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53-503: The Kegelstatt Trio , K. 498, is a piano trio for clarinet , viola and piano in E-flat major by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Mozart wrote the piano trio on 10 sheets (19 pages) in Vienna and dated the manuscript on 5 August 1786. According to Mozart's 17-year-old student Karoline Pichler , the work was dedicated to another student of Mozart's, Franziska von Jacquin; Mozart and

106-432: A duckpin bowling alley. Mozart wrote that he composed 12 Duos for Two Horns (not 2 violins as once thought, or basset horns as was commonly thought), K. 487, "while playing skittles"; on the first page of the autograph manuscript of K. 487, Mozart inscribed the following: " Wienn den 27. Jullius 1786 untern Kegelscheiben " (Vienna, 27 July 1786 while playing skittles). A week and a half later, Mozart composed and dated

159-411: A Minuet. During the development, the dialogue between the instruments becomes intensified, and Mozart shows his grasp of counterpoint without ever sounding academic or "learned". The following trio opens with a chromatic four-note phrase, to which the viola responds with a run of lively triplets , accompanied by chromatic chords from the piano (bars 42–62, repeated). In the development of that theme,

212-501: A catalogue in eight volumes was compiled. Louvois considered the erection of an opulent building to host it on what would become the Place Vendôme , a project that was however left unexecuted following the minister's death in 1691. The library opened to the public in 1692, under the administration of Abbott Camille le Tellier de Louvois , the minister's son. The Abbé Louvois was succeeded by Jean-Paul Bignon , who in 1721 seized

265-515: A collection of manuscripts from his predecessor, John II , and transferred them to the Louvre from the Palais de la Cité . The first librarian of record was Claude Mallet, the king's valet de chambre, who made a sort of catalogue, Inventoire des Livres du Roy nostre Seigneur estans au Chastel du Louvre . Jean Blanchet made another list in 1380 and Jean de Bégue one in 1411 and another in 1424. Charles V

318-577: A complete reform of the library's system. Catalogues were made which appeared from 1739 to 1753 in 11 volumes. The collections increased steadily by purchase and gift to the outbreak of the French Revolution , at which time it was in grave danger of partial or total destruction, but owing to the activities of Antoine-Augustin Renouard and Joseph Van Praet it suffered no injury. The library's collections swelled to over 300,000 volumes during

371-522: A copy of any book in France in the National Library. Napoleon furthermore increased the collections by spoil from his conquests. A considerable number of these books were restored after his downfall. During the period from 1800 to 1836, the library was virtually under the control of Joseph Van Praet. At his death it contained more than 650,000 printed books and some 80,000 manuscripts. Following

424-508: A correction by Mozart where he started to write "Ce" (for "cembalo", the Italian word for the harpsichord ) and then replaced it with "Piano forte". However, this part is labelled "Cembalo" for the second and third movements. The key signature of E ♭ major in Mozart's late chamber music indicates close friendship. The trio consists of three movements : The first movement is not

477-736: A digitized copy of Scenes of Bohemian Life by Henri Murger (1913) became Gallica's millionth document. In February 2019, the five millionth document was a copy of the manuscript "Record of an Unsuccessful Trip to the West Indies" stored in the Bibliothèque Inguimbertine and on 30 March 2023 the ten millionth document was added. As of 2024 , Gallica had made available online approximately 10 million documents : Most of Gallica's collections of texts have been converted into text format using optical character recognition (OCR-processing), which allows full-text search in

530-524: A full city block in Paris, surrounded by rue de Richelieu (west), rue des Petits-Champs (south), rue Vivienne  [ fr ] (east), and rue Colbert  [ fr ] (north). There are two entrances, respectively on 58, rue de Richelieu and 5, rue Vivienne. This site was the main location of the library for 275 years, from 1721 to 1996. It now hosts the BnF Museum as well as facilities of

