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49-629: The Ket ( Кеть ), also known in its upper reaches as the Bolshaya Ket ( Большая Кеть ) is a west-flowing river in the Krasnoyarsk Krai and Tomsk Oblast in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob . The Ket has a length of 1,621 kilometres (1,007 mi) and a drainage basin of 94,200 square kilometres (36,400 sq mi). It freezes up in late October or early November and stays under

98-578: A desert , or so called polar desert ), averaging 166 millimetres (6.5 in) of precipitation per year, as weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent. Summits of most mountains also have polar climates, despite being in lower latitudes, due to their high elevations. All mountains of the Rocky Mountains , Alps , and the Caucasus have tundra climate. Some mountains of the Andes ,

147-543: A desirable location for energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum plants. Krasnoyarsk Krai consists of forty-four districts and sixteen towns of district significance . Two of the districts (Evenkiysky and Taymyrsky; the former autonomous okrugs ) have special status. Population (including former Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs ): 2,856,971 ( 2021 Census ) ; 2,828,187 ( 2010 Census ) ; 3,023,525 ( 2002 Census ) ; 3,596,260 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Ethnic groups : The population of

196-837: A large number of islands off the krai's coast, the most prominent of which are (from west to east) Sibiryakov Island , Nosok Island, Dikson Island , Vern Island, Brekhovskiye Island (in the Yenisei Gulf ), Krestovskiy Island, the Kamennye Islands , the Zveroboy Islands , the Labyrintovye Islands , the Plavnikovye Islands , Kolosovykh Island , the Mona Islands , Rykacheva Island, Gavrilova Island, Belukha and Prodolgovatyy Islands,

245-512: A polar climate. Climatologist Wladimir Köppen demonstrated a relationship between the Arctic and Antarctic tree lines and the 10 °C (50 °F) summer isotherm; i.e., places where the average temperature in the warmest calendar month of the year is below the fixed threshold of 10 °C (50 °F) cannot support forests. See Köppen climate classification for more information. Otto Nordenskjöld theorized that winter conditions also play

294-455: A role: His formula is W = 9 − 0.1 C , where W is the average temperature in the warmest month and C the average of the coldest month, both in degrees Celsius. For example, if a particular location had an average temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in its coldest month, the warmest month would need to average 11 °C (52 °F) or higher for trees to be able to survive there as 9 − 0.1(−20) = 11 . Nordenskiöld's line tends to run to

343-605: Is almost surrounded by landmasses like Russia and Canada . As such, the climate of much of the Arctic is moderated by the ocean water, which can never have a temperature below −2 °C (28 °F). In winter, this relatively warm water, even though covered by the polar ice pack , keeps the North Pole from being the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere , and it is also part of the reason that Antarctica

392-521: Is identified with the letter E in the Köppen climate classification . There are two types of polar climate: ET , or tundra climate ; and EF , or ice cap climate . A tundra climate is characterized by having at least one month whose average temperature is above 0 °C (32 °F), while an ice cap climate has no months averaging above 0 °C (32 °F). In a tundra climate, even coniferous trees cannot grow, but other specialized plants such as

441-548: Is now the krai in 1897–1900 and 1903, respectively. In Stalin's era, numerous Gulag camps were located in the region. On June 30, 1908, in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River , there occurred a powerful explosion most likely to have been caused by the air burst of a large meteoroid or comet fragment at an altitude of 5–10 kilometers (3.1–6.2 miles) above the Earth's surface. The force of

490-432: Is so much colder than the Arctic. In summer, the presence of the nearby water keeps coastal areas from warming as much as they might otherwise, just as it does in temperate regions with maritime climates . The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on Earth. Antarctica has the lowest naturally occurring temperature ever recorded: −93.3 °C (−135.9 °F) at Vostok Station . It is also extremely dry (technically

539-438: Is strongly continental with large temperature variations during the year. Long winters and short, hot summers are characteristic for the central and southern regions where most of the krai's population lives. The territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai experiences conditions of three climate belts: arctic , subarctic , and humid continental . In the north there are less than 40 days with temperature above 10 °C (50 °F), while in

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588-546: Is the site of the Siberian Federal University , one of Russia's four largest educational institutions. Other notable higher education institutes of the krai are: Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет. Постановление от 7 декабря 1934 г. «О разукрупнении Западносибирского и Восточносибирского краёв и образовании новых областей в Сибири». ( All-Russian Central Executive Committee . Resolution of December 7, 1934 On

