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42-541: Keams Canyon ( Hopi : Pongsikya or Pongsikvi ; Navajo : Lókʼaaʼdeeshjin ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Navajo County , Arizona , United States, on the Hopi Reservation . The population was 304 at the 2010 census . Pongsikya is a narrow box canyon that is named after a plant of edible greens that survived along the seasonal stream that drains from Antelope Mesa and flows through

84-461: A / . Similarly to the velar stops, Hopi has a fronted dorsal nasal and a backed dorsal nasal represented as ⟨ngy⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ , respectively. The fronted nasal is palatal [ ɲ ] . The backed nasal is described as velar ŋ in Third Mesa speech and thus forms a "neutral" series with "neutral" k . In Mishongnovi speech, Whorf describes the backed nasal as having

126-771: A Tanoan language for over 300 years since the Arizona Tewa , who speak Tewa , moved from the Galisteo Basin following the Pueblo Revolt to reside on First Mesa. The Arizona Tewa have traditionally acted as translators for the Hopi-speaking Tewa, Hopi, Navajo, Spanish, and English. The Hopi had cursory contact with Spanish beginning with the explorers in 1540. In 1629 a small group of Franciscan missionaries started arriving in Hopi territory, building

168-828: A church the following year. They remained there until 1680 when the Pueblo Revolt occurred and the Hopi expelled the Spanish from the region. Both the practices of the Spanish when there, and the stories of negative experiences of Puebloan refugees from the Rio Grande region, contributed to a Hopi attitude where acculturation was resisted or rejected. A number of studies have focused on loanwords borrowed into Hopi from other languages. There are six basic vowels in Hopi: /ø/ descends from Proto-Uto-Aztecan *o, while Hopi /o/ descends from *u. Hopi dialects differ in their number of consonants. Below are two separate inventories of

210-789: A group, the Hopi Literacy Project, has focused its attention on promoting the language. As of 2013, "a pilot language revitalization project, the Hopi Lavayi Nest Model Program, for families with children birth through 5," is being planned for the village of Sipaulovi . In 2004, Mesa Media, a nonprofit organization, was created to help revitalize the language. Since 2019, more recent Hopi language revitalization programs have been reported, involving language immersion for children. Benjamin Whorf identifies four varieties ( dialects ) of Hopi: First Mesa

252-456: A period is used: kwaahu ('eagle') but kuk.wuwàaqe ('to follow tracks'). The Deseret alphabet , an alphabetical system developed by Mormon scholars in modern-day Utah, was used for academic notation of the language in a handwritten English–Hopi dictionary made in 1860 that was rediscovered in 2014. Hopi uses suffixes for a variety of purposes. Some examples are: Hopi also has free postpositions: Nouns are marked as oblique by either

294-507: A sketch of Hopi grammar. This dictionary is credited with playing an important role in revitalizing the Hopi language and took him thirty years to complete, since the language had no standard or received variant and is highly complex. He became assistant professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona in 1972, and was Professor in its Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology from 1990 to 2007. As an academic, Sekaquaptewa

336-445: A velar followed by a low vowel. With the addition of these loanwords, a third velar contrast has been introduced into Hopi. Words with this borrowed velar are "neutral" and typically velar in articulation. Thus, there is a distinction between ⟨kya⟩ [cja] and ⟨qa⟩ [ḵa] in native words both of which are distinct from ⟨ka⟩ [ka] in loanwords . The precise phonetics of these k consonants

378-558: A vowel + h sequence in the Second Mesa dialect recorded by Whorf. Hopi is written using the Latin alphabet. The vowel letters correspond to the phonemes of Hopi as follows, and long vowels are written double. Consonants are written: Falling accent is marked with a grave ⟨`⟩ : tsirò 'birds'. To distinguish certain consonants written as digraphs from similar looking phonemes meeting across syllable boundaries,

420-616: Is idiolectal free variation with the voiced labial fricative represented with ⟨v⟩ , which varies between labiodental and bilabial [v ~ β] . Before a consonant (word-medially) and at the end of words, it is not voiced although its realization is dependent upon dialect; Third Mesa speakers have [ p ] while Mishongnovi speakers have [ f ] . The alveolar sibilants /ts/ and /s/ are apical . In some Third Mesa speakers, they are palatalized to [ tsʲ ] and [ sʲ ] , which can sound similar to / tʃ / and / ʃ / of English. In Mishongnovi, /ts/

