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35-780: In Walter William Skeat and Charles Otto Blagden 's 1906 work "Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula", the contents of three previously unpublished wordlists appear, two of which were collected by D.F.A. Hervey, a former government official in Malacca. There is no indication as to when these word lists were collected; however, there is a possibility that these wordlists were collected around the 1870s to 1890s. Hervey collected his Kenaboi lexicon in Alor Gajah , Melaka from speakers living in Gunung Dato', Rembau District , which

70-452: A higher proportion of Austroasiatic words than Kenaboi (dialect 2). Kenaboi (dialect 1) also has many words of unknown origin, such as mambu 'white' and par 'water'. Hajek (1998) speculates that the lexical aberrancy of Kenaboi 1 may due to the fact that Kenaboi 1 was a special taboo language , while Kenaboi 2 was the regular non-taboo language. The lexicon of Kenaboi 1 is 47% Austroasiatic, 27% Austronesian, and 26% unclassified out of

105-537: A hope that the new overseas governments would continue to award increases as had been the practice before independence. This objective was achieved by the passing in December 1962 of the Pensions (Increase) Act which covered HMOCS pensioners like the others. Then about a year later, in 1963/64, two newly independent countries, Somalia (incorporating the former British Somaliland Protectorate ) and Zanzibar (after

140-657: A new body which could represent all existing and future pensioners of Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service (HMOCS). The initial purpose was quite narrow, namely to persuade the British Government to provide annual pension increases for HMOCS pensioners to match those given to other civil servants in the Home Civil Service and the Foreign Service in Britain. This would be preferable to relying on

175-537: A revolution overthrowing the Sultan 's rule), refused to continue pension payments to the former overseas officers, contrary to the agreements that had been reached with the governments at the time of independence. So OSPA had a new reason to negotiate with the British Government, and this time it took almost ten years of persistence by OSPA until the government passed the Overseas Pensions Act 1973 . That

210-565: A scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge where he studied classics and received an MA degree in 1891. He then entered the Straits Settlements civil service in Selangor , a state in what is now Malaysia . Skeat began to study both the urbanised Malay people living near the coast and the aboriginal tribes dwelling inland. He prepared his first book in the years leading up to 1899, when he began to mount expeditions to

245-865: A total of 216 words. Hammarström, et al. note in Glottolog that Kenaboi is best considered to be a language isolate , and do not consider arguments of Kenaboi as a taboo-jargon ( argot ) to be convincing. Skeat and Blagden (1906) considers Kenaboi as an isolate unrelated to Austroasiatic and Austronesian. Rasa , another extinct language documented in Skeat & Blagden (1906) near Rasa in Ulu Selangor , also has many words of uncertain origin (Phillips 2012: 257-258). Other Southeast Asian languages with high proportions of unique vocabulary of possible isolate origin: Walter William Skeat (anthropologist) Walter William Skeat (14 October 1866 – 24 July 1953)

280-604: Is a small inland mountainous area in southern Negeri Sembilan . Based on the ethnonym, the Kenaboi may have originated from the Kenaboi River valley of Jelebu District , northern Negeri Sembilan (Hajek 1998). Today, the Orang Asli of Negeri Sembilan are primarily Temuan speakers. John Hajek (1998) proposes that Kenaboi is a mixed language of both Aslian and Austronesian origins, with Kenaboi (dialect 1) having

315-635: The Dominion of Ceylon in February 1948, the relatively few Colonial Service staff were smoothly replaced by local counterparts, and their retirement pensions continued to be paid as normal. The end of British rule in Palestine in that same year was quite different, with no ordered succession to the colonial officers. By 1960, in the African territories, special compensation schemes were introduced whereby

350-522: The Second World War . Recruitment included candidates from the four self-governing Dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and a few of the colonies themselves, such as Southern Rhodesia, Malta, Cyprus, and some in the Caribbean. The officers were members of the civil service of the particular territory in which they served, as well as belonging to the relevant sub-service of

385-631: The 20th century. In 1900 there were only about 1,000 overseas posts. There was an expansion after the First World War , then a slow-down during the 1930s, with an estimated number of about 8,000 in 1938. Numbers boomed after the Second World War, rising to just over 11,000 posts in 1947, and a peak of about 18,000 in 1954. Thereafter the size of the Service shrank rapidly as most territories attained independence, until its formal end with

