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34-470: The Kashubian Lake District, according to the division made by Konradzki has an area of about 3000 km km. To the north, the mesoregion borders with the ice-marginal valley of the river Reda and the river Łeba ; which separates the lake district away from the Żarnowiecka Upland, and the Damniacka Upland. From the east (the area of Gdańsk and Gdynia ), the lake district is bordered by

68-821: A canal built in the 14th century by Teutonic Knights , to provide water and power to operate the Great Mill . Its source is Lake Stężyckie near Stężyca . Near Krępiec , the Radunia joins the Motława, a tributary to the Vistula in Gdańsk. The length of the Radunia is 103,2 km, area 837 km², with a height difference of 162 m. Places along the river are Żukowo and Pruszcz Gdański , with 22,000 inhabitants. From 1910 to 1937, eight water power stations were built, delivering 14 MW in total. This article related to

102-438: A few to a few dozen metres high. The bottom and the edges of an Urstromtal may have been significantly altered by more recent processes, especially the thawing of dead ice blocks or the accumulation of sand dunes . In the post-glacial period , many Urstromtäler became bogs due to their low lying situation and the high water table. In Central Europe , there are several Urstromtäler from various periods. Some sections of

136-525: A large amount tourism started developing intensively, allowing the region to become a rich region, particularly in the Kartuzy region – the poorest district was the Gdańsk region. In the 1970s, Gdańsk and Gdynia 's city limits had expanded into the region. After the political transformation, tourist movements had diminished, additionally a large quantity of big industrial plants had closed down – impoverishing

170-461: A period of battles had enrolled over Pomerania, causing losses in the economy in areas of the lake district. Gdańsk however caused the region to be dominated by agriculture, which was centered around the north-east of the mesoregion. After the Middle Ages kept changing owners, which had a big impact on development of the region. The temporary detachment from Poland and from Germany caused

204-520: Is dominating (Fraxinus exelsior), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and alder trees (Alnus incana and Alnus glutinosa). Among coniferous trees, the dominating is the Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and the Norwegian spruce (Picea excelsa), in addition, the last of these kinds appearing in the region outside their natural range, mainly coming from fixing made by man. Forests are covering mainly terrain which

238-603: Is similar to that of the great Urstromtäler , but they are considerably shorter. They are also not linked to a sandur and a terminal moraine . Urstromtäler of Central Europe (Poland, Germany and Denmark especially) were directly connected to the North Atlantic Ocean, via the Channel River , during Pleistocene maximum glaciations, i.e. at times of confluence of the British and Fennoscandian ice-sheets in

272-688: Is too difficult for farming, for example: hills, river valleys and places in which the soil is too weak for farming. Important plants of the Kashubian Lake District are Ranunculus cassubicus and Vicia cassubica - Kashubian vetch. The oldest signs of mankind in the Kashubian Lake District originate from the older Stone Age . In the Kashubian region, the Sorbian culture settled in the Bronze Age . Many other cultures turned up in

306-498: The Pomeranian Lake District. There are many meteorological stations found in the Kashubian Lake District. Unfortunately the costs limit the meteorological stations to local changes in temperature, pressure, the wind speed, and similar parameters. The whole of the knowledge about the climate in the Kashubian Lake District comes from field research and meteorological stations found in health resorts. Additionally,

340-811: The Urstromtäler between the rivers were used for canal routes due to their low gradient, for example for the Elbe–Havel Canal or the Oder–Havel Canal . Because the land in North America and on the Russian Plain tilts towards the south, the formation of Urstromtäler there during the ice age did not take place. The Mississippi River and its tributaries carried the meltwaters of the North American ice sheet away. In Eastern Europe

374-575: The glacial series . The term is German and means "ancient stream valley". Although often translated as "glacial valley", it should not be confused with a valley carved out by a glacier. More accurately some sources call them "meltwater valleys" or "ice-marginal valleys". Important for the emergence of the Urstromtäler is the fact that the general lie of the land on the North German Plain and in Poland slopes down from south to north. Thus

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408-524: The Environment , the Kashubian Lake District lies, as a whole, in the region of the Lower Vistula , and so its waters are subject to RZGW in Gdańsk . In the Kashubian Lake District, there are over 500 lakes, the relation of the surface area of natural bodies of water, to the surface area of their drainage basin, is 3.5% of the mesoregion. The majority of lakes are of postglacial origin. Most of

