Keitele Canal is water route in Central Finland . It is about 45 km long. The canal consists of six lakes and five self-service locks.
31-570: The canal connects two biggest lakes in Central Finland, Lake Päijänne and Lake Keitele, thus forming a water route of altogether ca. 400 km from the City of Lahti in the southern end to the municipality of Pielavesi in the North. The canal was first proposed at the end of the 19th century. Concrete plans were made in 1962 and again in 1981. Finally the canal was built in 1990-1993 as part of
62-460: A cabin crawl is to give passengers an idea of the space and layout of various cabin options for their next cruise. Cabin crawls are normally organized prior to a cruise, through cruise-fan websites. In spacecraft , cabins are required to fully supply food and oxygen for their crew. On missions lasting a year or longer, the cabins have to be self-sustaining, i.e. replenish their own water and oxygen. The space cabin for any long-range crewed mission
93-545: A cafe and cruises. The locks on the canal are designed to accept vessels of a maximum draw of 2.4m, a maximum length of 110m and a maximum width of 11.8m. The locks are self-service locks, and are open from May to September (part-time or by order in October). They can also be controlled remotely. Locks from south to north: 62°14′49″N 25°53′13″E / 62.246806°N 25.886806°E / 62.246806; 25.886806 Timber rafting Timber rafting
124-576: A means of transportation of people and goods, both raw materials ( ore , fur , game ) and man-made. Theophrastus ( Hist. Plant. 5.8.2) records how the Romans imported Corsican timber by way of a huge raft propelled by as many as fifty masts and sails . This practice used to be common in many parts of the world, especially North America and on all main rivers of Germany. Timber rafting allowed for connecting large continental forests, as in south western Germany, via Main, Neckar, Danube and Rhine with
155-547: Is a method of transporting felled tree trunks by tying them together to make rafts , which are then drifted or pulled downriver, or across a lake or other body of water. It is arguably, after log driving , the second cheapest means of transporting felled timber . Both methods may be referred to as timber floating. The tradition of timber rafting cultivated in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, Poland and Spain
186-399: Is also environmentally friendly, with much lower greenhouse gas emissions than truck transport. [REDACTED] Media related to Timber floating at Wikimedia Commons Cabin (ship) A cabin or berthing is an enclosed space generally on a ship or an aircraft . A cabin which protrudes above the level of a ship's deck may be referred to as a deckhouse . In sailing ships ,
217-413: Is expected to be reasonably spacious, with approximately 28 cubic metres allotted to each occupant. In addition, cabins have life support systems that should have the capability to meet a variety of off-nominal conditions, including cabin fires, depressurization, and component shutdown or failure. Frequently, these conditions occur so quickly that recovery can be provided only by automatic control systems. In
248-702: Is more lavishly furnished, with separate bedroom and combination sitting room /office, and more elaborate toiletry facilities. For ships intended to act as flagships , like the former United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Lexington —now a museum ship —the admiral also has a sea cabin (adjacent to the captain's sea cabin) and an in-port cabin, in addition to the captain's cabins. Officers normally have their own cabins—sometimes referred to as staterooms —which double as their offices. Some senior petty officers may have cabins for similar reasons. Sailors sleep in berthing spaces . In ships carrying passengers , they are normally accommodated in cabins, taking
279-600: The Mississippi River , allowed huge rafts to travel in caravans and even be chained into strings. These type of constructed log rafts used for timber rafting over long distances by waterways to markets of large populations appeared on the Atlantic coast about 1883. They were there sometimes referred to as Joggins-Leary log ships because they were financed by businessman James T. Leary and originated at Joggins, Nova Scotia . They seem also to have been employed on
310-693: The Rhine River as early as September 14, 1888. Their use on the Pacific coast was first contemplated by the capitalists James Mervyn Donahue of the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad and John D. Spreckels of the San Diego and Arizona Railway when they formed the Pacific west coast Joggins Raft Company on September 21, 1889. Rafting was a principal method of transporting timber in
