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66-399: After Keeley's death the institute began a slow decline but remained in operation under John R. Oughton , and, later, his son. The Institute offered the internationally known Keeley Cure, a cure which drew sharp criticism from those in the mainstream medical profession. It was wildly popular in the late 1890s. Thousands of people came to Dwight to be cured of alcoholism; thousands more sent for

132-509: A physiological nature to alcoholism. The Dwight, Illinois location was the original institute founded by Leslie Keeley that treated alcoholics with the infamous Keeley Cure, which was criticized by the medical profession.(Lender, and Martin) This cure, which later became known as the "gold cure", expanded to over 200 locations in the United States and Europe.(Keeley Cure) The Keeley Institute eventually had over 200 branches throughout

198-572: A 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either "heavy drinkers" or "binge drinkers" defined according to the above criteria also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met the criteria. An inference drawn from this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases. The therapeutic index for ethanol

264-501: A 2022 study, recreational heavy drinking and intoxication have become increasingly prevalent among Nigerian youth in Benin City. Traditionally, alcohol use was more accepted for men, while youth drinking was often taboo. Today, many young people engage in heavy drinking for pleasure and excitement. Peer networks encourage this behavior through rituals that promote intoxication and provide care for inebriated friends. The findings suggest

330-482: A 2024 WHO report indicates that these harmful consequences of alcohol use result in approximately 2.6 million deaths annually, accounting for 4.7% of all global deaths. In 2023, the WHO declared that 'there is no safe amount of alcohol consumption' and that 'the risk to the drinker’s health starts from the first drop of any alcoholic beverage.' This new global health policy aligns with the scientific consensus regarding

396-538: A day he gets gold chloride injections; every two hours he takes a tonic." At its height, the clinic in Dwight treated 700 patients per day. Keeley claimed that when his medicine was administered according to his directions, it had no injurious effects and that 95 per cent of the patients were permanently cured. If they did return to drinking, he insisted that they were cured but that they drank because they choose to do so, not because they were still addicted. However, it

462-718: A decline in quality of life and a shortened lifespan by 3–6 years. Alcohol-based sugar-sweetened beverages , are closely linked to episodic drinking in adolescents. Sugar-infused alcoholic beverages include alcopops , and liqueurs . The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines binge drinking as a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above. This typically occurs when men consume five or more US standard drinks , or women consume four or more drinks, within about two hours. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) defines binge drinking slightly differently, focusing on

528-469: A deficiency of thiamine can produce Korsakoff's syndrome , which is associated with serious brain damage. Christian views on alcohol encompass a range of perspectives regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages, with significant emphasis on moderation rather than total abstinence. The moderationist position is held by Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox , and within Protestantism, it

594-596: A figure of 6.93 kilocalories (29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal or 22.9 kJ per ml) for calculating food energy. For distilled spirits , a standard serving in the United States is 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz), which at 40% ethanol (80 proof ), would be 14 grams and 98 calories. However, alcoholic drinks are considered empty calorie foods because other than food energy they contribute no essential nutrients . Alcohol increases insulin response to glucose promoting fat storage and hindering carb/fat burning oxidation. This excess processing in

660-411: A glass a day can be good for the heart. But there's more to the story. No research has proved a cause-and-effect link between drinking alcohol and better heart health." In folk medicine , consuming a nightcap is for the purpose of inducing sleep . However, alcohol is not recommended by many doctors as a sleep aid because it interferes with sleep quality . " Hair of the dog ", short for "hair of

726-445: A higher demand for alcohol compared to those who drink solely for recreation or self-medication. This finding raises concerns, as this group may be more likely to develop alcohol use disorder and experience negative consequences related to their drinking. A significant proportion of patients attending mental health services for conditions including anxiety disorders such as panic disorder or social phobia have developed these conditions as

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792-489: A long association of military use, and has been called "liquid courage" for its role in preparing troops for battle, anaesthetize injured soldiers, and celebrate military victories . It has also served as a coping mechanism for combat stress reactions and a means of decompression from combat to everyday life. However, this reliance on alcohol can have negative consequences for physical and mental health. Military and veteran populations face significant challenges in addressing