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420-699: The British Colonial Service , so he retired to London. In 1914, he became a lecturer at the British Museum . Skeat retired in 1932 and died in London on 24 July 1953. Colonial Service The Colonial Service , also known as His/Her Majesty's Colonial Service and replaced in 1954 by Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service ( HMOCS ), was the British government service that administered most of Britain's overseas possessions , under

455-526: The British Colonial Office which then appointed them to serve in a particular territory, they were not employed by the British Government. They were employed and paid by the territorial government which was also responsible for their eventual retirement pension arrangements. As expatriate officers they were entitled to take "long leave" every few years (varying between territories) outside their territory of service. This distinguished them from

490-419: The British Government agreed to finance payments through the territorial governments to HMOCS officers whose career employment would be ended prematurely. In some cases an "Inducement Allowance" was also paid to encourage officers to stay on. The normal budgetary system in most territories was that every few years there would be a salaries review, which would include pensions, when increases would be made. There

525-810: The British government. The formal end of HMOCS in 1997 was marked by a special commemorative service held in Westminster Abbey on 25 May 1999, attended by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . The physical memorial "To all who served the Crown in the Colonial Territories" is displayed in the South Cloister of Westminster Abbey, unveiled by H.M. The Queen in March 1966. During the 1930s

560-629: The Colonial Service. Finally, in 1954, they were all combined under the title of Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service (HMOCS). That continued until 1 July 1997, when the largest remaining colony, Hong Kong, was handed over to the People’s Republic of China, designated as a Special Administrative Region . Thereafter the relatively few posts in the small remaining colonies (now British Overseas Territories ) were filled by ad hoc British government appointments and overseen by two Ministers of

595-806: The Dominions Office. In 1966 the Colonial Office was merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO) to form the Commonwealth Office . In 1968 that Office was merged with the Foreign Office, renamed as the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), which maintained ultimate oversight of the dwindling residual HMOCS personnel until 1997. The historical record of the Colonial Service begins with

630-679: The State and the Crown very considerable, very special service, – and I salute you for it." The National Archives and the British Library , both in London, hold extensive records about all aspects of the British Empire, including the Colonial Service and HMOCS. There are particular collections in other centres, the chief ones being at: Another source is the independent website www.britishempire.co.uk created by Stephen Luscombe. He

665-916: The authority of the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Colonial Office in London. It did not operate in British India , where the same function was delivered by the Indian Civil Service (ICS), nor in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , which was administered by the Sudan Political Service (SPS), nor in the internally self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia , which had its own civil service. The British Government's overall responsibility for

700-414: The first two years of probation; then District Officer (in some territories termed Assistant District Commissioner); rising to District Commissioner when given such charge, and Provincial Commissioner above that. Colonial Governors were normally selected from appropriately senior officers. Exceptions were Gibraltar, Malta and Bermuda, formerly classified as "fortress" colonies, where until the post-war years

735-494: The following sixteen sub-services were brought into the unified Colonial Service: During the 1940s four more were added, bringing the total to twenty: The Colonial Administrative Service represented the authority of the colonial government in all respects. It was an elite of generalists, people mostly with University or other higher education qualifications, and appointments were made after selection interviews intended to assess candidates’ personality, character and motivation. From

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770-546: The governors were normally military or naval officers, and thereafter were usually political appointees. A few territories recruited female administrative officers, designated as Women Administrative Assistants. They filled supporting roles either in provincial headquarters or in the central Secretariat. The first responsibility of the Colonial Administrative Service on was the maintenance of law and order. However, contrary to popular belief, this

805-452: The hand-over of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997. A number of HMOCS Police officers and others stayed on to serve the SAR government . The approach of independence in each territory had fundamental effects on HMOCS personnel there, depending on the outlook of the emerging local rulers and the stage of general social and economic development. In the case of Ceylon , which became independent as

840-501: The interior to study the anthropology and ethnography of Malays in areas beyond any marked European influence. His friend and associate Charles Otto Blagden saw the book through publication; it dealt with Malay magic and appeared in 1900. Skeat and Blagden subsequently produced Skeat's major work, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula in 1906. Because of his travels in the Malay interior, Skeat became too seriously ill to remain in