637-621: The Arkticheskiy Institut Islands , the Kirov Islands , Uyedineniya Island , Voronina Island , Severnaya Zemlya (the largest group), and Ushakov Island . The highest point of the krai is Grandiozny Peak in the Eastern Sayan Mountains at an elevation of 2,922 meters (9,587 ft). In the south there is a Ergaki Nature Park which is a protected area of Krasnoyarsk Krai. It contains

686-643: The Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai where he remains in the role today. Krasnoyarsk Krai is represented in the Federation Council of Russia , the upper house of the Russian parliament by two senators. In 2007, eight deputies were elected to the State Duma from Krasnoyarsk regional lists of different political parties . Over 95% of the cities, a majority of the industrial enterprises, and all of

735-896: The Nordenskiöld Archipelago , the Firnley Islands , the Heiberg Islands , Starokadomsky Island , Maly Taymyr Island , the Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands , the Faddey Islands , and the Saint Peter Islands . There are also a number of islands further out that fall under the administration of Krasnoyarsk Krai – the most prominent being Bolshoy Island, Sverdrup Island , the Izvestiy TSIK Islands ,

784-888: The Saint Elias Mountains , and most mountains of the Himalayas , the Karakoram , the Hindu Kush Range , Pamir Mountains , the Tian Shan Mountains , and the Alaska Range also have ice cap climates at extremely high elevations, in addition to tundra climates at relatively lower elevations. Only the summit of Mount Rainier has an ice cap climate in the Cascade Range . There have been several attempts at quantifying what constitutes

833-1056: The Sayan Mountains in the south along the Yenisei River to the Taymyr Peninsula in the north. It borders (counting clockwise from the sea) the Sakha Republic , Irkutsk , the Tuva Republic , the Republic of Khakassia , Kemerovo , Tomsk , Tyumen Oblasts , the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Kara Sea and Laptev Sea of the Arctic Ocean in

882-770: The Scythian culture in Krasnoyarsk Krai belong to the 7th century BC and are some of the oldest in Eurasia . A prince's grave, the Kurgan Arshan, discovered in 2001, is also located in the krai. Russian settlement of the area (mostly by Cossacks ) began in the 17th century. After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway the Russian colonization of the area strongly increased. In 1822,

931-618: The South Shetland Islands and the Falkland Islands have tundra climates of slight temperature range in which no month is as warm as 10 °C (50 °F). These subantarctic lowlands are found closer to the equator than the coastal tundras of the Arctic basin. Summits of many mountains of Earth also have polar climates, due to their higher elevations. Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice ( sea ice , glacial ice , or snow ) year-round, especially at

980-634: The Yeniseysk Governorate was created with Krasnoyarsk as its administrative center that covered territory very similar to that of the current krai. During both the Tsarist and the Soviet times, the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai was used as a place of exile of political enemies, actual or alleged. The first leaders of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin , were exiled to what

1029-407: The equator and near the poles , and in this case, winter days are extremely short and summer days are extremely long (they could last for the entirety of each season or longer). A polar climate consists of cool summers and very cold winters (or, in the case of ice cap climates, no real summer at all), which results in treeless tundras , glaciers , or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice . It

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1078-701: The 58th parallel to extensive discontinuous around the 60th parallel and continuous north of the 63rd parallel . The coastline contains several prominent peninsulas – from west to east the main ones are the Minina Peninsula , Mikhailov Peninsula , the Taymyr Peninsula (by far the largest, and itself containing the Zarya Peninsula, Oskara Peninsula and Chelyuskin Peninsula ) and the Khara-Tumus Peninsula. There are also

1127-476: The Antarctic under Köppen's. In 1947, Holdridge improved on these schemes , by defining biotemperature : the mean annual temperature, where all temperatures below 0 °C or 32 °F (and above 30 °C or 86 °F) are treated as 0 °C (because it makes no difference to plant life, being dormant). If the mean biotemperature is between 1.5 and 3 °C (34.7 and 37.4 °F), Holdridge quantifies