462-497: Is a subject–object–verb language. Nouns are marked as subject or oblique , as shown above. Pronouns are also marked as either nominative or oblique. For example, the singular subject pronoun "you" in Hopi is um , and the form for the singular object pronoun is ung . Demonstratives are marked by case in Hopi, shown first in their nominative form and then in their oblique form: Emory Sekaquaptewa Emory Sekaquaptewa (December 28, 1928 – December 14, 2007)

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504-631: Is also found on the simultaneity marker where younger speakers have -kyang against older -kyangw . In words with kw or ngw in the syllable coda , the labialization is also lost: Hopi is part of the Pueblo linguistic area (a Sprachbund ) along with members of the Tanoan family, the Keresan languages , Zuni , and Navajo . Hopi speakers have traditionally used Hopi as the language of communication with Zuni . They have also been in close contact with

546-511: Is also located in Keams Canyon. Hopi language The use of Hopi has gradually declined over the course of the 20th century. In 1990, it was estimated that more than 5,000 people could speak Hopi as a native language (approximately 75% of the population), but only 40 of them were monolingual in Hopi. The 1998 language survey of 200 Hopi people showed that 100% of Hopi elders (60 years or older) were fluent, but fluency in adults (40–59)

588-458: Is also spoken on Second Mesa in Shipaulovi village, which is close to Mishongnovi village. Whorf notes that other villages on Second Mesa are of unknown dialectal affiliation. An introductory textbook ( Kalectaca (1978) ) has been written by a Shongopavi speaker. Shongopavi is another village on the Second Mesa, but its relation to other dialects has not been analyzed. The Third Mesa dialect

630-459: Is hard to predict which suffix applies to which verbs. Second language learners of Hopi usually simply learn this by rote. There are some gender specific terms in Hopi: The simplest type of sentence in Hopi is simply a subject and a predicate : 'Maana wuupa' (the girl is tall). However, many Hopi sentences also include an object, which is inserted between the subject and the verb. Thus, Hopi

672-560: Is palatalized when at the beginning of syllables and non-palatalized elsewhere. Hopi has a number of stop contrasts at the velar place of articulation that occur before the low vowel / a / . Elsewhere, the contrasts are neutralized. The velar in environments of neutralization is called "neutral" k by Jeanne (1978) . Before the front vowels / i / and / ɛ / , it is palatalized with a fronted articulation and following palatal glide [ j ] . Thus, ⟨ki⟩ and ⟨ke⟩ are [cji] and [cjɛ] , respectively. Before

714-473: Is post-velar and not quite uvular . Malotki (1983) describes the fronted sound and the sound from Spanish loanwords as palatal while the backed ones are velar. Whorf (1946) describes the fronted form as palatal with palatal glide before some vowels, The form from Spanish loanwords as "ordinary k", and the backed form as velar. Whorf's letter to Clyde Kluckhohn in Kluckhohn & MacLeish (1955) describes

756-609: Is spoken on First Mesa (which is the eastern mesa) in Polacca village in Walpi pueblo and in other neighboring communities. A community of Arizona Tewa live on First Mesa, and its members speak Tewa , in addition to a variety of Hopi and English and Spanish. Mishongnovi is spoken on Second Mesa (which is the central mesa) in Mishongnovi village. Mishongnovi has few speakers compared to First and Third Mesa dialects. Shipaulovi

798-518: Is spoken on Third Mesa (which is the western mesa) at Oraibi village and in neighboring communities, as well as in Moenkopi village, which lies off Third Mesa and at a distance west of it. The first published analysis of the Hopi language is Benjamin Whorf 's study of Mishongnovi Hopi. His work was based primarily on a single off-reservation informant , but it was later checked by other reservation speakers. In his study, he states that Mishongnovi