875-434: The locally-engaged personnel in government service who were on local leave terms. The normal retirement age was 55, set originally to allow for the adverse effect the tropical climate had on their health. In some cases an officer could be transferred from one territory to another, by arrangement with the Colonial Office and the two colonial governments concerned. The overall size of the Colonial Service changed greatly through

910-495: The management of the territories overseas in the early 19th century lay with successive departments dealing with the various colonies and "plantations", until in 1854 a separate Colonial Office was created headed by a Secretary of State for the Colonies . That office was not responsible for the territories of the Indian Empire, including Burma, nor for Sudan which was linked to Egypt, nor for Southern Rhodesia which came under

945-482: The mid-1920s, they attended a year’s training course at London, Oxford or Cambridge Universities. Administrative Officers were responsible for effecting government policy in the districts and provinces of each territory, as well as serving in the central Secretariat in the capital. First appointment was normally in the Provincial Administration. The starting rank was District Officer (cadet), during

980-539: The pensioners by working for satisfactory outcomes. OSPA's journal, The Overseas Pensioner , was published bi-annually from 1960 until OSPA's closure in October 2017. It included articles and book reviews about all aspects of the Colonial Empire and the related experiences of colonial officers and their families. OSPA's closure was marked by a farewell event held in London on 8 June 2017. The guest of honour

1015-587: The publication on 30 March 1837, in the reign of King William IV, of the first set of what became known as Colonial Regulations, relating to "His Majesty's Colonial Service". It can therefore be said to have been the oldest of all the overseas services, predating the formation of the Indian Civil Service in 1858 and the Sudan Political Service in 1899, and in the course of its existence controlled 42 territories . Initially there

1050-531: Was The Prince of Wales , who gave a speech expressing the thanks of The Queen and of himself for "the extraordinarily valuable contribution, let alone the personal sacrifices, made by members of the Overseas Civil Service (and its previous manifestations) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries". The guest speaker, introduced by OSPA's president Lord Goodlad , was the historian Lord Hennessy of Nympsfield . He concluded by saying, "You did

1085-688: Was an English anthropologist . He made a name for himself mainly with his pioneering investigations into, and writings on, the ethnography of the Malay Peninsula . Skeat was born in Cambridge in England. He was the son of Walter William Skeat the elder, Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Cambridge . His sister was the headteacher Bertha Marian Skeat . Skeat the younger attended Highgate School from 1879 to 1885 and won

Kenaboi language - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-550: Was consequently concern about whether the new independent governments would be willing to continue to pay the pension entitlements of their former "colonial masters", and at what exchange rates when there was no certainty about the long-term soundness of their financial and economic policies. In response to these concerns, the four existing pensioner associations of retired officers who had served in Ceylon , Malaya , West Africa and East and Central Africa joined together in 1960 to form

1155-406: Was followed by several more years of negotiations with the various overseas governments concerned to complete the process. The outcome was that the British Government accepted responsibility for all HMOCS pension payments, and that system operates until now. Over the next 40 years there was a succession of diverse pension problems relating to the Overseas Civil Service, so OSPA continued to represent

1190-939: Was largely implemented through the agency of indigenous police forces, local courts, district councils and local chiefs although there were variations between the different territories. In practice, Administrative Officers spent much of their time, especially after World War Two, in supervising and coordinating development of all kinds in their districts including medical services, schools, infrastructure, water supply, and provision of agricultural and veterinary services. The other services all had their own specialist professional qualifications or relevant experience. There were regular training courses for agriculture (in Trinidad), forestry, veterinary, medical, education, and police. For other professions such as audit, surveys, or fisheries, for example, there were ad hoc training arrangements. Although Colonial Service/HMOCS officers were recruited by

1225-448: Was no actual corps of officers employed in the colonies and "plantations", but that changed as the colonial empire grew during the rest of that century and into the 20th century. During the 1920s there were progressive moves towards the unification of the varied types of service that developed across the widely differing territories. In 1931 a unified Colonial Service was created, initially with sixteen sub-services, with four more added after

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