858-406: A major global public health issue and includes alcoholism , abuse , alcohol withdrawal , fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), liver disease , hepatitis , cardiovascular disease (e.g., cardiomyopathy ), polyneuropathy , alcoholic hallucinosis , long-term impact on the brain (e.g., brain damage , dementia , and Marchiafava–Bignami disease ), and cancers . For roughly two decades,

924-423: A merchant named Curtis Judd.("Fargo, N.D., History Exhibition") The institute attempted to treat alcoholism as a disease. Patients who were cured using this treatment were honored as "graduates" and asked to promote the cure. (Tracy) Keeley became wealthy through the popularity of the institute and its well-known slogan, "Drunkenness is a disease and I can cure it." His work foreshadowed later work that would attribute

990-440: A need to reconsider cultural prohibitions on youth drinking and advocate for public health interventions promoting low-risk drinking practices. Heavy alcohol use is defined differently by various health organizations. The CDC defines "Current heavier drinker" as consuming more than 7 drinks per week for women and more than 14 drinks per week for men. Additionally, "Heavy drinking day (also referred to as episodic heavy drinking"

1056-476: A period of four weeks. Patients at Dwight were free to stroll the grounds of the institute as well as the streets of the village. It has been called an early therapeutic community . Maud Faulkner would take her husband Murry to the Keeley Institute located near Memphis whenever his drinking became unbearable. While their father received "the cure", William Faulkner and his brothers would explore

1122-566: A profound influence on Dwight 's development as a village. As the Institute gained national and international acclaim, Dwight began to develop into a "model" village. Eight hundred passengers per week were arriving in Dwight at the height of the Keeley Institute. Other developments followed the influx of people: modern paved roads replaced older dirt roads, electric lighting was installed in place of older gas lamps and water and sewage systems were replaced and improved. New homes, businesses, and

1188-521: A railroad depot were all constructed and Dwight became the "most famous village of its size in America." There are few examples of structures associated with the Keeley Institute still extant in Dwight, and only one is open to the public: The Keeley Institute solidified its place in American culture throughout its period of prominence as several generations of Americans joked about people, especially

1254-550: A result of recreational alcohol or sedative use. Self-medication or mental disorders may make people not decline their drinking despite negative consequences. This can create a cycle of dependence that is difficult to break without addressing the underlying mental health issue. The American Heart Association warn that "We've all seen the headlines about studies associating light or moderate drinking with health benefits and reduced mortality. Some researchers have suggested there are health benefits from wine, especially red wine, and that

1320-408: A spontaneous abortion, is the death and expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive independently. Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for miscarriage. Drinking of alcohol by parents is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). One study found a positive correlation between the two during New Years celebrations and weekends. Another found that alcohol use disorder was linked to

1386-405: Is 10%. Alcohol can have analgesic (pain-relieving) effects, which is why some people with chronic pain turn to alcohol to self-medicate and try to alleviate their physical discomfort. People with social anxiety disorder commonly self-medicate with alcohol to overcome their highly set inhibitions. However, self-medicating excessively for prolonged periods of time with alcohol often makes

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1452-515: Is a disease and I can cure it." His treatment, referred to as "Double Chloride of Gold", centered on a secret preparation that he said contained bichloride of gold . However, chemical analysis revealed that the proprietary tonic contained 27.55% alcohol plus ammonium chloride , aloin and tincture of cinchona but no gold. His hypodermic injections contained sulfate of strychnine , atropine and boracic acid . In 1890, Keeley began selling franchises and by 1893 there were 92 Keeley Institutes in

1518-482: Is a disease of the brain and nervous system, and there are no shortcuts to health. Many individuals and groups, especially those within the mainstream medical profession, attempted to analyze the Keeley Cure for its ingredients and reports varied widely as to their identity. Strychnine , alcohol, apomorphine , willow bark, ammonia , and atropine were among the many suggested chemicals. The Keeley Institute had