442-826: The Kashubian Coast. Beyond, the region borders with the Starogradzkie Lake District, from the south-east, the region is bordered by the Tucholski Forest. The western border is closed in by the Polanowska Upland. The Kashubian Lake District is located in the following powiats : Gdańsk , Gdynia , Bytów , Gdańsk , Kartuzy , Kościerzyna , Lębork , Słupsk , Starogard , Tczew , and Wejherowo . The northern and eastern borders are very clear, and in physiographical terms in this part of Poland are identical. The rest, meaning

476-566: The Kashubian Lake District has a large variability in weather, which is quite characteristic feature to the region. The temperature in January, in the centre of the mesoregion is lower than on its edges – particularly in the Tricity , where the amount in temperature change is about 2.5 °C ; similarly in July, however the difference is smaller, scarcely differentiating about 1 °C. Additionally,

510-585: The Lake Ostrzycki there are three described types of the Kashubian variety of stenothermic beech wood. The forests in the region are dense. The dominating species of trees, is the European beech (Fagus silvatica), oaks (Quercus robur and Quercus sessilis), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and small leaved lime (Tilia cordata). In places, there are riparian species forests in which the lofty ash tree

544-715: The aforementioned main valleys have been given their own names. The Lusatian Urstromtal and the Aller Urstromtal are parts of the Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen Urstromtal . The Baruth, Berlin and Eberswalde Urstromtäler are common short names for the associated sections of the Urstromtal in Brandenburg . In addition to the large main valleys there are also numerous smaller meltwater valleys ( Urstromtalungen ). Their appearance

578-559: The axis E-W. Both the arrangements of postglacial channel-type lakes and the waterway network have a similar arrangement to radial, reflecting arrangement of gashes of a domed structure area, with the direction however dominating the axis NNE-SWW. The depths of postglacial channel lakes in the Kashubian Lake District are achieving a depth between 20–40 metres and the width with an average from 200 up to 1500 metres (on average about 600 metres). The length of single funnel-like lakes fluctuates from 1 km up to 24 km. The inclinations of

612-464: The development of the region's own culture and the language , however Kashubians didn't create their own state. In the interwar period, the region belonged to Poland however the residents of the Kashubian Lake District (Kashubians), tied quite firmly, mentally and economically, to then the Free City of Gdańsk , having articles of association with the free city . Additionally, the western part of

646-635: The following years, more or less related to themselves, mainly inhabiting the northern part of the region. Being grouped mainly in the vicinity of bodies of water. In the early Middle Ages, the lake district and neighbouring regions were ruled by the Duchy of Pomerania , which in 1294 as a result of the Union in Kępno joined to the Kingdom of Poland . Areas of the lake district became in close vicinity of Gdańsk . Later

680-625: The ice sheet that advanced from Scandinavia flowed into a rising terrain. The meltwaters could therefore only flow for a short distance southwards over the sandurs (outwash plains) before having to find a way to the North Sea basin that was parallel to the ice margin. At that time, the area that is now the North Sea was dry as a result of the low level of the sea. As elements of the glacial series, Urstromtäler are intermeshed with sandur areas for long stretches along their northern perimeters. It

714-492: The intervening North Sea. Urstromtäler should not be confused with tunnel valleys . The latter are formed beneath, not in front of, the ice mass. In addition most tunnel valleys run from north to south. The principal direction of Urstromtäler is from east to west. Today Urstromtäler are only partly used by rivers, because the majority have found shorter routes to the sea (like the Oder and Vistula ). The straight troughs of

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748-604: The lakes are postglacial channel lakes. The flowing rivers through mesoregion, split up the region on all sides, they are all in the drainage basin of the Baltic Sea . The mesoregion is able to be split in the following river basins: Radunia Reda , Łeba , Motława , Wierzyca , Słupia , and Łupawa . In the division made by Augustowski, and by Kondracki, this region still includes the Wda and Brda river, which do not belong to mesoregion. The Kashubian Lake District belongs to

782-743: The length of the vegetation period is about 5–10 days shorter than in neighbouring regions. In terms of geo-botanical classification, the Kashubian Lake District is part of the Pomeranian Lake District in composition with the Kartuski Region. The afforestation rate of the lake district of the Kashubian is quite significant in the comparison to neighbouring mesoregions; apart from the Tuchola Forest. Similarly as in other mesoregions of north-western Poland, lowland beech woods are universal in Pomeranian varieties – fertile and sour; and by