583-541: A large number of works exist for the arrangement of piano, violin and violoncello which are not generally titled or numbered as piano trios, but which are nonetheless part of the overall genre. These include single movements as well as sets of variations such as Beethoven's Variations on 'Ich bin der Schneider Kakadu' Op. 121a and Variations in E flat major Op. 44. After the Classical era, works for piano and two instruments continue to be written which are not presented as in

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636-576: A large purchase of manuscripts from Mozart's widow Constanze (the Mozart Nachlass ) in 1841. In 1912 it was donated to the Bibliothèque nationale de France , Département de la Musique, Malherbe collection, Ms 222. The manuscript notes the clarinet part as "Clarinetto in B" and uses the written pitch . The viola part uses the C- clef in the alto position. The labelling of the piano part shows

689-427: A period of development that made it the largest and richest collection of books in the world. He was succeeded by his son who was replaced, when executed for treason, by Jérôme Bignon , the first of a line of librarians of the same name. Under de Thou, the library was enriched by the collections of Queen Catherine de Medici . The library grew rapidly during the reigns of Louis XIII and Louis XIV , due in great part to

742-646: A process during which many treasures were lost. Henry IV had it moved to the Collège de Clermont in 1595, a year after the expulsion of the Jesuits from their establishment. In 1604, the Jesuits were allowed to return and the collection was moved to the Cordeliers Convent , then in 1622 to the nearby Confrérie de Saint-Côme et de Saint-Damien  [ fr ] on the rue de la Harpe . The appointment of Jacques Auguste de Thou as librarian initiated

795-659: A sarcastic allusion to the successful TGV high-speed rail system). After the move of the major collections from the Rue de Richelieu , the National Library of France was inaugurated on 15 December 1996. As of 2016 , the BnF contains roughly 14 million books at its four Parisian sites (Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand, Richelieu, Arsenal , and Opéra ) as well as printed documents, manuscripts, prints, photographs, maps and plans, scores, coins, medals, sound documents, video and multimedia documents, and scenery elements. The library retains

848-547: A series of regime changes in France, it became the Imperial National Library and in 1868 was moved to newly constructed buildings on the Rue de Richelieu designed by Henri Labrouste . Upon Labrouste's death in 1875 the library was further expanded, including the grand staircase and the Oval Room, by academic architect Jean-Louis Pascal . In 1896, the library was still the largest repository of books in

901-474: A typical performance would last about six minutes. The key signature of this movement is B ♭ major , the dominant key to E ♭ from the first movement. The opening menuetto of this movement consists of the exposition of a four-bar theme (bars 1–12, repeated), and its development (bars 13–41, also repeated). The piano's pounding bass line and sharp dynamic contrasts set the mood of this theme apart from any conventional light and frilly notions of

954-416: A typical performance would last just over six minutes. It repeats neither its exposition nor the remainder of the movement, which is unusual for Mozart's mature chamber music. A particularly recognizable feature of this movement's principal theme is the gruppetto (turn) which appears 67 times. The second movement is written in 4 time and consists of 158 bars, almost all of which are repeated;

1007-426: A very powerful sound, and each can hold its own in a modern ensemble. The earlier trios are now frequently performed and recorded using authentic instruments , of the kind for which they were originally written. Such performances restore the sonic balance the composer would have expected, and have proven popular. Some rather rare combinations of instruments have nonetheless inspired a few outstanding works. Among

1060-461: Is a seven-part rondo, a rarity in Mozart's work; this seven-part structure also explains the title Rondeaux , the French plural form of Rondeau . The structure is AB–AC–AD–A. Theme A is an eight-bar cantabile melody in two parts, drawn from the first movement and presented first by the clarinet, then taken up as a variation by the piano (bars 1–16). The melody of theme B – in B ♭ major –

1113-475: Is generally credited with transforming the accompanied keyboard sonata, in which the essentially optional cello doubles the bass of the keyboard left hand, into the balanced trio which has since been a central form of chamber music. With the early 19th century, particularly Beethoven , this genre was felt to be more appropriate to cast in the four movement form. Piano trios that are set in the Sonata tradition share

