126-537: President of Zambia Government Post-presidency Others Kenneth Kaunda (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021), also known as KK , was a Zambian politician who served as the first president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from British rule . Dissatisfied with Harry Nkumbula 's leadership of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress , he broke away and founded
252-463: A Two-round system in which over 50% of valid votes cast are required for a president to win. In the event that this does not happen a second round will be held within 37 days between the two leading candidates to which the 50% + 1 rule will determine the winner on that second round. The third notable change is in the introduction of the running mate clause in Article 110 Sections 1, 2 and 3. This saw
378-722: A plateau at an elevation of 1,483 metres (4,865 feet ) above sea level , and its climate falls into the subtropical highland category. The city was founded in 1890 by the Pioneer Column , a small military force of the British South Africa Company , and was named Fort Salisbury after the British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury . Company administrators demarcated the city and ran it until Southern Rhodesia achieved responsible government in 1923. Salisbury
504-474: A tropical or subtropical climate . The average annual temperature is 17.95 °C (64.3 °F), rather low for the tropics. This is due to its high altitude position and the prevalence of cool south-easterly airflow. There are three main seasons: a warm, wet summer from November to March/April; a cool, dry winter from May to August (corresponding to winter in the Southern Hemisphere); and
630-600: A "Transitional Development Plan" and the "First National Development Plan". The two operations brought major investment in the infrastructure and manufacturing sectors. In April 1968, Kaunda initiated the Mulungushi Reforms, which sought to bring Zambia's foreign-owned corporations under national control under the Industrial Development Corporation. Over the subsequent years, a number of mining corporations were nationalised, although
756-445: A Guide to its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 and 3 . Other publications on Zambian Humanism are: Fundamentals of Zambian Humanism , by Timothy Kandeke; Zambian Humanism, religion and social morality , by Rev. Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone, S.J. , and Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and economic challenges , by Justin B. Zulu. Kaunda on Violence (US title, The Riddle of Violence ) was published in 1980. As president of UNIP, and under
882-533: A Mine School in Mufulira. In this period, he was leading a Pathfinder Scout Group and was Choirmaster at a Church of Central Africa congregation. He was also Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch of Congress. In 1949 Kaunda entered politics and became the founding member of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress . On 11 November 1953 he moved to Lusaka to take up the post of Secretary General of
1008-473: A President. The election for the first President would be held by secret ballot amongst the elected members of the Legislative Council. Upon independence and the renaming of the country as Zambia, Prime Minister Kenneth Kaunda was elected as the first President. The office of Prime Minister was also abolished making the presidency an executive post. Initially, the country would be governed as
1134-631: A blind eye being turned towards South African apartheid. He always maintained warm relations with the People's Republic of China who had provided assistance on many projects in Zambia, including the Tazara Railway . Prior to the first Gulf War , Kaunda cultivated a friendship with Iraqi president Saddam Hussein , whom he claimed to have attempted to dissuade from invading Kuwait. A street in Lusaka
1260-566: A close friendship with Yugoslavia 's long-time leader Josip Broz Tito ; he was remembered by many Yugoslav officials for weeping openly over Tito's casket in 1980. He also visited and welcomed Romania 's president, Nicolae Ceaușescu , in the 1970s. In 1986, the University of Belgrade , Yugoslavia, awarded him an honorary doctorate. Kaunda had frequent but cordial differences with US president Ronald Reagan whom he met 1983 and British prime minister Margaret Thatcher mainly over what he saw as
1386-514: A dearth of employment opportunities outside the informal and public sector . In addition, the city's working-class residents are increasingly moving to nearby South Africa and Botswana , though they are readily replaced by less well-off rural migrants. However, despite over a decade of neglect, the city's infrastructure and human capital still compares favourably with cities in other parts of Africa and Latin America. It remains to be seen whether