1584-452: Is a medical term for ethanol solutions with 95% ABV . When taken by mouth or injected into a vein ethanol is used to treat methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity when fomepizole is not available. Ethanol, when used to treat or prevent methanol and/or ethylene glycol toxicity, competes with other alcohols for the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives, and reducing

1650-654: Is accepted by Anglicans , Lutherans and many Reformed churches . Moderationism is also accepted by Jehovah's Witnesses . Spiritual use of moderate alcohol consumption is also found in some religions and schools with esoteric influences, including the Hindu tantra sect Aghori , in the Sufi Bektashi Order and Alevi Jem ceremonies, in the Rarámuri religion, in the Japanese religion Shinto , by

1716-412: Is characterized as having 4 or more drinks on a single occasion for women and 5 or more for men, in the past year. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) provides gender-specific guidelines for heavy drinking. According to NIAAA, men who consume five or more US standard drinks in a single day or 15 or more drinks within a week are considered heavy drinkers. For women, the threshold

1782-787: Is classified as a teratogen —a substance known to cause birth defects; according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), alcohol consumption by women who are not using birth control increases the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). This group of conditions encompasses fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, static encephalopathy, and alcohol-related birth defects. The CDC currently recommends complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages for women of child-bearing age who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or are sexually active and not using birth control. In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%. Miscarriage , also known in medical terms as

1848-426: Is considered to be an anaphrodisiac . Albeit not a valid intoxication defense , weakening the inhibitions by drunkenness is occasionally used as a tool to commit planned offenses such as property crimes including theft and robbery, and violent crimes including assault, murder, or rape – which sometimes but not always occurs in alcohol-facilitated sexual assaults where the victim is also drugged. Alcohol has

1914-541: Is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time, but definitions vary considerably. Binge drinking is a style of drinking that is popular in several countries worldwide, and overlaps somewhat with social drinking since it is often done in groups. Drinking games involve consuming alcohol as part of the gameplay. They can be risky because they can encourage people to drink more than they intended to. Recent studies link binge drinking habits to

1980-562: Is lower, with four or more drinks in a day or eight or more drinks per week classified as heavy drinking. In contrast, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) takes a different approach to defining heavy alcohol use. SAMHSA considers heavy alcohol use to be engaging in binge drinking behaviors on five or more days within a month. This definition focuses more on the frequency of excessive drinking episodes rather than specific drink counts. Despite this risk,

2046-476: Is often used as "liquid courage" in the hookup culture , for them to make a sexual advance in the first place. However, a recent trend called "dry dating" is gaining popularity to replace "liquid courage", which involves going on dates without consuming alcohol. Consuming alcohol prior to visiting female sex workers is a common practice among some men. Sex workers often resort to using drugs and alcohol to cope with stress. Alcohol when consumed in high doses

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2112-910: The Catholic Church requires alcoholic sacramental wine in the Eucharist , and permits moderate consumption of alcohol in daily life as a means of experiencing joy. Alcohol is also used as a recreational drug , for example by college students , for self-medication , and in warfare . It is also frequently involved in alcohol-related crimes such as drunk driving , public intoxication , and underage drinking . Short-term effects from moderate consumption include relaxation , decreased social inhibition , and euphoria , while binge drinking may result in cognitive impairment , blackout , and hangover . Excessive alcohol intake causes alcohol poisoning , characterized by unconsciousness or, in severe cases, death. Long-term effects are considered to be

2178-576: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the WHO has classified alcohol as a Group 1 Carcinogen . Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALY in 2016. According to WHO's Global status report on alcohol and health 2018, more than 200 health issues are associated with harmful alcohol consumption, ranging from liver diseases, road injuries and violence, to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, suicides, tuberculosis , and HIV/AIDS . Moreover,

2244-527: The Dwight Livingston Hotel, or the homes of private residents. Later patients stayed in the converted John R. Oughton House . The institute operated out of homes and hotels using a spa like atmosphere of peace and comfort. All patients received injections of bichloride of gold four times daily. There were other tonics given as well.(Tracy) The treatment lasted four weeks.(Larson pp. 161–163.) The medical profession continued to criticize

