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62-448: He was the son of Kamehameha's younger brother Keliʻimaikaʻi and Kamehameha's half-sister Kiʻilaweau. After Kamehameha died in 1819, Keaoua rebelled against Kamehameha's successor, his son Kamehameha II . Keaoua's rebellion was brief; he was killed in battle about 21 December 1819. His grandmother was Manono I , and his wife was Manono II . After Kamehameha died, power was officially assumed by Kamehameha's son Liholiho . Liholiho, at

124-764: A fur-trading vessel, the Eleanora , while his son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe , captained the ship Fair American along the Pacific Northwest Coast ; the two parties were to rendezvous in the Hawaiian Islands . Fair American was held-up when it was captured by the Spanish and then quickly released in San Blas , north of Panamá . The Eleanora finally arrived in 1790, where it was greeted by chief Kameʻeiamoku . During their interactions,

186-465: A former British sailor and trusted advisor of Kamehameha, and mother a dynasty of Hapa -Haole nobility. During the 1880s, King Kalākaua had his own genealogist publish an article denouncing Samuel M. Kamakau's genealogy linking Queen Emma to Keliʻimaikaʻi. The genealogist argued that Keliʻimaikaʻi "himself denied publicly that he had a child named Kaoanaeha" and "that it was accepted by the chiefs of that time...[So] how can SMK [Samuel M. Kamakau] turn

248-516: A high-ranking aliʻi named Kaʻiana , had defected to Kalanikūpule . Kaʻiana assisted in cutting notches into the Nuʻuanu Pali mountain ridge; these notches, like those on a castle turret, were to serve as gunports for Kalanikūpule's cannon. In a series of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces pushed Kalanikūpule's men back until they were cornered on the Pali Lookout . While Kamehameha moved on

310-400: A large percentage of his force was killed by the maʻi ʻokuʻu epidemic, which was thought to be either cholera or bubonic plague . Kamehameha I contracted the illness but survived. The second invasion of Kauaʻi was postponed. In April 1810, Kamehameha I negotiated the peaceful unification of the islands with Kauaʻi. His court genealogist and high priest Kalaikuʻahulu was instrumental in

372-428: A total repudiation of the native Hawaiian religion. Some chiefs felt that if they were to abandon the kapus and the services at the heiaus, they would lose the religious justification and support for their rule. Liholiho, they felt, was courting disaster, and must be opposed, lest he take down everyone with him. However, it is likely that there was also genuine loyalty at play, to the cultural norms, and religious beliefs

434-483: Is recognized as such by all the sovereigns and most genealogists. Accounts of Kamehameha I's birth vary, but sources place his birth between 1736 and 1761, with historian Ralph Simpson Kuykendall believing it to be between 1748 and 1761. An early source is thought to imply a 1758 dating because that date matched a visit from Halley's Comet , and would make him close to the age that Francisco de Paula Marín estimated he was. This dating, however, does not accord with

496-476: The Fair American , they defeated Maui's army led by Kalanikūpule at the bloody Battle of Kepaniwai while the aliʻi Kahekili II was on Oahu. In 1791, Kahekili and his brother Kāʻeokūlani reconquered Maui and also acquired cannons. In April or May 1791, Kahekili tried to invade the island of Hawaiʻi, but was defeated in a naval battle called Kepuwahaʻulaʻula near Waipiʻo . Kamehameha had to wait for

558-561: The House of Kalākaua lacked the lineage and support of the Hawaiian people that she possessed. Kamehameha I Kamehameha I ( Hawaiian pronunciation: [kəmehəˈmɛhə] ; Kalani Paiʻea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiʻikui Kamehameha o ʻIolani i Kaiwikapu kauʻi Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea; c.  1736  – c.  1761 to May 8 or 14, 1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great ,

620-577: The Big Island of Hawaii. Keliʻimaikaʻi was known for his kindness, compassion, and mercy to his enemies. For this reason he was Kamehameha's most popular brother. The story of how he came to be known as Keliʻimaikaʻi ("the Good Chief") shows the mercy he showed to his foes. Around 1775, he was sent on an expedition to conquer the lands and confiscate properties in the Kipahulu and Hana districts of