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#17327879192161512-531: A disgruntled officer went on the radio to announce Kaunda had been overthrown. The coup attempt was broken three to four hours later, but it was clear Kaunda and the UNIP were reeling. Kaunda tried to mollify the opposition by moving the referendum to August 1991; the opposition claimed the original date did not allow enough time for voter registration. While expressing willingness to have the Zambian people vote on
1638-778: A dissident group to Nkumbula that eventually broke with the ANC and founded his own party, the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC) in October 1958. ZANC was banned in March 1959 and in Kaunda was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, which he spent first in Lusaka, then in Salisbury . While Kaunda was in prison, Mainza Chona and other nationalists broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became
1764-546: A former mayor of Salisbury. Brown was originally from Iowa and joined the occupying British South Africa Company forces in the 1890s to collect specimens for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The southern portions of Harare have historically been more industrial areas, often home to most of its African population as well as some lower-class European-descended populations. Willowvale,
1890-730: A funeral procession around the country's provinces, with church services in each provincial capital, prior to a state funeral at National Heroes Stadium in Lusaka on 2 July and interment at the Presidential Burial Site on 7 July. Several other nations also announced periods of state mourning. Zimbabwe declared fourteen days of mourning; South Africa declared ten days of mourning; Botswana, Malawi, Namibia and Tanzania all declared seven days of mourning; Mozambique declared six days of mourning; South Sudan declared three days of mourning; Cuba declared one day of mourning. President of Singapore Halimah Yacob offered her condolences to
2016-543: A left nationalist-socialist ideology, called Zambian Humanism. This was based on a combination of mid-20th-century ideas of central planning/state control and what he considered basic African values: mutual aid, trust, and loyalty to the community. Similar forms of African socialism were introduced inter alia in Ghana by Kwame Nkrumah ("Consciencism") and Tanzania by Julius Nyerere (" Ujamaa "). To elaborate on his ideology, Kaunda published several books: Humanism in Zambia and
2142-403: A lesser extent, Southern Europe . The rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and the investment in road development greatly accelerated the outward sprawl of suburbs such as Alexandra Park and Mount Pleasant . At the same time, mostly black suburbs like Highfield suffered from overcrowding as their populations boomed. The optimism and prosperity of this period proved to be short-lived, as
2268-560: A multi-party democracy. However, following the African National Congress integrating with United National Independence Party (UNIP), President Kaunda announced that the Constitution of Zambia would be changed to turn the country into a one-party state in 1973 with UNIP as the only legal party with all others banned. Kaunda claimed this was done to discourage tribalism. However, the constitution also restored
2394-420: A multiparty system, Kaunda maintained that only a one-party state could prevent tribalism and violence from engulfing the country. By September, however, opposition demands forced Kaunda to reverse course. He cancelled the referendum, and instead recommended constitutional amendments that would dismantle UNIP's monopoly on power. He also announced a snap general election for the following year, two years before it
2520-536: A number of projects unfinished. Another challenge to Harare's economy is the persistent emigration of highly educated and skilled residents to the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand, largely due to the economic downturn and political unrest. The city's brain drain , almost unprecedented compared to other emerging markets , has led to declining numbers of local entrepreneurs, an overstretched and declining middle class, and
2646-481: A one-party state. Finally, Kaunda neutralised Nkumbula by getting him to join UNIP and accept the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973. The new constitution was formally promulgated on 25 August of that year. At the first elections under the new system held that December, Kaunda was the sole candidate. With all opposition having been eliminated, Kaunda allowed the creation of a personality cult . He developed
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#17327879192162772-515: A policy where all children, irrespective of their parents' ability to pay, were given free exercise books, pens, and pencils. The parents' main responsibility was to buy uniforms, pay a token "school fee" and ensure that the children attended school. This approach meant that the best pupils were promoted to achieve their best results, all the way from primary school to university level. Not every child could go to secondary school, for example, but those who did were well educated. The University of Zambia