341-600: The Vuoksi - Saimaa basin. Timber rafting has experienced a resurgence following the Russo-Ukrainian War . Timber imports from Russia stopped, requiring their replacement with more timber to be procured from the upper reaches of Saimaa, while the Finnish truck fleet was however not large enough to accommodate this. Thus, timber rafting took its place. Timber rafting is 20% cheaper than transport by truck or rail. It
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#1732783382182372-534: The Altamaha delivered logs to the port of Brunswick, Georgia , where they were loaded onto timber schooners and transported to international markets like Liverpool , Rio de Janeiro , and Havana . Rivermen assigned colorful names to the various features and hazards along their route down the Atamaha. Among the many "riverman monikers" was Old Hell Bight , where the river marks the border between Long County to
403-603: The Altamaha’s rafting era is generally considered to have been the years between those wars. During those years, Darien , a town at the mouth of the river with a population of perhaps a couple of thousand, was a major international timber port. Reports of exports from Darien were included in the New York Lumber Trade Journal along with reports of exports from such large ports as New Orleans, Mobile, Jacksonville, Savannah, Charleston, and Norfolk. The timber
434-464: The Finnish-Soviet trade. The Soviet Union owed Finland and paid its debt by building the locks. The project cost 245M Finnish marks. Originally the canal was intended for the benefit of the wood industry in the region. However, the timber rafting ended in 2002. Since then the canal has been used by private and cruise boats only. There are several companies offering canal and lake cruises in
465-545: The area, and in some areas there are boat and canoe rentals available. Good navigation skill is required as the waters in Central Finland are rocky. At Vaajakoski Lock there is a restaurant, an art gallery and a swimming beach. At Kuusa Lock there is also accommodation and a theatre. Near the Kapeenkoski Lock are fireplaces, lean-tos and hiking paths in the Kapeenniemi recreational area. The Paatela Lock: has
496-471: The cabin clear for the gunners to use the stern chasers several of which were usually stationed in the cabin. On large three decker warships in the age of sail the captain's cabin was sometimes appropriated by the Admiral . The captain would be consigned to the cabin below on the middle gun-deck . In most modern warships , the commanding officer has a main cabin—the in-port cabin , often adjacent to
527-626: The coastal cities and states. Early modern forestry and remote trading were closely connected. Large pines in the black forest were called "Holländer," as they were traded to the Netherlands. Large timber rafts on the Rhine were 200 to 400m in length, 40m wide and consisted of several thousand logs. The crew consisted of 400 to 500 men, including shelter, bakeries, ovens and livestock stables. Timber rafting infrastructure allowed for large interconnected networks all over continental Europe. The advent of
558-469: The middle of the 20th century. In Russia, the use of elaborate timber rafts called belyana continued into the 1930s. Timber rafts could be of enormous proportions, sometimes up to 600 metres (2,000 ft) long, 50 metres (160 ft) wide, and stacked 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high. Such rafts would contain thousands of logs. For the comfort of the raftsmen - which could number up to 500 - logs were also used to build cabins and galleys . Control of
589-419: The north and Wayne County to the south, and is a particularly troublesome bend, with associated dangerous currents, where a pilot and crew might lose "their wages, their timber, and occasionally their lives" Most rafts were sharp-chute, that is, V-bowed, rather than square-bowed. Raftsmen had learned that with a V-bow a raft was more likely to hold together and glance off if it drifted out of control and hit
620-506: The officers and paying passengers would have an individual or shared cabin. The captain or commanding officer would occupy the "great cabin" that normally spanned the width of the stern and had large windows. On a warship, it was a privileged area, separate from the rest of the ship, for the exclusive use of the captain. In large warships, the cabin was subdivided into day and night cabins (bedrooms) by movable panels, called bulk-heads , that could be removed in time of battle to leave