840-405: Is the most archaic and phonemically complex of the dialects. The Third Mesa dialect preserves some older relics that have been lost in Mishongnovi. Malotki (1983) reports that Third Mesa speakers of younger generations have lost the labialization feature of w on the different subject subordinator -qw after the vowels a , i , e , u where they have -q instead. This loss of labialization

882-404: Is unclear due to vague descriptions in the literature. Voegelin (1956) suggests that the fronted articulation represented by ⟨ky⟩ is distinguished more by presence of the palatal glide than by the difference in the articulatory position of the dorsal contact. He also mentions that the backed sound represented by ⟨q⟩ is "not-so-far-back". This suggests that this sound

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924-701: The University of Arizona , graduating in 1970. He held various leadership positions within the village of Kykotsmovi , as well as positions on the Hopi Tribal Council and serving as a judge on the appellate division of the Hopi Tribal Court. Sekaquaptewa was at one time married to Beverly Sekaquaptewa, and was the son of Helen and Emory Sekaquaptewa, Sr who met at the Phoenix Indian School about 1915. His mother's story

966-677: The 3 mi (5 km) long canyon. Here William Keam, and then his cousin Thomas Keam, operated a trading post during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. They served the Navajo Indians and opened the door to commercial trade for the Hopi Indians. The nearest trading post was some 50 mi (80 km) away and Keam's trading post was 13 mi (21 km) east of the Hopi Indian's settlements on First Mesa. With

1008-711: The 4th Annual Spirit of the Heard Award by the Heard Museum in October 2007. Emory Sekaquaptewa was born in Hotevilla in the Third Mesa, on the Hopi Reservation of northern Arizona, in 1928. His birth was never formally noted so he took 28 December as his birthday for official purposes. He was believed to be the first Arizona Native American to attend West Point , and he later attended law school at

1050-528: The CDP was $ 14,619. About 10.5% of families and 23.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.6% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over. The Cedar Unified School District serves Keams Canyon. The closed White Cone High School (2005–2012) was in the district and town. The tribal (affiliated with the Bureau of Indian Education ) and open Hopi Junior/Senior High School

1092-722: The Heard Mission: "To educate the public about the heritage and the living cultures and art of Native peoples, with an emphasis on the peoples of the Southwest." Sekaquaptewa was the "Cultural Editor" on the Hopi Dictionary Project, which produced the first ever Hopi dictionary: Hopi Dictionary/Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi–English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect in 1998. The 900-page dictionary contains entries on 30,000 words, as well as

1134-461: The Third Mesa and Mishongnovi dialects. The Third Mesa inventory has orthographic symbols and IPA transcriptions of those symbols when the IPA symbol differs from the orthographic symbol. As seen above, the Mishongnovi dialect has a larger number of consonants when compared with the Third Mesa dialect. The additional consonants are a series of preaspirated stops and a series of voiceless sonorants. There

1176-420: The age of 18 living with them, 32.4% were married couples living together, 20.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.56. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.8% under

1218-463: The age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 3.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 124.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 135.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $ 35,694, and the median income for a family was $ 36,111. Males had a median income of $ 28,889 versus $ 35,272 for females. The per capita income for

1260-405: The backed velar as being like Arabic or Nootka ⟨q⟩ , which suggests a uvular articulation. Whorf's phonemicization of Mishongnovi posits the fronted version occurring before all vowels but / ø / (with a fronted allophone before / i / , / ɛ / , and / a / ); the backed form occurring before non-high vowels ( / ɛ / , / ø / , and / a / ); and the form from Spanish loanwords before /

1302-507: The business to the village of Kykotsmovi at Third Mesa on the Hopi Reservation and renamed it Hopicrafts. The business developed its own designs and style of overlay and successfully competed with the Hopi Silvercraft Guild on Second Mesa. It employed many talented silversmiths while in operation. Pieces made in the shop all bore a shop hallmark of a conjoined capitol "H" and lowercase "C". Sekaquaptewa made silver jewelry that

