its own dialect, as in Dialects and Slang of Poland : The phonological system of the Kashubian language is similar in many ways to those of other Slavic languages . It is famous for Kaszëbienié (Kashubization) and has a large vowel inventory, with 9 oral vowels and 2 nasal vowels. Friedrich Lorentz argued that northern dialects had contrastive vowel length, but later studies showed that any phonemic length distinctions had disappeared by 1900. Any other vowel length

1176-575: The football team Nörda Karwia which incorporates the Kashubian language into its club name. Supporters of the football club Arka Gdynia regularly express their Kashubian identity with the chant " Arka Gdynia Kaszëbë! " In 2010, during the Tricity Derby at the MOSiR stadium, ultras of Arka Gdynia unveiled a new banner displaying the moniker Kaszëbë , which was to become one of the fans most recognisable banners. The club has since capitalised on

1218-538: The most commonly translated Kashubian authors of the 20th century. A considerable body of Christian literature has been translated into Kashubian, including the New Testament , much of it by Adam Ryszard Sikora ( OFM ). Franciszek Grucza graduated from a Catholic seminary in Pelplin . He was the first priest to introduce Catholic liturgy in Kashubian. The earliest recorded artifacts of Kashubian date back to

1260-569: The neighbouring Duchy of Pomerania were encouraged to settle and farm in the newly cleared areas. During the course of the Protestant Reformation Kartuzy and its surrounding area were incorporated into the possessions of Cistercian Oliwa Abbey in 1565. The area was annexed by Prussia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. The Prussian government finally dissolved the monastery in 1826. Around that time

1302-592: The paper Zrzësz Kaszëbskô as part of the Zrzëszincë group. The group contributed significantly to the development of the Kashubian literary language. The earliest printed documents in Polish with Kashubian elements date from the end of the 16th century. The modern orthography was first proposed in 1879. Many scholars and linguists debate whether Kashubian should be recognized as a Polish dialect or separate language. In terms of historical development Lechitic West Slavic language , but in terms of modern influence Polish

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1344-477: The penultimate syllable. The difference between southern and northern dialects dates as far back as the 14th—15th century and is the result of changes to the Proto-Slavic vowel length system . Kashubian has simple consonants with a secondary articulation along with complex ones with secondary articulation. Kashubian features the same system of voicing assimilation as standard Polish . German has been

1386-561: The program of school education in Kashubia although not as a language of teaching or as a required subject for every child, but as a foreign language taught 3 hours per week at parents' explicit request. Since 1991, it is estimated that there have been around 17,000 students in over 400 schools who have learned Kashubian. Kashubian has some limited usage on public radio and had on public television. Since 2005, Kashubian has enjoyed legal protection in Poland as an official regional language . It

1428-759: The region, like the majority of Poland, is predominantly Catholic . Important regional Catholic sites include the Wejherowo Calvary in Wejherowo , and the Church of the Assumption within the former Carthusian monastery in Kartuzy . The ethnolinguistic identity of Kashubia is often reflected in the names of the region's sports associations such as Cassubian Bolszewo , Kaszubia Kościerzyna , Kaszuby Połchowo , Kaszubia Starzyno , Kaszubia Studzienice , and

1470-419: The region. Mushrooms are also a part of Kashubia's wide variety of dishes. Kashubia has a wide variety of music ; Zemia Rodnô is widely considered to be the anthem of Kashubia. The most recognised Kashubian song is Kaszëbsczé nótë , a traditional song that is the most recognisable part of Kashubian folklore . Dances are also a noticeable part of Kashubian culture, which are moderately energetic, except for

1512-621: The regulations of the Treaty of Versailles became effective in 1920, Kartuzy was reintegrated into the re-established Polish Republic where it was the seat of the Kartuzy County within the Pomeranian Voivodeship and in 1923 it was granted town rights . After the invasion of Poland , which started World War II , Kartuzy was occupied by Germany , where it was administered as part of the newly formed province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia , Regierungsbezirk Danzig. In mid-September 1939

1554-762: The settlement was fairly insignificant. It began to play a greater economic role after 1841 when the lands of the monastery were parcelled out. From 1871 to 1920 it was also part of the German Empire and belonged to the Karthaus district in Regierungsbezirk Danzig in the Prussian Province of West Prussia . In 1894, Kartuzy, then officially Karthaus , was connected to the Praust ( Pruszcz Gdański )-Lauenburg ( Lębork ) railway line of

1596-453: The sky, the lakes and Baltic Sea , green representing the meadows and forests, yellow representing the sun, red representing the peoples' love for the region, and the black representing the hard work of the Kashubians. Its origins date back to the early 13th century. Kashubian cuisine is mostly based on fish and meat . Grain is also widely used within Kashubian dishes. Herring are the most widely used fish due to their high numbers in

1638-576: The source for most loanwords in Kashubian, with an estimated 5% of the vocabulary, as opposed to 3% in Polish. Kashubian, like other Slavic languages, has a rich system of derivational morphology, with prefixes, suffixes, deverbals, compounds, among others. [œ], [ø] (northern dialects) The following digraphs and trigraphs are used: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kashubian: Article 1 of

1680-467: The western (Kashubian) part of the area. In the 19th century Florian Ceynowa became Kashubian's first known activist. He undertook tremendous efforts to awaken Kashubian self-identity through the establishment of Kashubian language, customs, and traditions. He felt strongly that Poles were born brothers and that Kashubia was a separate nation. The Young Kashubian movement followed in 1912, led by author and doctor Aleksander Majkowski , who wrote for

1722-444: Was another significant author who wrote in Kashubian, as was Aleksander Majkowski (1876–1938) from Kościerzyna , who wrote the Kashubian national epic The Life and Adventures of Remus . Jan Trepczyk was a poet who wrote in Kashubian, as was Stanisław Pestka . Kashubian literature has been translated into Czech , Polish , English , German , Belarusian , Slovene and Finnish . Aleksander Majkowski and Alojzy Nagel belong to

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1764-447: Was designed by Dr. Aleksander Majkowski and accepted by the city council on January 31, 1923. The coat of arms depicts a black Kashubian Griffin and seven silver stars on a blue background. The local football club is Cartusia Kartuzy , founded in 1923. It competes in the lower leagues. Kartuzy is twinned with: Kashubian language Kashubian or Cassubian ( endonym : kaszëbsczi jãzëk ; Polish : język kaszubski )

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