2310-533: The Keeley Institute as a last resort, a prospect that he finds horrifyingly shameful. In the Murdoch Mysteries season 2 episode "Murdoch.com", Inspector Thomas Brackenreid takes injections of the Keeley Gold Cure and experiences aggressive personality changes due to its contents of strychnine and cocaine. The novel Opium and Absinthe: A Novel (2020) by Lydia Kang has a character visit

2376-570: The Keeley Institute has been referred to as pioneering and humane. The institute maintained a philosophy of open, homelike care throughout its history. Little is known of what exactly went on in the many branches or franchises of the Keeley Institute around the world but it is thought that many were modeled after the Dwight institute. New patients who arrived at the Dwight institute were introduced into an open, informal environment where they were first offered as much alcohol as they could imbibe. Initially, patients were boarded in nearby hotels, such as

2442-641: The Keeley Institute in White Plains, New York, for an opiate addiction. In the play Cat On A Hot Tin Roof (1955) by Tennessee Williams, the character Doctor Baugh makes reference to "the Keeley cure" - a treatment for heavy drinkers used back in his day. Leslie Keeley Leslie Enraught Keeley (June 10, 1836 – February 21, 1900) was an American physician, originator of the Keeley Cure . He

2508-456: The US, Canada, and Mexico and that number grew to over 200 and expanded to Europe. In 1939, Time magazine reported that "Unvarying is the traditional Keeley routine. An incoming inebriate pays $ 160, plus room and board, must stay for 31 days. His weekly whiskey ration is gradually tapered off: eight ounces the first day, six ounces the second, four ounces the third, none from there on. Four times

2574-499: The United States and Europe, and by 1900 the so-called Keeley Cure, injections of bichloride of gold , had been administered to more than 300,000 people. The reputation of the Keeley Cure was largely enhanced by positive coverage from the Chicago Tribune . The New York Times also featured coverage on the Keeley Institute as early as 1891, and in 1893 a Brooklyn man's drunken rabble-rousing received coverage which noted he

2640-629: The co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol use disorder . Military personnel who show symptoms of PTSD, major depressive disorder , alcohol use disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder show higher levels of suicidal ideation . Alcohol consumption in the US Military is higher than any other profession, according to CDC data from 2013–2017. The Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors among Active Duty Military Personnel published that 47% of active duty members engage in binge drinking, with another 20% engaging in heavy drinking in

2706-426: The declining institute. In 1939 the institute celebrated its 60th anniversary. A ceremony which unveiled a commemorative plaque bearing the likenesses of Keeley, Oughton and Judd attracted 10,000 people. The plaque, designed by Florence Gray, a student of Lorado Taft , is still on the grounds, complete with a time capsule . The Keeley Institute continued to operate until it definitively shut down in 1965. Treatment at

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2772-846: The dog that bit you", is a colloquial expression in the English language predominantly used to refer to alcohol that is consumed as a hangover remedy (with the aim of lessening the effects of a hangover ). Many other languages have their own phrase to describe the same concept. The idea may have some basis in science in the difference between ethanol and methanol metabolism. Instead of alcohol, rehydration before going to bed or during hangover may relieve dehydration -associated symptoms such as thirst, dizziness, dry mouth, and headache. Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical immunosuppression . Dutch courage , also known as pot-valiance or liquid courage, refers to courage gained from intoxication with alcohol. Alcohol use among college students

2838-526: The drinking habits of 541 students over two football seasons. It revealed that high-profile game days ranked among the heaviest drinking occasions, similar to New Year's Eve. Male students increased their consumption for all games, while socially active female students drank heavily during away games. Lighter drinkers also showed a higher likelihood of risky behaviors during away games as their intoxication increased. This research highlights specific drinking patterns linked to collegiate sports events. According to

2904-498: The fact that it increases the blood alcohol content (BAC). However, alcohol is a significant source of food energy for individuals with alcoholism and those who engage in binge drinking; For example, individuals with drunkorexia , engage in the combination of self-imposed malnutrition and binge drinking to avoid weight gain from alcohol, to save money for purchasing alcohol, and to facilitate alcohol intoxication. Also, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol,