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1344-665: The more rear articulation of the backed dorsal: [ ŋ̠ ] . The retroflex sound represented with ⟨r⟩ varies between a retroflex fricative ( [ ʐ ] ) and a flap [ ɾ ] , although the fricative realization is much more common. In Mishongnovi, this sound is only weakly fricative. In syllable coda position, it is devoiced to a voiceless fricative [ ʂ ] . The preaspirated stops /ʰp, ʰt, ʰts, ʰkʷ, ʰk, ʰq/ and voiceless sonorants /m̥, n̥, ŋ̠̊, l̥, ȷ̊, w̥/ of Mishongnovi only occur in syllable coda position. However, they do contrast with plain stops and voiced sonorants in this position. Whorf notes that

1386-416: The non-front vowels / ɨ / and / o / , it is a typical velar: ⟨ku⟩ is [kɨ] and ⟨ko⟩ is [ko] . Before the front rounded vowel / ø / , it has a backed articulation: ⟨kö⟩ is [ḵø] . Before / a / , there is a phonemic contrast with fronted velar with following palatal glide and the backed velar. Complicating this pattern are words borrowed from Spanish that have

1428-483: The opportunity for full year round trade nearby, the regional Indians quickly identified the canyon with the traders and the name Keams Canyon took hold. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 9.3 square miles (24 km), all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 260 people, 74 households, and 44 families residing in the CDP. The population density

1470-502: The preaspirated stops also contrast with a similar sequence of /h/ + stop. The most common syllable clusters are CV and CVC. The CVCC cluster is very rare due to limited number of CC combinations in the language. This also makes it unusual to find the intrasyllabic clusters C-C and CC-C. The stress pattern in Hopi follows a simple rule that applies to nearly all words. Some exceptions to this rule are sikisve "car", wehekna "spill" and warikiwta "running". We would expect

1512-401: The second vowel to be stressed but in fact the first one is stressed in these examples. The Third Mesa dialect of Hopi has developed tone on long vowels, diphthongs, and vowel + sonorant sequences. This dialect has either falling tones or level tones. The falling tone (high-low) in the Third Mesa dialect corresponds to either a vowel + preaspirated consonant, a vowel + voiceless sonorant, or

1554-411: The suffixes -t for simple nouns or -y for dual nouns (those referring to exactly two individuals), possessed nouns or plural nouns. Some examples are shown below: Verbs are also marked by suffixes but these are not used in a regular pattern. For example, the suffixes -lawu and -ta are both used to make a simple verb into a durative one (implying the action is ongoing and not yet complete) but it

1596-406: Was 28.0 inhabitants per square mile (10.8/km). There were 106 housing units at an average density of 11.4 per square mile (4.4/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 7.7% White , 0.4% Black or African American , 89.6% Native American , and 2.3% from two or more races. 1.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 74 households, out of which 32.4% had children under

1638-450: Was a Hopi leader and scholar from the Third Mesa village of Hotevilla. Known as the "First Hopi" or "First Indian," he is best known for his role in compiling the first dictionary of the Hopi language . He became assistant professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona in 1972, and was Professor in its Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology from 1990 to 2007. Emory received

1680-639: Was only 84%, 50% in young adults (20–39), and 5% in children (2–19). Despite the apparent decline, Hopi and Navajo both are supported by bilingual education programs in Arizona, and children acquire the Native American languages as their first language. More recently, Hopi language programs for children on the reservation have been implemented. Many Hopi children are being raised in the language. A comprehensive Hopi-English dictionary edited by Emory Sekaquaptewa and others has been published, and

1722-469: Was the coauthor of books and articles including a chapter on the Hopi concept of clowning called "One More Smile for a Hopi Clown". About 1961 Sekaquaptewa and his brother Wayne Sekaquaptewa opened Hopi Enterprises in Phoenix, a business which employed Hopi silversmiths to make overlay jewelry for sale. Two of the silversmiths hired were Harry Sakyesva and Bernard Dawahoya. In 1962 Emory and Wayne relocated

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1764-443: Was told in the book Me and Mine: The Life Story Of Helen Sekaquaptewa as told to Louise Udall, Published by University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1969. His father was a farmer and tribal court judge. Among his siblings were Abbott, longtime Tribal Chairman, and Marlene, a political leader and quilt maker. Sekaquaptewa received the 4th Annual Spirit of the Heard Award by the Heard Museum on October 5, 2007, for his contributions to

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