816-612: The meltwaters flowed down the river basins of the Dnieper , Don and Volga . Urstromtäler , whether sandy or boggy, posed considerable obstacles to movement in the Middle Ages . As a result, the trade routes converged on points where the valley could be crossed comparatively easily. These hubs thus became favourite sites for the founding of towns or castles. Examples from the German state of Brandenburg include Berlin , Fürstenwalde , Luckenwalde and Baruth/Mark , and from Lower Saxony

850-401: The mesoregion, which at that time was part of Germany , caused economic problems for the citizens which could not freely travel across the border. The region as also impoverished, as there was no other income to the region other than agriculture . A railway line linking the region to Gdynia was built, the city's station had direct railway connections to the mining region of Silesia . However,

884-469: The population; causing an increase of the population to come back to agriculture . When Poland had entered the European Union , this caused both financial benefits (EU funds for the development of the region) as well as an increase in the cultural diversity in the region, as many Kashubian institutions, and the Kashubian language was declared an official language – which was not possible during

918-493: The relief of the land is the accumulated erosion caused by the rivers. The moraine uplands dominate the landscape of the mesoregion. The layout of moraines forms homocentric ellipses in the land. The longer pivot of these ellipses agrees more or less with the axis NEE-SWW. However, this isn't an absolute rule for the region, as for example, the ellipses lying in the centre of the Szymbarskie Upland are oriented on

952-517: The slopes reach in places up to 40 °. Single funnel-like lakes often link with river systems e.g. Raduńskie Lakes. A similar formation, found in the Tuchola Forest according to the division of Kondracki, is that of the Wdzydze Lake ; on that account included by some researchers, like that of Augustowski to the Kashubian Lake District. According to the regionalisation drawn up by the Ministry of

986-399: The structure of this line caused not only a momentary fall in unemployment but had successfully also created chances for the development of this area, also developing tourism. After 1945, Gdańsk was incorporated into Poland . Additionally, in a quite rapid pace a shipbuilding industry started growing, this caused many people to migrate from the region and into the Tricity . In the 1960s,

1020-484: The terrain. In some places (Szymbarskie Uplands), some of the undulations have heights up to 80 metres. The differences between the lowest and highest peak is 160 metres. The relief of the Kashubian Lake District was caused by several factors: the Scandinavian ice sheet , and river-glacial forms, causing U-shaped valleys . This has caused the region to be labelled a glacial region . Another factor contributing to

1054-568: The times of the Polish People's Republic . Ice-marginal valley An urstromtal (plural: Urstromtäler ) is a type of broad glacial valley , for example, in northern Central Europe , that appeared during the ice ages , or individual glacial periods of an ice age, at the edge of the Scandinavian ice sheet and was formed by meltwaters that flowed more or less parallel to the ice margin. Urstromtäler are an element of

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1088-532: The town of Vorsfelde and Wolfsburg Castle . Radunia The Radunia ( German : Radaune ; Kashubian : Reduniô ) is a small river in Kashubia ( Pomerelia ) in northern Poland , which issues from a lake and falls into the Motława near the city of Gdańsk . Part of its water is conveyed into the city via the 13.5 km long Radunia Canal ( Kanał Raduni (pl) / Radaunekanal (de) ) or New Radaune ,

1122-522: The western and southern borders, and the new border of south-east, according to J. Konradzki, have the border less geographically separated due to the lack of geographical features. The terrain relief of the Kashubian Lake district is undulated, especially in the surrounding of the Kartuzy . The relief is much more stronger in the other mesoregions of the voivodeship , sometimes closely resembling an upland relief, where there are deequalisations of

1156-524: Was over these outwash plains that the meltwaters poured into them. Urstromtäler are relatively uniformly composed of sands and gravels ; the grain size can vary considerably, however. Fine sand dominates especially in the upper sections of the Urstromtal sediments. The thickness of the Urstromtal sediments also varies a great deal, but is mostly well over ten metres. Urstromtäler have wide and very flat valley bottoms that are between 1.5 and 20 kilometres wide. The valley sides, by contrast are only

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