2970-443: The grounds or ride the streetcar to Memphis. The Keeley Institute offered a "scientific" treatment for alcoholism, something that until then was treated by various "miraculous" cures and other types of quackery . The Keeley Cure became popular, with hundreds of thousands eventually receiving it. From the beginning, Keeley's decision to keep his formula a secret drew sharp criticism from his peers. The Keeley Institute's popularity with

3036-508: The last to close, doing so in 1966. Despite his therapy being described by medical experts as an example of quackery , Keeley is remembered as one of the first to treat alcoholism as a medical problem. The Keeley cure is defined in the American Illustrated Medical Dictionary in the 1938 edition as "a proprietary method of treatment for the alcohol and opium habits by means of gold chloride." Keeley

3102-417: The liver acetyl CoA can lead to fatty liver disease and eventually alcoholic liver disease . This progression can lead to further complications, alcohol-related liver disease may cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency , the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. The use of alcohol as a staple food source is considered inconvenient due to

3168-431: The mail-order oral liquid form which they took in the privacy of their homes. In 1879, Dr. Leslie Keeley announced the result of a collaboration with John R. Oughton, an Irish chemist , which was heralded as a "major discovery" by Keeley. The discovery, a new treatment for alcoholism , resulted in the founding of the Keeley Institute. The treatment was developed from a partnership with John Oughton, an Irish chemist, and

3234-408: The method and many tried to identify the mysterious ingredients. Strychnine , alcohol, apomorphine , willow bark , ammonia, and atropine were claimed to have been identified in the injections. The injections were dissolved in red, white and blue liquids and the amounts varied. In addition, patients would receive individually prescribed tonics every two hours throughout the day. Treatments lasted for

3300-401: The more serious toxic effects of the glycols when crystallized in the kidneys . Drinking culture is the set of traditions and social behaviors that surround the consumption of alcoholic beverages as a recreational drug and social lubricant . Although alcoholic beverages and social attitudes toward drinking vary around the world, nearly every civilization has independently discovered

3366-642: The most abused drug in the world, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study . It is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant , decreasing electrical activity of neurons in the brain. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies alcohol as a toxic , psychoactive, dependence -producing, and carcinogenic substance. Alcohol is found in fermented beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirit – in particular, rectified spirit , and serves various purposes; Certain religions integrate alcohol into their spiritual practices. For example,

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3432-576: The new religious movement Thelema , in Vajrayana Buddhism , and in Vodou faith of Haiti. In the US, alcohol is subject to the FDA drug labeling Pregnancy Category X ( Contraindicated in pregnancy ). Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin have laws that allow the state to involuntarily commit pregnant women to treatment if they abuse alcohol during pregnancy. Ethanol

3498-498: The number of drinks consumed on a single occasion. According to SAMHSA, binge drinking is consuming five or more drinks for men, or four or more drinks for women, on the same occasion on at least one day in the past month. Light drinking, moderate drinking, responsible drinking, and social drinking are often used interchangeably, but with slightly different connotations: A 2007 study at the University of Texas at Austin monitored

3564-406: The organization, which had always drawn some criticism, faded into national oblivion. By the late 1930s most physicians believed that "drunkards are neurotics [ sic ] and cannot be cured by injections." Keeley Institute director Oughton, Jr. said in a 1939 Time magazine article that the treatment program had cured "17,000 drunken doctors". When John R. Oughton died in 1925 his son took over

3630-491: The past 30 days. Reports from the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and since suggested that Russian soldiers are drinking significant amount of alcohol (as well as consuming harder drugs), which increases their losses. Some reports suggest that on occasion, alcohol and drugs have been provided to the lower quality troops by their commanders, in order to facilitate their use as expendable cannon fodder . The USDA uses

3696-687: The processes of brewing beer, fermenting wine and distilling spirits . Common drinking styles include moderate drinking, social drinking, and binge drinking . In today's society, there is a growing awareness of this, reflected in the variety of approaches to alcohol use, each emphasizing responsible choices. Sober curious describes a mindset or approach where someone is consciously choosing to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, not drinking and driving, being aware of your surroundings, not pressuring others to drink, and being able to quit anytime. However, they are not necessarily committed to complete sobriety. Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking,

