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34-513: Archeological digs suggest a settlement existed on the northern bank of the Merbok River by the 1st millennium CE. The Merbok settlement, Sungai Batu was built near the river's estuary. The early history of Kedah can be traced from various sources, from the prehistoric period, most famously the archaeological site of Bujang Valley , the early maritime trade of India, Persia, and the Arabs to

68-1012: A currency reserve, as with gold bars . Ingots are generally made of metal, either pure or alloy, heated past its melting point and cast into a bar or block using a mold chill method. A special case are polycrystalline or single crystal ingots made by pulling from a molten melt. Single crystal ingots (called boules ) of materials are grown (crystal growth) using methods such as the Czochralski process or Bridgeman technique . The boules may be either semiconductor (e.g. electronic chip wafers , photovoltaic cells ) or non-conducting inorganic compounds for industrial and jewelry use (e.g., synthetic ruby, sapphire). Single crystal ingots of metal are produced in similar fashion to that used to produce high purity semiconductor ingots, i.e. by vacuum induction refining. Single crystal ingots of engineering metals are of interest due to their very high strength due to lack of grain boundaries . The method of production

102-629: A harbour; together with a plethora of superior-quality ores , furnace , slag and ingots . Additionally, the Tuyere iron- smelting technique used in Sungai Batu is hailed as the oldest of its kind. The produce was highly sought after and exported to various parts of the Old World , including ancient India , China , the Middle East , Korea and Japan . Based on early Sanskrit reports,

136-426: A larger contact area. Molds may be either solid "massive" design, sand cast (e.g. for pig iron), or water-cooled shells, depending upon heat transfer requirements. Ingot molds are tapered to prevent the formation of cracks due to uneven cooling. A crack or void formation occurs as the liquid to solid transition has an associated volume change for a constant mass of material. The formation of these ingot defects may render

170-584: Is a piece of relatively pure material, usually metal , that is cast into a shape suitable for further processing. In steelmaking , it is the first step among semi-finished casting products . Ingots usually require a second procedure of shaping, such as cold/hot working, cutting, or milling to produce a useful final product. Non-metallic and semiconductor materials prepared in bulk form may also be referred to as ingots, particularly when cast by mold based methods. Precious metal ingots can be used as currency (with or without being processed into other shapes), or as

204-534: Is now widely accepted that Taiwan was the cradle of Austronesian languages . Some 4,000 years ago, Austronesian began to migrate to the Philippines . Later, some of their descendants started to migrate southwards to what is now Indonesia and eastwards to the Pacific islands . Austronesians were great seafarers, colonising as far as New Zealand , Hawaii and Madagascar . In some regions they intermarried with

238-656: Is via single crystal dendrite and not via simple casting. Possible uses include turbine blades . In the United States, the brass and bronze ingot making industry started in the early 19th century. The US brass industry grew to be the number one producer by the 1850s. During colonial times the brass and bronze industries were almost non-existent because the British demanded all copper ore be sent to Britain for processing. Copper based alloy ingots weighed approximately 20 pounds (9.1 kg). Ingots are manufactured by

272-599: The 9th to 13th centuries CE. The Cholas had a powerful merchant and naval fleet in the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal . In the early 11th century, the Chola King Rajendra I sent an expedition to attack Kedah ( Sri Vijaya ) on behalf of one of its rulers who sought his assistance to gain the throne. The Chola fleets successfully defeated Srivijaya and captured and sacked Kedah . In ancient Kedah there

306-519: The Chola Empire and Malaya. The At-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah described the conversion of the royal house to Islam to have been in 1136 CE. Historian Richard O. Winstedt however notes that an Acehnese account gives a more probable date of Islamic conversion to the year 1474. This date is also consistent with the Malay Annals , which describes a raja of Kedah visiting Malacca during

340-517: The Kedah region at 400 CE or before was already an established trade centre. One of the early Malay texts include the karma verses refers to a king named Ramaunibham, who may be the first local ruler whose name is recorded in history. The history of this period showed the influence of Indian cultures on the region while the locals in return, influenced the Indians in their living skills on the sea and in

374-489: The Malacca Strait, using Gunung Jerai as a landmark point in their travels. After the 7th century, Srivijaya gained Kedah as one of its vassals. In trade, Kedah supplied its own tin, and jungle products such as rattan, resin, honey, beeswax, elephants, ivory, areca nuts, Sepang wood and black woods, as well as profiting from tax collections. Kedah was Islamised in the 15th century (another tradition states