651-428: The raft was done by oars and later on by tugboats . Raft construction differs depending on the watercourse. Rocky and windy rivers saw rafts of simple, yet sometimes smart, construction. For example, the front parts of the logs were joined together by wooden bars, while the rear parts were loosely roped together. The resulting slack allowed for easy adaptation for narrow and windy waterbeds. Wide and quiet rivers, like
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#1732783382182682-583: The railroad, steam boat vessels and improvements in trucking and road networks gradually reduced the use of timber rafts. It is still of importance in Finland. In Spain, this method of transport was used in the Ebro, Tajo, Júcar, Turia and Segura rivers, mainly and to a lesser extent in the Guadalquivir. There is documentary evidence of these uses as early as the sixteenth century, and its use was extended until
713-415: The river bank. As one old-time raftsman put it: “With a square bow you were compelled to hold the raft in or near the middle of the river: if it butted the hill it would come to pieces. The sharp-chute could be put together so it would not come apart. And it saved a lot of hard work. Raftsmen didn’t mind letting it go to the hill. They’d say: ‘Let’er shoot out.’” Rafts were assembled in sections. Each section
744-426: The river that were not only very narrow but also very crooked. Each raft had two oars forty to fifty feet long, one in the bow, the other at the stern. The oars were for steering, not propelling, the raft. The minimum raft crew was two men, the pilot who usually manned the stern oar, and his bow hand. Rafts usually had a lean-to shack for shelter and a mound of dirt for a hearth to warm by and cook on. The timber rafts on
775-407: The ship's central control room ( operations room )—and a sea cabin adjacent to the bridge . Thus, when likely to be called from sleep or attending to administration, the commanding officer can go to the sea cabin and thereby be able to appear at the bridge or operations room immediately. The sea cabin is sparsely equipped, containing just a bunk, a desk, and basic toilet facilities. The in-port cabin
806-414: The southeastern United States but, except on the Mississippi River , rafts were necessarily smaller than those described above. On Georgia’s Altamaha River , for example, the maximum width was about forty feet (12 m), that being the widest that could pass between the pilings of railroad bridges. Maximum length was about 250 feet (76 m), that being the longest that could navigate The Narrows, several miles of
837-428: The terminology familiar to seafarers. First-class cabins were traditionally referred to as staterooms , and today many cruise lines now prefer to refer to passenger cabins as staterooms or suites. In cruise ship terms, a cabin crawl is an event where passengers tour the cabins of fellow passengers. A cruise ship may also offer a cabin crawl of cabins or suites which did not sell for a particular sailing. The purpose of
868-523: Was a demand for them, especially in England, after steam sawmilling became common. On the Altamaha, for many years during the rafting era, most rafts were made up of “scab” timber, that is, logs roughly squared by broad ax for tighter assembly and for gang sawmills which could cut flat-face timber only. Although, on the Altamaha, there was rafting to some extent before the Civil War and after World War I,
899-502: Was inscribed on UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2022 Unlike log driving, which was a dangerous task of floating separate logs , floaters or raftsmen could enjoy relative comfort of navigation, with cabins built on rafts, steering by means of oars and possibility to make stops. On the other hand, rafting requires wider waterflows. Timber rafts were also used as
930-502: Was made up of round or squared timbers, all of the same length except for the outside, or “boom logs,” which extended aft a few feet to enclose the following section. Thus the sections were coupled together. A fairly typical raft would be one of three, four or five sections, each section having timbers twenty to thirty feet in length. Most rafts were made up of squared timbers, either hewn square by hand or sawn square by upcountry sawmills. Some timbers were carefully, smoothly hewn, and there
961-510: Was transported by floating, down the current of the rivers, which required the work of cages and log drivers ( Cajeux - Draveurs ). The first types of trees cut were — Pin blanc L. — Pinus strobus . — White pine (eastern white pine)., shipped to Great Britain . While the more technically challenging log driving down rivers declined from the 1960s and mostly ended by the early 21th century, timber rafting has continued to some degree along lakes. UPM and Metsähallitus continue timber rafting in