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1166-536: Is organised: Gallica is the digital library for online users of the Bibliothèque nationale de France and its partners. It was established in October 1997. Today it has more than six million digitized materials of various types: books, magazines, newspapers, photographs, cartoons, drawings, prints, posters, maps, manuscripts, antique coins, scores, theater costumes and sets, audio and video materials. All library materials are freely available. On 10 February 2010,

1219-459: Is played once by the clarinet (bars 17–24) before the piano plays an intermezzo of several bars. From bar 36 onwards, all three instruments play short phrases of that theme in turn, followed by a piano solo until bar 50. Theme C – in C minor – is presented by the viola and repeated (bars 67–76); all three instruments develop that theme in bars 77–90 (repeated). This development visits the subdominant minor scale ( vi ) of F minor before ending in

1272-567: Is published in France. Some of its extensive collections, including books and manuscripts but also precious objects and artworks, are on display at the BnF Museum (formerly known as the Cabinet des Médailles ) on the Richelieu site. The National Library of France is a public establishment under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture . Its mission is to constitute collections, especially

1325-480: The Gruthuyse collection and with plunder from Milan . Francis I transferred the collection in 1534 to Fontainebleau and merged it with his private library. During his reign, fine bindings became the craze and many of the books added by him and Henry II are masterpieces of the binder's art. Under librarianship of Jacques Amyot , the collection was transferred to Paris and then relocated on several occasions,

1378-409: The relative key of C minor. Theme D – in A ♭ major – is introduced in bar 116 by all three instruments almost in unison , and elaborately developed in bars 132–153 (repeated). In contrast to the previous development, this goes through the subdominant major scale (VI) of A-flat major . With the playful coda of bars 191 to 222, Mozart concludes the composition, "that does not merely satisfy

1431-473: The 19th century Robert Schumann wrote Märchenerzählungen ( Op . 132), Max Bruch in 1910 "Eight pieces for clarinet, viola, and piano" (Op. 83) and Carl Reinecke "Trio for piano, clarinet and viola" (Op. 246). In March 1894 the manuscript came into the possession of the musicologist and composer Charles Théodore Malherbe when he bought it from Leo Sachs, a banker in Paris, who had bought it from Johann Anton André who bought it as part of

1484-550: The BnF, the library of the Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (in the Saller Labrouste since 2016), and the library of the École Nationale des Chartes . It was comprehensively renovated in the 2010s and early 2020s on a design by architects Bruno Gaudin  [ fr ] and Virginie Brégal. On 14 July 1988, President François Mitterrand announced "the construction and the expansion of one of

1537-473: The French people." A new administrative organization was established. Napoleon took great interest in the library and among other things issued an order that all books in provincial libraries not possessed by the Bibliothèque Nationale should be forwarded to it, subject to replacement by exchanges of equal value from the duplicate collections, making it possible, as Napoleon said, to find

1590-451: The assured arrival of the form, attentive to balanced voices and three-part dialogue. Beethoven 's trios continued the compositional objectives inaugurated by Mozart. The new idea of equality was never implemented completely; the extent to which it is realized varies from one composition to the next, as well as among movements within a single composition. Certainly, by the mid-nineteenth century, all three instruments had been modified to have

1643-464: The best known of such groups are or have been: Biblioth%C3%A8que nationale de France The Bibliothèque nationale de France ( French: [biblijɔtɛk nɑsjɔnal də fʁɑ̃s] ; 'National Library of France'; BnF ) is the national library of France , located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as Richelieu and François-Mitterrand . It is the national repository of all that

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1696-489: The brighter theme of the Menuetto whose treatment ends the movement without repeats. The last movement is written in the time signature of cut common time [REDACTED] (or alla breve , similar to 2 ) and consists of 222 bars; a typical performance would last eight and a half minutes. The key signature, as is conventional, is the same as the opening movement, E-flat major. The musical format of this movement