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408-627: The activities of the people and rulers of the Tamil country of South India . The Tamil inscriptions are at least four centuries older than the Sanskrit inscriptions, from which the early Tamils themselves were patronizers of the Sanskrit language. An inscription in Sanskrit dated 1086 CE was found in Kedah. It was left by Kulottunga I of the Chola empire. It showed the commercial contact between

442-484: The area was known as "the iron bowl". The early inhabitants of the Malay Archipelago were recorded to be the adherents of indigenous animism and shamanism , strikingly similar to other indigenous religions of Eastern Asia, such as Shinto . Practitioners of the ancient folk religion believed that every element of nature possessed a spirit, known as semangat . The semangat had the power to bless or curse

476-426: The cast ingot useless and may need to be re-melted, recycled, or discarded. The physical structure of a crystalline material is largely determined by the method of cooling and precipitation of the molten metal. During the pouring process, metal in contact with the ingot walls rapidly cools and forms either a columnar structure or possibly a "chill zone" of equiaxed dendrites , depending upon the liquid being cooled and

510-461: The cooling of a molten liquid (known as the melt) in a mold. The manufacture of ingots has several aims. Firstly, the mold is designed to completely solidify and form an appropriate grain structure required for later processing, as the structure formed by the cooling of the melt controls the physical properties of the material. Secondly, the shape and size of the mold is designed to allow for ease of ingot handling and downstream processing. Finally,

544-429: The cooling rate of the mold. For a top-poured ingot, as the liquid cools within the mold, differential volume effects cause the top of the liquid to recede leaving a curved surface at the mold top which may eventually be required to be machined from the ingot. The mold cooling effect creates an advancing solidification front, which has several associated zones, closer to the wall there is a solid zone that draws heat from

578-545: The entry into the Strait of Malacca – and more importantly being close to the latitude to the south of India – meant that ships sailing in the Bay of Bengal were in little danger of becoming lost. Early sea traders from the west, upon reaching the coast, engaged porters to transport goods by raft, elephant or by walking along the rivers to the opposite side of the Kra Isthmus . The Tamils coming from Southern India and

612-899: The hills. An inscribed stone bar, bears the Ye Dharma Hetu formula in South Indian characters of the 4th century CE, thus proclaiming the Buddhist character of the shrine near the find-spot (site I) of which only the basement survives. It is inscribed on three faces in Pallava script , or Vatteluttu rounded writing of the 6th century CE, possibly earlier. One of the early inscription stones discovered by James Low, at Bukit Meriam and in Muda River, mention of Raktamrrtika . The word Raktamrrtika means ‘ Red Earth ’ (Tanah Merah). Inscriptions, both in Tamil and Sanskrit , relate to

646-621: The liquid melt alloy compositions. Continuous casting methods for ingot processing also exist, whereby a stationary front of solidification is formed by the continual take-off of cooled solid material, and the addition of a molten liquid to the casting process. Approximately 70 percent of aluminium ingots in the U.S. are cast using the direct chill casting process, which reduces cracking. A total of 5 percent of ingots must be scrapped because of stress induced cracks and butt deformation. Plano-convex ingots are widely distributed archaeological artifacts which are studied to provide information on

680-581: The local Malays were already using the rounded script, or Vatteluttu writing styles which differed from the Devanagari script of Northern India . Vatteluttu was also commonly known as the Pallava script by scholars of Southeast Asian studies such as George Cœdès and D.G.E. Hall . The Tamil script of Vatteluttu later evolved into Old Kawi script which was used in Java , the Philippines , and Bali . There are stone inscriptions which indicate that

714-639: The local inhabitants ( Orang Asli ), becoming the Deutero-Malays. Possibly as early as the 4th century BCE, Austronesians started to sail westwards in search of new markets for their products. Some Greco-Roman merchants in the 1st century CE described huge non-Indian ships coming from the east with rich cargo, possibly from the Malay Archipelago . This would indicate that the Malay actively participated in Indian Ocean trade, and likely handled much of

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748-452: The mold is designed to minimize melt wastage and aid ejection of the ingot, as losing either melt or ingot increases manufacturing costs of finished products. A variety of designs exist for the mold, which may be selected to suit the physical properties of the liquid melt and the solidification process. Molds may exist in the top, horizontal or bottom-up pouring and may be fluted or flat walled. The fluted design increases heat transfer owing to