682-513: The Island of Maui , under the rule of the Maui king Kahekili II . The two districts had been formerly owned by their deceased half-brother, Kalokuokamaile . Kamehameha requested that their widow sister-in-law, Kaloiokalani , give the guardianship of the land and her daughter Kaohelelani to Keliʻimaikaʻi. Although there may have been some resistance, Keliʻimaikaʻi was victorious. Instead of punishing

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744-515: The Mahoe (twins) Keoua, and other chiefs rejected the prophecy of Ka Poukahi. The high chiefs of Kauai supported Kiwalaʻo even after learning about the prophecy. The five Kona chiefs supporting Kamehameha were Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi (Kamehameha's father-in-law/grand uncle), Keaweaheulu Kaluaʻāpana (Kamehameha's uncle), Kekūhaupiʻo (Kamehameha's warrior teacher), and Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa (twin uncles of Kamehameha). They defended Kamehameha as

806-472: The Nupepa article. Kamehameha was raised in the royal court of his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu. He achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalaniʻōpuʻu's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kīwalaʻō , Kalaniʻōpuʻu's son, Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position as guardian of the Hawaiian god of war, Kūkaʻilimoku . He was also given control of the district of Waipiʻo Valley . The two cousins' relationship

868-669: The Pacific Islands to the semi-continent of Aotearoa (New Zealand). He was supported by his most political wife Kaʻahumanu and father, High Chief Keeaumoku. Senior counselor to Kamehameha, she became one of Hawaiʻi's most powerful figures. Kamehameha and his council of chiefs planned to unite the rest of the Hawaiian Islands. Allies came from British and American traders, who sold guns and ammunition to Kamehameha. Another major factor in Kamehameha's continued success

930-470: The Pali's cliff, a drop of 1,000 feet. Kaʻiana was killed during the action; Kalanikūpule was later captured and sacrificed to Kūkāʻilimoku. After his conquest of Oahu in the summer of 1795, Kamehameha I prepared his forces for the conquest of Kauaʻi , the last remaining island kingdom out of his control. In the spring of 1796, he attempted to continue with his forces to Kauaʻi but he lost many of his canoes in

992-568: The Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the cannon. He assigned two divisions of his best warriors to climb to the Pali to attack the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikūpule's gunners and took control. With the loss of their guns, Kalanikūpule's troops fell into disarray and were cornered by Kamehameha's still-organized troops. A fierce battle at Nuʻuanu ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming an enclosing wall. Using traditional Hawaiian spears, as well as muskets and cannon, they killed most of Kalanikūpule's forces. Over 400 men were forced over

1054-634: The Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations : "when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old. His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter". A Brief History of the Hawaiian People by William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the "Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History" as 1736. In 1888 the Kamakau account was challenged by Samuel C. Damon in

1116-416: The boat had been broken-apart and the shipmate murdered. Previously, Metcalfe had resorted to violence when he fired muskets into another village near where he had been anchored, ultimately killing some of the residents. This time, furious, Metcalfe took-aim at Olowalu, ordering all cannons aboard the ship to be moved to one side, facing the island. As the captain initiated his trading calls and greetings to

1178-517: The chief is allegedly to have offended or insulted Captain Metcalfe somehow, causing him to strike the chief with a rope's end. Sometime later, while docked in Honolua, Maui , a small boat—which was tied to the larger ship, and had a crewman inside—was stolen by native islanders. When Metcalfe discovered where the boat was taken, he sailed directly to the village of Olowalu . There, he confirmed that

1240-509: The civil war that broke out in 1793 after the death of Kahekili to finally win control of Maui. In 1790, Keōua Kūʻahuʻula , who came to rule the districts of Kaʻū and Puna , took advantage of Kamehameha's absence in Maui and began raiding the west coast of Hawaii. He also advanced against the district of Hilo, deposing his uncle Keawemaʻuhili . When Kamehameha returned, Keōua escaped to the Kīlauea volcano, which erupted. Many warriors died from

1302-440: The civil war that followed the death of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . Keōua had died while Kamehameha was very young, thus the boy was raised in the court of his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. The traditional mele chant of Keakamahana (chiefess and wife of Alapainui) mentions that Kamehameha was born in the month of ikuwā (autumn/winter), or around November; Alapai gave the young Kamehameha to Keaka and her sister, Hākau, to raise, once