1749-488: The copies of works published in France that must, by law, be deposited there, conserve them, and make them available to the public. It produces a reference catalogue, cooperates with other national and international establishments, as well as participates in research programs. The National Library of France traces its origin to the royal library founded at the Louvre Palace by Charles V in 1368. Charles had received

1802-443: The four-note phrase and the lively triplets are then taken up by the piano, and clarinet and viola present some chromatically rising lines, before all three instruments start a concerto -like conversation where the 4-note phrase is only heard twice in the piano left hand (bars 63–94, repeated). The final part of the trio starts with a variation of the trio's four-note phrase, which is briefly developed (bars 95–102) before returning to

1855-459: The general concerns of such works for their era, and often are reflective directly of symphonic practice with individual movements laid out according to the composer's understanding of the sonata form . In the Classical era , home music-making made the piano trio a very popular genre for arrangements of other works. For example, Beethoven transcribed his first two symphonies for piano trio. Thus

1908-524: The interest of Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert , himself a dedicated collector of books. The site in the Rue de la Harpe becoming inadequate, the library was again moved, in 1666, to two adjacent houses in Rue Vivienne. After Colbert, Louis XIV's minister Louvois also took interest in the library and employed Jean Mabillon , Melchisédech Thévenot , and others to procure books from every source. In 1688,

1961-454: The largest and most modern libraries in the world, intended to cover all fields of knowledge, and designed to be accessible to all, using the most modern data transfer technologies, which could be consulted from a distance, and which would collaborate with other European libraries". Due to initial trade union opposition, a wireless network was fully installed only in August 2016. In July 1989,

2014-569: The library materials. Each document has a digital identifier, the so-called ARK ( Archival Resource Key ) of the National Library of France and is accompanied by a bibliographic description. Raoul Rigault , leader during the Paris Commune in 1871, was known for habitually occupying the library and reading endless copies of the newspaper Le Père Duchesne . Alain Resnais directed Toute la mémoire du monde ( transl.  All

2067-442: The listener, but leaves him enchanted!" Piano trio The term "piano trio" is also used for jazz trios , where it most commonly designates a pianist accompanied by bass and drums, though guitar or saxophone may figure as well. Works titled "Piano Trio" tend to be in the same overall shape as a sonata . Initially this was in the three movement form, though some of Haydn's have two movements. Mozart , in five late works,

2120-457: The more traditional Allegro as an opening movement, but a more contemplative Andante. Following on from this, the second movement is of course not the traditional slow movement, but a moderate Menuetto, and the last movement, while lively, is not the standard Allegro. In short, the contrasts in tempo in this trio are not as stark as in most piano trios. The Andante is written in the time signature of 8 time and consists of 129 bars ;

2173-541: The opportunity of the collapse of John Law 's Mississippi Company . The company had been relocated by Law into the former palace of Cardinal Mazarin around Hôtel Tubeuf , and its failure freed significant space in which the Library would expand (even though the Hotel Tubeuf itself would remain occupied by French East India Company and later by France's financial bureaucracy until the 1820s). Bignon also instituted

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2226-470: The original clarinet part was described as an "alternative part": La parte del Violino si può eseguire anche con un Clarinetto . Due to this unusual scoring, the piece is sometimes adapted to fit other types of trios; e.g. a clarinet–violin–piano trio , a violin–cello–piano trio, a clarinet–cello–piano trio , or a violin–viola–piano trio, as in that first publication by Artaria. No composer before Mozart had written for this combination of instruments. In

2279-648: The radical phase of the French Revolution when the private libraries of aristocrats and clergy were seized. After the establishment of the French First Republic in September 1792, "the Assembly declared the Bibliothèque du Roi to be national property and the institution was renamed the Bibliothèque Nationale . After four centuries of control by the Crown, this great library now became the property of

2332-536: The services of the architectural firm of Dominique Perrault were retained. The design was recognized with the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture in 1996. The construction was carried out by Bouygues . Construction of the library ran into huge cost overruns and technical difficulties related to its high-rise design, so much so that it was referred to as the "TGB" or " Très Grande Bibliothèque " ( lit.   ' Very Large Library ' ,