2898-1012: A positive relationship with the United States during these years. On 26 August 1975, Kaunda acted as mediator along with the Prime Minister of South Africa , B. J. Vorster , at the Victoria Falls Conference to discuss possibilities for an internal settlement in Southern Rhodesia with Ian Smith and the black nationalists. After the Lancaster House Agreement , Kaunda attempted to seek similar majority rule in South West Africa. He met with P. W. Botha in Botswana in 1982 to debate this proposal, but apparently failed to make
3024-503: A reaction from the United States. Kaunda responded to the United States, stating that after numerous failed attempts to purchase weapons, buying from the Soviets was justified in his duty to protect his citizens and Zambian national security. His attempted purchase of modern American weapons may have been a political tactic to use fear to establish his one-party rule over Zambia. From April 1975, when he visited US president Gerald Ford at
3150-615: A serious impression. Meanwhile, the anti-white minority insurgency conflicts of southern Africa continued to place a huge economic burden on Zambia as white minority governments were the country's main trading partners. In response, Kaunda negotiated the TAZARA Railway ( Tanzam ) linking Kapiri Mposhi in the Zambian Copperbelt with Tanzania's port of Dar es Salaam on the Indian Ocean. Completed in 1975, this
3276-726: A significant number of the city's residents dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis. The rise of local ridesharing apps such as GTaxi and Hwindi has partly eased pressure on the city's transportation system, but such rides are still too expensive for most working people to use. In addition, bus services are also available but they are mostly geared towards intercity travel and recreation than journeys within Harare itself. The city's public transport system includes public and private sector operations. The former consists of ZUPCO buses. Privately owned public transport included licensed station wagons (nicknamed 'emergency taxis') until 1993, when
3402-487: A slump in export revenues put Zambia in a state of economic crisis. International pressure forced Kaunda to change the rules that had kept him in power. Multi-party elections took place in 1991 , in which Frederick Chiluba , the leader of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy , ousted Kaunda. He was briefly stripped of Zambian citizenship in 1998, but the decision was overturned two years later in 2000. Kenneth Kaunda
3528-400: A strict lacto-vegetarian diet and commented that "I don't take meat, no eggs, no chicken, I only eat vegetables like an elephant". He also avoided alcohol and gave up drinking tea in 1953. President Edgar Lungu announced on his Facebook page that Zambia will observe 21 days of national mourning . On 21 June, Vice-President Inonge Wina announced that Kaunda's remains would be taken on
3654-530: A term of five years. Since 1991, There is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Zambia . There was an attempt to modify the term limits in 2001 for Chiluba, but it did not materialize. When the British colony of Northern Rhodesia was separated from Southern Rhodesia and British South Africa Company rule, the head of state was the British Monarch represented in the colony by
3780-612: A warm to hot, dry season in September/October. Daily temperature ranges are about 7–22 °C (45–72 °F) in July (the coldest month), about 15–29 °C (59–84 °F) in October (the hottest month) and about 16–26 °C (61–79 °F) in January (midsummer). The hottest year on record was 1914 with 19.73 °C (67.5 °F) and the coldest year was 1965 with 17.13 °C (62.8 °F). The average annual rainfall
3906-513: Is about 825 mm (32.5 in) in the southwest, rising to 855 mm (33.7 in) on the higher land of the northeast (from around Borrowdale to Glen Lorne). Very little rain typically falls during the period of May to September, although sporadic showers occur most years. Rainfall varies a great deal from year to year and follows cycles of wet and dry periods from 7 to 10 years long. Records begin in October 1890 but all three Harare stations stopped reporting in early 2004. The climate supports
Kenneth Kaunda - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-490: Is also economically significant, as is the trade of precious minerals such as gold , diamonds and platinum . Early investor optimism following the inauguration of the Mnangagwa government in 2017 has since largely subsided due to the slow pace of reforms aimed at making Harare and Zimbabwe more business-friendly. The economy suffered high inflation and frequent power outages in 2019, which further hampered investment, and