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1364-594: The consort of Kamehameha IV , a candidate for the Royal Election of 1872. His name Keliʻimaikaʻi in the Hawaiian language means "The Good Chief". Sometimes his name is spelled Kealiʻimaikaʻi . or by visiting Europeans as Tidi Miti or Tereameteʻe . He is sometimes called a Prince due his relation to Kamehameha. He was also the Chief Priest of ʻIo and Kāne . Keliʻimaikaʻi was born in around

1426-531: The construction of the Puʻukohola Heiau lest it defile his sacred status. The historian, John Papa ʻĪʻī , Keliʻimaikaʻi's mana (spiritual power) was so great that "whatever he dedicated became very kapu", two examples were the bathing pools in Kawaihae , called Keliʻialalahoʻolaʻawai and Alawai . Keliʻimaikaʻi died November 14, 1809, months before the final unification of Hawaiian Islands. Reportedly

1488-471: The details of many well-known accounts of his life, such as his fighting as a warrior with his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, or his being of age to father his first children by that time. The 1758 dating also places his birth after the death of his father. Kamakau published an account in the Ka Nupepa Kuokoa in 1867 placing the date of Kamehameha's birth around 1736. He wrote, "It was during the time of

1550-525: The god, he is the chief who will hold the rule." Some of the Hawaiians living in Hamakua , on the north coast, rebelled outright and killed some soldiers sent against them. Keaoua had, according to Kalakaua, been trained as a priest by Hewahewa , the apostate high priest who had joined Liholiho in repudiating the native religion. Consequently, Keaoua took on the mantle of high-priest, and undertook to defend

1612-460: The gods he worshiped were his gods with mana , and that through these gods, Kamehameha had become supreme ruler over all of the islands. Witnessing Kamehameha's devotion, Vancouver decided against sending missionaries from England. After about 1812, Kamehameha returned from Oahu and spent the last years of his life at Kamakahonu , a compound he built in Kailua-Kona . As was the custom of

1674-424: The head with a large paddle, which broke the paddle. Kamehameha was stunned and left for dead, allowing the fisherman and his companion to escape. Twelve years later, the same fishermen were brought before Kamehameha for punishment. The king instead blamed himself for attacking innocent people, gave the fishermen gifts of land and set them free. He declared the new law, "Let every elderly person, woman, and child lie by

1736-449: The island erupted into civil war and Alapainui, a chief of Kohala, gained the upper hand and dispossessed his father of his lands. Kekuʻiapoiwa II was daughter of Haʻae-a-Mahi , the brother of Alapainui. His kahu (guardian) is said to have been Koʻoluaaliʻiolaʻi.e. and her husband, Kaha Kūʻaikea (the brother of Kahaʻōhulani, guardian to Kamehameha I ). When he grew up and king Alapainui was long dead, he assisted his brother in unifying

1798-609: The islands remained a united realm after his death. He unified the legal system. He used the products collected in taxes to promote trade with Europe and the United States . The origins of the Law of the Splintered Paddle are derived from before the unification of the Island of Hawaiʻi. In 1782 during a raid, Kamehameha caught his foot in a rock. Two local fishermen, fearful of the great warrior, hit Kamehameha hard on

1860-538: The kingdom. Family tree based on Abraham Fornander's "An Account of the Polynesian Race" and other works from the author, Queen Liliuokalani's "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen", Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau's "Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii" and other works by the author, John Papa ʻĪʻī's "Fragments of Hawaiian History", Edith Kawelohea McKinzie's "Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers, Vol. I & II", Kanalu G. Terry Young's "Rethinking

1922-508: The last defender of the native Hawaiian religion, until modern times when various revivals have occurred. The gymnasium at Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area is named in his honor. Keliimaikai Kalanimālokuloku-i-Kepoʻokalani Keliʻimaikaʻi (c. 1765–1809) was a High Chief and the most popular brother of Kamehameha the Great , who founded the Kingdom of Hawaii . He was generally credited as an ancestor of Queen Emma of Hawaii ,