3762-475: The program touted in exchange for exorbitant fees from desperate families, and the toxic chemicals in the injections the program used. This final exposé would be the capstone to her career. In The Wet Parade (1932) , a film version of Upton Sinclair 's eponymous novel about the devastation wrought by alcoholism —and by Prohibition . Roger Chilcote ( Lewis Stone ) the patriarch of an old Southern family, promises his daughter he will reform after she mentions

3828-407: The public never translated to popularity with the medical profession. Medical professionals generally approached commercial cures, such as the Keeley Cure, with skepticism. A promotional brochure for one hospital specifically singled out the Keeley Cure in its language. Walnut Lodge Hospital has no specific Gold cures, or new mysterious drugs, to produce permanent restoration in a few weeks. Inebriety

3894-478: The rich and famous, who were "taking the Keeley Cure" or had "gone to Dwight" and Dr. Keeley is remembered as the first to treat alcoholism as a medical disease rather than as a social vice. Famed journalist Nellie Bly exposed the fraudulent claim that the Keeley cure had a 95% efficacy rate. She went undercover for a week, posing as an absinthe addict, to receive treatment in the Keeley facility in White Plains, NY. She documented medical malpractice, unethical claims

3960-470: The risks of alcohol consumption for pregnant women, particularly due to FASDs , as well as for individuals under the legal drinking age . Additionally, this social change also reflects the temperance movement 's opposition to alcohol consumption and is supported by national public health agencies, which increasingly recommend abstinence in their alcohol consumption recommendations while noting that any alcohol intake raises risk levels. Spiritus fortis

4026-471: The story as Bly’s account of "A Week’s Experience and Odd Talks with the Queer Little Family of Hopeful Inebriates." After Keeley died in 1900, the patient numbers lowered; 100,000 additional people took the cure between 1900 and 1939. Oughton and Judd took over the company following Keeley's death, and continued to operate the institute. But without Keeley, its primary spokesman and defender,

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4092-589: The symptoms of anxiety or depression worse. This is believed to occur as a result of the changes in brain chemistry from long-term use. A 2023 systematic review highlights the non-addictive use of alcohol for managing developmental issues , personality traits, and psychiatric symptoms , emphasizing the need for informed, harm-controlled approaches to alcohol consumption within a personalized health policy framework. A 2023 study suggests that people who drink for both recreational enjoyment and therapeutic reasons, like relieving pain and anxiety/depression/stress, have

4158-580: Was a Keeley Institute graduate. The Times said "it is not everyday that a man from the Keeley Institute for the cure of drunkenness comes to New-York and gets into such a predicament." In the June 10, 1894 edition of the New York World , Nellie Bly 's undercover report on the Keeley Institute in White Plains, New York , was published as "Nellie Bly Takes The Keeley Cure." A subheadline described

4224-597: Was born in Potsdam, New York , on June 10, 1836. Keeley graduated at the Rush Medical College , Chicago , in 1863, and later entered the Union Army as a surgeon . At the end of the war he moved to Dwight, Illinois , where he began his private medical practice. There, in 1880, he opened a sanatorium for persons addicted to the immoderate use of alcohol and opium . He asserted that "Alcoholism

4290-572: Was later noted that a "high percentage of those "cured" had relapsed." Keeley published numerous articles in the popular press in addition to pamphlets promoting his therapy, and wrote The Morphine Eater, or From Bondage to Freedom (1881) and the Non-Heredity of Inebriety (1896). He died on February 21, 1900, in Los Angeles, California . The Keeley Institute in Dwight, Illinois , was

4356-515: Was widely cited as a quack. A 1908 article in the Illinois Medical Journal stated that "Leslie Keeley was a common, ordinary quack with a useless remedy which made good by advertising and catching suckers." Alcohol (drug) Alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl  'the kohl '), sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol , is the second most consumed psychoactive drug globally behind caffeine , and

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