2385-402: The sonata tradition, or are arrangements of other works. Many of these individual works are popular on concert programs, for example Suk's Elegie. For individual articles treating works for piano trio, see Category:Compositions for piano trio . The piano trios of the Classical era, notably those of Haydn , are dominated by the piano part. The violin plays the melody only a certain amount of

2438-442: The time, and when it does, is often doubled by the piano. The cello part is very much subordinated, usually just doubling the bass line in the piano. It is thought that this practice was related to the sonority of the instruments of Haydn's day: the piano was fairly weak and "tinkling" in tone, and benefited from the tonal strengthening of other instruments. Mozart's five late ( K. 496 and later) trios are generally felt to mark

2491-532: The trio E ♭ K. 498. He entered this work into his list of compositions simply as: " Ein Terzett für klavier, Clarinett und Viola " (A trio for piano, clarinet and viola). There is no evidence that Mozart gave any nickname to the K. 498 trio; the moniker Kegelstatt first appears ascribed to the K. 498 trio in Ludwig von Köchel 's 1862 thematic catalogue of Mozart's music . This clarinet–viola–piano trio

2544-445: The use of the Rue de Richelieu complex for some of its collections. The Manuscripts department houses the largest collection of medieval and modern manuscripts worldwide. The collection includes medieval chansons de geste and chivalric romances , eastern literature, eastern and western religions, ancient history, scientific history, and literary manuscripts by Pascal, Diderot, Apollinaire, Proust, Colette, Sartre, etc. The collection

2597-697: The von Jacquin family – father Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin and his youngest son Gottfried – were quite close friends. They performed house concerts together, where Nikolaus played the flute and Franziska the piano. In a letter to Gottfried from 15 January 1787, Mozart praises Franziska's studiousness and diligence. Mozart dedicated a number of works to the von Jacquin family. One year later, Mozart wrote two Lieder , " Als Luise die Briefe ihres ungetreuen Liebhabers verbrannte " (K. 520) and " Das Traumbild " (K. 530) explicitly for Gottfried von Jacquin to use under his own name. The German word Kegelstatt means "a place where skittles are played", akin to

2650-677: The world, although it has since been surpassed by other libraries for that title. By 1920, the library's collection had grown to 4,050,000 volumes and 11,000 manuscripts. In 2024, the library removed four 19th-century books from its public access, namely two volumes of The Ballads of Ireland published in 1855, a bilingual anthology of Romanian poetry dating from 1856, and book of the Royal Horticultural Society published between 1862 and 1863, after tests indicated that their covers and bindings were coloured using green pigments containing arsenic . The Richelieu site occupies

2703-510: Was a patron of learning and encouraged the making and collection of books. It is known that he employed Nicholas Oresme , Raoul de Presles (conseiller de Charles V)  [ fr ] , and others to transcribe ancient texts. At the death of Charles VI , this first collection was unilaterally bought by the English regent of France, the Duke of Bedford , who transferred it to England in 1424. It

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2756-448: Was apparently dispersed at his death in 1435. Charles VII did little to repair the loss of these books, but the invention of printing resulted in the starting of another collection in the Louvre inherited by Louis XI in 1461. Charles VIII seized a part of the collection of the kings of Aragon . Louis XII , who had inherited the library at Blois , incorporated the latter into the Bibliothèque du Roi and further enriched it with

2809-539: Was first played in the von Jacquin's house; Anton Stadler played clarinet, Mozart the viola, and Franziska von Jacquin the piano. The clarinet was still a relatively new instrument in Mozart's time, and this trio, along with his Clarinet Quintet and Clarinet Concerto (the latter two for basset clarinets in A), helped increase the instrument's popularity. The trio was published in 1788 by Artaria , transcribed – probably with Mozart's consent – for violin, viola and piano, and

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