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1984-463: The locals, hundreds of people—men, women, children and elderly—ventured down to the beach to trade, on foot and by canoe. When the islanders were within range, Metcalfe ordered the cannons to be fired on the Hawaiians, killing over 100 of them. Six weeks later, Fair American was stuck near the Kona coast of Hawaii where chief Kameʻeiamoku was living, near Kaʻūpūlehu . Kameʻeiamoku had decided to attack

2046-464: The missionary publication; The Friend , deferring to a 1753 dating that was the first mentioned by James Jackson Jarves . But the Kamakau dating was widely accepted due to support from Abraham Fornander . At the time of Kamehameha's birth, his father, Keōua , along with his half-brother, Kalaniʻōpuʻu , were serving Alapaʻinui , ruler of the island of Hawai’i ; Alapaʻinui had brought the brothers to his court, after defeating both of their fathers in

2108-424: The monarch's decision not to kill Kaumualiʻi , the ruler of that island, when he was the single member of the aliʻi council to agree with Kamehameha's own reluctance to do so. The other aliʻi continued with the plan to poison Kaumualiʻi when Isaac Davis warned him, making the ruler cut his trip short and return to Kauaʻi, leaving Davis to be poisoned by the aliʻi instead. As ruler, Kamehameha took steps to ensure

2170-439: The next foreign ship to avenge the strike by the elder Metcalfe. He canoed out to the ship with his men, where he killed Metcalfe's son and all but one (Isaac Davis) of the five crewmen. Kamehameha took Davis into protection and took possession of the ship. Eleanora was at that time anchored at Kealakekua Bay , where the ship's boatswain had gone ashore and been captured by Kamehameha's forces because Kamehameha believed Metcalfe

2232-482: The night arguing with their leader, urging him to kill the emissaries and mount a decisive rebellion. Keaoua forbade any assassinations but the next morning, when he and his followers were to board canoes for the return to Kailua, he refused. He said he and his men (drawn up in ranks, in warrior regalia) would go by land. This was tantamount to war. Liholiho sent forces under Kalanimoku to intercept Keaoua. Their forces met at Kuamoʻo , just South of Keauhou Bay . Keaoua

2294-450: The old religion by force. Liholiho and his chiefs took counsel and decided to send emissaries to Keaoua, asking him to abandon his defiance, return to Kailua, and rejoin the free eating. Keaoua received the emissaries with apparent deference and said he was ready to return to Kailua the next day, but would not join in the free eating. The emissaries retired to rest, thinking the problem solved. According to Kamakau, Keaoua's supporters spent

2356-560: The only person allowed to see him on his deathbed was his daughter. He married his half sister Kiʻilaweau. By Kiʻilaweau he had Kekuaokalani (d. 1819). He also married the High Chiefess Kalikoʻokalani, daughter of High Chief Kekuaʻalaimoku and High Chiefess Kanenuiakalani. Her father was the son of Kalaninuiamamao and half brother of both Kalaniʻōpuʻu and High Chief Keawemauhili . By Kalikoʻokalani, he had Kaʻōanaʻeha (1780–1850) who married John Young Olohana ,

2418-402: The people who had opposed him, he respected their rights and property. As stated by Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau : "There was no sugar cane broken off, no potatoes dug up, no pigs roasted." The makaʻāinana (common people) loved him and called him "the Good Chief" by which he was ever after known." He was so highly thought of that he was the only chief that was not allowed to work on

2480-465: The poisonous gas emitted from the volcano. When the Puʻukoholā Heiau was completed in 1791, Kamehameha invited Keōua to meet with him. Keōua may have been dispirited by his recent losses. He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to render himself an inappropriate sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts, he dodged it but

2542-411: The rebels had been raised in. If Liholiho were to die or be overthrown, Keaoua would have a good claim to the throne. He was outraged by the abandonment of the sacred traditions and withdrew from the royal court. He stayed at Kailua-Kona , on Hawaii Island, and retired to Kaʻawaloa at Kealakekua Bay . Many ʻAi Noa opponents joined him and urged him to try for the throne, saying, "The chief who prays to

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2604-485: The roadside in safety." Young and Davis became advisors to Kamehameha and provided him with advanced weapons that helped in combat. Kamehameha was also a religious king and the holder of the war god Kūkāʻilimoku. The explorer George Vancouver noted that Kamehameha worshiped his gods and wooden images in a heiau , but originally wanted to bring England's religion, Christianity , to Hawaiʻi. Missionaries were not sent from Great Britain because Kamehameha told Vancouver that