782-465: The names of Akola, P’an P’an , Tun Sun , Chieh-ch'a, Ch'ih-tu , among a few. By the fifth century CE, these settlements had morphed into sovereign city-states , collectively fashioned by an active participation in the international trade network and hosting diplomatic embassies from China and India. Kedah eventually became part of Srivijaya which led to rivalries with the Chola Empire from

816-525: The reign of its last sultan seeking the honour of the royal band that marks the sovereignty of a Malay Muslim ruler. The request by Kedah was in response to be Malacca's vassal. Kedah later came under Siamese vassalage, until it was conquered by the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century. In 1592, Penang was visited by the British who encountered local Orang Asli . In the 17th century, Kedah

850-539: The society, hence the spirit should always be pleased and entertained. In Sungai Batu, archaeological evidence unmasked ceremonial and religious architecture devoted to worshipping the sun and mountains. In addition to Sungai Batu, the early Malay Archipelago also witnessed the monumental development of other subsequent ancient large urban settlements and regional polities, driven by a predominantly cosmopolitan agrarian society, thriving skilled craftsmanship, multinational merchants and foreign expatriates. Chinese records noted

884-702: The soil for two millennia. At its zenith, the settlement sprawled across around 1,000 kilometers and dominated the northern plains of the Malay Peninsula . By contemporary accounts, the area is known as the lost city of Sungai Batu . Founded in 788 BCE, it is among the oldest civilisations in Southeast Asia and a potential progenitor of the Kedah Tua kingdom. The history of the area was bound to its iron industry, with archaeological findings unearthing various historical mines, warehouses, factories and

918-411: The solidifying melt, for alloys there may exist a "mushy" zone, which is the result of solid-liquid equilibrium regions in the alloy's phase diagram , and a liquid region. The rate of front advancement controls the time that dendrites or nuclei have to form in the solidification region. The width of the mushy zone in an alloy may be controlled by tuning the heat transfer properties of the mold or adjusting

952-568: The states of the Federation of Malaya in 1948, which then achieved independence in 1957. Malaya was then enlarged to become Malaysia in 1963. Merbok River It is best known as the historical river of Lembah Bujang . This Kedah location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Malaysia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ingot An ingot

986-560: The traffic between Southeast Asia and India. Three kinds of craft are described by the author of a Periplus : light coasting boats for local traffic, larger vessels of a more complicated structure and greater carrying capacity, and lastly the big ocean-going vessels that made the voyages to Malaya , Sumatra , and the Ganges . Deep in the estuary of the Merbok River , are an abundance of historical relics. Ancient monumental ruins, buildings, temples, harbour and shipwrecks had been entombed in

1020-543: The written works of early Chinese pilgrims and early Chinese records, and later to the partly-historical Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa and the Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah . Around 170 CE groups of people of the Hindu faith arrived at Kedah, joining them soon were peoples from nearby islands and those from the northern Mon-Khmer region. Traders from India, Persia and Arabia arrived in

1054-627: The year 1136 CE) and then fell under the sway of Malacca , then later under Ayutthaya . After trading away Penang in 1786, Kedah was embroiled in an invasion from Siam in the 1820s. Kedah was then transferred to Britain under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 and remained under British Malaya until gaining independence as part of Malaysia in 1957. Austronesians began migrating to the South East Asia Archipelago approximately 3,500 years before present . It

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1088-438: Was an important and unmistakably Hindu settlement which has been known since it was reported in the 1840s by Colonel James Low , later subjected to a fairly exhaustive investigation by Dr. Horace Wales who investigated no fewer than thirty sites around Kedah. The results showed this site had been in continuous occupation for centuries, by people under strong South Indian , Buddhist and Hindu influences. Kedah being nearby

1122-538: Was attacked by the Portuguese and also by the Aceh Sultanate . Later in the late 18th century, in the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah agreed to hand over Penang and to the British. The Siamese nevertheless invaded Kedah in 1821, and it remained under Siamese control under the name of Syburi . In 1896, Kedah along with Perlis and Setul

1156-467: Was combined into the Siamese province of Monthon Syburi which lasted until it was transferred to the British by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 . In World War II , Kedah (along with Kelantan ) was the first part of Malaya to be invaded by Japan. The Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi, but it was returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah became one of

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