1176-762: The Ob in 1602 and another at Makovsk near the head of navigation in 1618. Makovsk was also called Makarskoi Fort or Makovskaya Pristan (Makovsk Landing). The portage east to Yeniseysk , one of the longest portages in Siberia, was called the Makarskoi Portage. When John Bell sailed down the Ket in August 1722 he compared it to the River Styx . He complained about the crookedness, sandbars, mosquitos, lack of inhabitants and

1225-564: The Subdivision of West Siberian and East Siberian Krais and on the Establishment of New Oblasts in Siberia . ). Polar climate The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers but with varying winters . Every month a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F). Regions with a polar climate cover more than 20% of the Earth's area. Most of these regions are far from

1274-603: The Western Sayan Mountains. The park was established in 2005 and it covers an area of 342,873 ha (847,260 acres). It is bordered by the Yenisei highway. According to archaeologists, the first people reached Siberia circa 40,000 BC . The Andronovo culture , a group of Bronze Age peoples, lived in the area around 2000–900 BC, the remains of which were discovered in 1914 near the village of Andronovo, Uzhursky District . The grave-mounds and monuments of

1323-409: The agriculture are concentrated in the south of the krai. The krai is among the richest of Russia's regions in natural resources: 80% of the country's nickel , 75% of its cobalt , 70% of its copper , 16% of its coal , and 10% of its gold are extracted here. Krasnoyarsk also produces 20% of the country's timber . More than 95% of Russian resources of platinum and platinoids are concentrated in

1372-423: The arctic poppy can grow. In an ice cap climate, no plants can grow, and ice gradually accumulates until it flows or slides elsewhere. Many high altitude locations on Earth have a climate where no month has an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate . Alpine climate can mimic either tundra or ice cap climate. On Earth,

1421-461: The explosion is estimated to be about 10–15 megatons. It flattened more than 2,000 square kilometers (490,000 acres) of pine forest and killed thousands of reindeer. Krasnoyarsk Krai was created in 1934 after disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian Krais and later included Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs and Khakas Autonomous Oblast . In 1991, Khakassia separated from

1470-556: The extreme northeastern coast of Scandinavia and eastwards to the Bering Strait , large areas of northern Siberia and northern Iceland have tundra climate as well. Large areas in northern Canada and northern Alaska have tundra climate, changing to ice cap climate in the most northern parts of Canada. Southernmost Argentina ( Tierra del Fuego where it abuts the Drake Passage ) and such subantarctic islands such as

1519-644: The foothills of the Sayan Mountains). Snow covers the central regions of the krai from early November until late March. The peaks of the Sayan Mountains higher than 2,400–2,600 metres (7,900–8,500 ft) and those of the Putorana Plateau higher than 1,000–1,300 metres (3,300–4,300 ft) are covered with permanent snow. Permafrost is absent at low altitudes south of Lesosibirsk , but as one moves north it grades from sporadic around

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1568-672: The fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The legislative assembly consists of 52 deputies. 22 of them are elected in 22 one-mandate electoral districts by plurality system , 2 in Taymyr, 2 in Evenkia, and 26 are elected by proportional system from

1617-617: The greater part of the year – proved uncompetitive with the Trans-Siberian Railway , and was abandoned around 1921. This article includes content derived from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 1969–1978, which is partially in the public domain . Krasnoyarsk Krai The krai lies in the middle of Siberia , and occupies nearly half of the Siberian Federal District , almost splitting it in half, stretching 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) from

1666-564: The ice until late April or early May. Its main tributaries are the Sochur, Orlovka and Lisitsa from the right, Malaya Ket, Mendel, Yelovaya , and Chachamga from the left. The Ket once served as one of the main river routes in Siberia. A portage near its headwaters allowed one to cross from the Ob River basin to the Yenisei basin. The Russians established a fort at Ketsk a few miles above

1715-496: The krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . In December 1991, president Boris Yeltsin appointed Arkady Veprev as the first governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In January 1993 Yeltsin appointed Valery Zubov as the second governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In Krasnoyarsk Territory governor elections were called. Zubov was elected in a universal election for a five-year term. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai

1764-554: The krai and became a republic within the Russian Federation. On January 1, 2007, following a referendum on the issue held on April 17, 2005, the territories of Evenk and Taymyr Autonomous Okrugs were merged into the krai. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the krai was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Krasnoyarsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had