2666-573: The ruler discovered the infant had indeed survived. On February 10, 1911, the Kamakau version was challenged by the oral history of the Kaha family, as published in newspaper articles also appearing in the Kuoko . After Kamakau's history was published again (this time to a wider, English-reading public in 1911 Hawaii), the Kaha version of these events was published by Kamaka Stillman , who had objected to

2728-786: The strong winds and rough seas of the Kaʻieʻie Waho channel. He returned to Hawaii to pacify the rebellion of Nāmakehā (brother of Kaʻiana) in Hilo and ruled from Hawaii for the next six years as he consolidated his conquests and prepare for a second invasion of Kauaʻi. At Hilo, Kamehameha I commissioned the building a large fleet of 800 (according to Kamakau) double-hulled war canoes called peleleu along with Western schooners, and he also stockpile large number of guns, canons and ammunition. He took his peleleu to Maui where he stayed from 1802 to 1803 and then to Oʻahu in late 1803 or early 1804. While in Oʻahu,

2790-587: The time, he had several wives and many children, though he outlived many of them. When Kamehameha died on May 8 or 14, 1819, his body was hidden by his trusted friends, Hoapili and Hoʻolulu , in the ancient custom called hūnākele (literally, "to hide in secret"). The mana , or power of a person, was considered to be sacred. As per the ancient custom, his body was buried in a hidden location because of his mana . His final resting place remains unknown. At one point in his reign, Kamehameha III asked that Hoapili show him where his father's bones were buried, but on

2852-518: The total number of children to be 35: 17 sons and 18 daughters. While he had many wives and children, only his children through his highest-ranking wife, Keōpūolani , succeeded him to the throne. In Hoʻomana: Understanding the Sacred and Spiritual , Chun stated that Keōpūolani supported Kaʻahumanu's ending of the Kapu system as the best way to ensure that Kamehameha's children and grandchildren would rule

2914-464: The truth into a lie, when he knows the true genealogy of the Queen?" Even ten years after the accession of Kalākaua, the genealogy battle continued because there were still threats that Queen Emma's supporters, called Queenites or Emmaites, would place her on the throne. Emma's supporters contradicted Kalākaua's claims and said instead that Keliʻimaikaʻi had recognized Kaʻōanaʻeha as his daughter. Queen Emma

2976-554: The unifier Ka Naʻi aupuni. High Chiefs Keawe Mauhili and Keeaumoku were by genealogy the next in line for aliʻi nui. Both chose the younger nephews Kīwalaʻō and Kamehameha over themselves. Kīwalaʻō was soon defeated in the first key conflict, the Battle of Mokuʻōhai . Kamehameha and his chiefs took over Konohiki responsibilities and sacred obligations of the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hāmākua on Hawaiʻi island. The prophecy included far more than Hawaiʻi island. It went across and beyond

3038-454: The urging of powerful female chiefs such as Kaʻahumanu , abolished the kapu system that had governed life in Hawaiʻi for centuries. Henceforth, men and women could eat together, women could eat formerly forbidden foods, and official worship at the stone platform temples, or heiaus , was discontinued. This event is called the ʻ Ai Noa , or free eating. historian Gavan Daws suggests that as this

3100-420: The warfare among the chiefs of [the island of] Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) that Kamehameha I was born". However, his general dating has been challenged as twenty years too early, related to disputes over Kamakau's inaccuracy of dating compared to accounts of foreign visitors. Regardless, Abraham Fornander wrote in his book, An Account of

3162-464: The way there Hoapili knew that they were being followed, so he turned around. Kamehameha had many wives. The exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed. Hiram Bingham I lists 21 wives, but earlier research from Mary Kawena Pukui counted 26. In Kamehameha's Children Today authors Charles Ahlo, Rubellite Kawena Johnson and Jerry Walker list 30 wives: 18 who had children, and 12 who did not. They state

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3224-543: The year 1765. His mother was the High Chiefess Kekuiapoiwa II of the Kona district and father was High Chief Keōua of the Kohala district . His only full brother was Kamehameha I , although he had many half-siblings through his parents' other marriages. His father Keōua was the grandson of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku , who had once ruled a large portion of the island of Hawaiʻi. After his death

3286-419: Was a decision taken by the chiefs, and it primarily affected the state religion, commoners could still worship their family protective deities ( aumakua ); hula teachers could make offerings to Laka and Hawaii islanders could make offerings to the goddess Pele . Nonetheless, Liholiho ordered the destruction of all Heiau temples throughout the islands, and as asserted by Kalakaua, Liholiho's edicts were seen as

3348-499: Was born in Ainakea, Kohala, Hawaii . His father was Keōua Kalanikupuapa'ikalaninui; however, Native Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau says that Maui monarch Kahekili II had hānai adopted (traditional, informal adoption) Kamehameha at birth, as was the custom of the time. Kamakau believes this is why Kahekili II is often referred to as Kamehameha's father. The author also says that Kameʻeiamoku told Kamehameha I that he

3410-422: Was eventually killed by rifle fire. His wife Manono, sister of Kalanimoku and former wife of Kamehameha I, who had been fighting at her husband's side, begged for mercy but was shot down as well. The rest of Keaoua's army scattered and Liholiho's victory was complete. This was the only armed rebellion in favor of the native Hawaiian religion. Keaoua Kekua-o-kalani was the last partially recognized high priest, and

3472-415: Was never quoted on her opinion in these arguments. Neither were the views of Queen Liliʻuokalani known until the publication of her autobiography . Liliʻuokalani claimed that Keliʻimaikaʻi had no children, that Kiʻilaweau, Keliʻimaikaʻi's first wife, was a man, and that Kaʻōanaʻeha was the daughter of High Chief Kalaipaihala, instead. This and other claims may have intended to belittle Queen Emma because

3534-457: Was planning more revenge. Eleanora waited several days before sailing off, apparently without knowledge of what had happened to Fair American or Metcalfe's son. Davis and Eleanora's boatswain, John Young, tried to escape, but were treated as chiefs, given wives and settled in Hawaii. In 1790, Kamehameha's army invaded Maui with the assistance of John Young and Isaac Davis. Using cannons from

3596-527: Was strained after Kamehameha made a dedication to the gods instead of allowing Kīwalaʻō to do that. Kamehameha accepted the allegiance of a group of chiefs from the Kona district. The other story took place after the prophecy was passed along by the high priests and high chiefs. When Kamehameha was able to lift the Naha Stone , he was considered the fulfiller of the prophecy. Other ruling chiefs, Keawe Mauhili,

3658-616: Was the conqueror and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii . The state of Hawaii gave a statue of him to the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D.C., as one of two statues it is entitled to install there. Kamehameha (known as Paiʻea at birth), was born to Kekuʻiapoiwa II , the niece of Alapainui , the usurping ruler of Hawaii Island who had killed the two legitimate heirs of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku during civil war. By most accounts he

3720-458: Was the son of Kahekili II , saying, "I have something to tell you: Ka-hekili was your father, you were not Keoua's son. Here are the tokens that you are the son of Ka-hekili." King Kalākaua wrote that these rumors were scandals and should be dismissed as the offspring of hatred and jealousies of later years. Regardless of the rumors, Kamehameha was a descendant of Keawe through his mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II; Keōua acknowledged him as his son and he

3782-587: Was the support of Kauai chief Kaʻiana and Captain William Brown of the Butterworth Squadron . He guaranteed Kamehameha unlimited gunpowder from China and gave him the formula for gunpowder: sulfur , saltpeter , and charcoal , all of which are abundant in the islands. Two westerners who lived on Hawaiʻi island, Isaac Davis and John Young , married native Hawaiian women and assisted Kamehameha. In 1789, Simon Metcalfe had been captaining

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3844-504: Was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keōua's bodyguards were killed. With Keōua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became King of Hawaiʻi island. In 1795, Kamehameha set sail with an armada of 960 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers. He quickly secured the lightly defended islands of Maui and Molokaʻi at the Battle of Kawela . He moved on to the island of Oʻahu , landing his troops at Waiʻalae and Waikīkī . Kamehameha did not know that one of his commanders,

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