1813-428: The krai mostly consists of Russians , and some other peoples of the former Soviet Union . The indigenous Siberian peoples make up no more than 1% of the population. The 2021 Census reported the following ethnic composition: Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.43 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 68.35 years (male — 63.56, female — 73.13) As per

1862-404: The krai. The krai's major industries are: non-ferrous metallurgy , energy, forestry, chemicals, and oil refining. The major financial-industrial groups of Krasnoyarsk Krai are: The two most powerful hydroelectric plants in Russia are at the Yenisei River : Three are at its tributary Angara River : It makes Krasnoyarsk Krai one of Russia's most important producers of electric energy and

1911-490: The legislative assembly elected Khloponin for the second term. In 2010, after Khloponin was promoted to the office of the president's envoy in the North Caucasian Federal District , Lev Kuznetsov , a businessman and politician from Khloponin's circle, became the new governor of the krai. After Kuznetsov, Viktor Tolokonsky became Governor September 2017. After Tolokonsky, Aleksandr Uss became

1960-539: The lists offered by political parties. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of

2009-570: The most authority), the chairman of the krai Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the krai Executive Committee (executive power). Since the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the demise of the CPSU , the head of the krai administration, and eventually the governor has been appointed or elected alongside the elected regional parliament . The Charter of Krasnoyarsk Krai is

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2058-508: The most poleward parts; and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice or snow on the surface. Average January temperatures range from about −40 to 0 °C (−40 to 32 °F), and winter temperatures can drop below −50 °C (−58 °F) over large parts of the Arctic. Average July temperatures range from about −10 to 10 °C (14 to 50 °F), with some land areas occasionally exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. The Arctic consists of ocean that

2107-400: The north of Köppen's near the west coasts of the Northern Hemisphere continents, south of it in the interior sections, and at about the same latitude along the east coasts of both Asia and North America. In the Southern Hemisphere, all of Tierra del Fuego lies outside the polar region in Nordenskiöld's system, but part of the island (including Ushuaia , Argentina ) is reckoned as being within

2156-565: The north. The krai is located in the basin of the Arctic Ocean ; a great number of rivers that flow through the krai drain into it eventually. The main rivers of the krai are the Yenisei, and its tributaries (from south to north): the Kan , the Angara , the Podkamennaya Tunguska , the Nizhnyaya Tunguska and the Tanama . There are also several thousand lakes in the krai. The largest lakes include Beloye, Belyo, Glubokoye , Itat, Khantayskoye , Labas, Lama , Pyasina, Taymyr , and Yessey . The rivers and lakes are rich in fish. The climate

2205-427: The only continent where the ice cap polar climate is predominant is Antarctica . All but a few isolated coastal areas on the island of Greenland also have the ice cap climate. Summits of many high mountains also have ice cap climate due to their high elevation. Coastal regions of Greenland that do not have permanent ice sheets have the less extreme tundra climates. The northernmost part of the Eurasian land mass, from

2254-465: The south there are 110–120 such days. The average temperature in January is −36 °C (−32.8 °F) in the north and −18 °C (−0.4 °F) in the south. The average temperature in July is 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F) in the north – where the most poleward tree line in the world is found at Ary-Mas – and +20 °C (68 °F) in the south. The annual precipitation is 316 millimeters (12.4 in) (up to 1,200 millimeters (47 in) in

2303-485: The survey conducted in 2012, 29.6% of the population of Krasnoyarsk Krai adhered to the Russian Orthodox Church , 5% declared to be a nondenominational Christian (excluding Protestant churches), 2% belonged to a different Orthodox churches , 1.5% was Muslim , 1% followed the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 10.9% did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 35% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious" and 15% to be atheist . Krasnoyarsk

2352-403: The tall trees and brambles on both sides which made it gloomy. His voyage from Makovsk to the Ob took 25 days. In the late 19th-century the Ket–Kas Canal connected the Ket with the Greater Kas River which flows into the Yenisei. This project made the Ket a part of a waterway system connecting the Ob River basin with the Yenisei. But the canal – shallow, long, inconveniently located, and frozen for

2401-420: Was created as well. In 1998, Zubov lost in the gubernatorial election to General Aleksandr Lebed , a well-known politician in all of Russia. In 2002 Lebed died in a helicopter accident. In 2002, Alexander Khloponin , the governor of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug and an influential businessman, was elected a governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In 2007, he was nominated by president Vladimir Putin for re-election, and

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