4158-502: Is also home to many Ndebele and Kalanga people as well. Roughly 25,000 white Zimbabweans also live in the Harare metro area. The city sits on one of the higher parts of the Highveld plateau of Zimbabwe at an elevation of 1,483 metres (4,865 feet). The original landscape could be described as a "parkland" or wild place. The soils of Harare are varied: the northern and central areas largely have reddish brown, granular clay; some of
4284-520: Is concentrated in the wealthier northern suburbs, particularly Borrowdale. Harare is a relatively young city, mostly growing during the country's post- Federation and post-independence booms. It was also segregated along racial and class lines until 1976. As a result, Harare today is a mostly low-density urban area geared towards private motorists, lacking a convenient public transportation system. Very little investment has been made to develop an effective and integrated public transportation system, leaving
4410-772: Is crossed by Transafrican Highway 9 (TAH 9) , which connects it to the cities of Lusaka and Beira . The largest airport in Zimbabwe, the Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport , serves Harare. The University of Zimbabwe is located in Harare. Founded in 1952, the university is the country's oldest and largest, offering a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The student population stands at 20,399, with 17,718 undergraduate students and 2,681 postgraduate students. Harare has long been regarded as Zimbabwe's sporting capital due to its role in developing Zimbabwean sport,
4536-484: Is perhaps best known for the 1988 Willowgate scandal, which implicated several members of the ZANU-PF party in a scheme where automobiles were illegally resold by various government officials. Harare's south-west also contains many high-density townships, which were set up by the government from the 1930s onwards. For example, Highfield , established in 1930, is the second-oldest high-density suburb in Harare. Highfield
4662-798: Is the New Reserve Bank Tower , one of the city's major landmarks. Harare was the location of several international summits during this period, such as the 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in September 1986 and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1991 . The latter produced the Harare Declaration , dictating the membership criteria of the Commonwealth . In 1998, Harare was
4788-454: Is the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe . The city proper has an area of 982.3 km (379.3 sq mi), a population of 1,849,600 as of the 2022 census and an estimated 2,487,209 people in its metropolitan province. The city is situated in north-eastern Zimbabwe in the country's Mashonaland region. Harare is a metropolitan province which also incorporates the municipalities of Chitungwiza and Epworth . The city sits on
4914-488: The 2001 Zambian general election but his victory was marred by accusations of electoral fraud by opposition parties. Following legal disputes, the Supreme Court eventually ruled in 2005 that though the poll was "flawed", there were not enough errors to justify overturning the result. Mwanawasa won re-election in 2006. He died in 2008 and was replaced by Rupiah Banda . In the 2011 Zambian general election Rupiah
5040-745: The Bemba ethnic group which is located in northern Zambia. His father died when Kenneth was a child. This is where Kenneth Kaunda received his education until the early 1940s. He later on followed in his parents' footsteps and became a teacher; first in Northern Rhodesia but then in the middle of the 1940s he moved to Tanganyika Territory (now part of Tanzania). He also worked in Southern Rhodesia . He attended Munali Training Centre in Lusaka between 1941 and 1943. Early in his career, he read
5166-499: The English Premier League and elsewhere. Cricket and rugby are also popular sports with those from middle-class backgrounds. In 1995, Harare hosted most of the sixth All-Africa Games , sharing the event with other Zimbabwean cities such as Bulawayo and Chitungwiza . It hosted some of the matches of 2003 Cricket World Cup , which was hosted jointly by Kenya , South Africa and Zimbabwe . Harare also hosted
Kenneth Kaunda - Misplaced Pages Continue
5292-859: The Evelyn Hone College and the Natural Resources Development College (both in Lusaka), the Northern Technical College at Ndola, the Livingstone Trades Training Institute in Livingstone, and teacher-training colleges. Kaunda's newly independent government inherited a country with one of the most vibrant economies in sub-Saharan Africa, largely on account of its rich mineral deposits, albeit one that
5418-528: The Governor of Northern Rhodesia who exercised executive power as head of state and government. In the 1964 Northern Rhodesian general election , the office of Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia was created to become the head of government ahead of independence. On 19 May 1964, the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations Duncan Sandys announced that Northern Rhodesia would become independent under
5544-719: The King's Road . It is known as Harare's legal district, home to the Harare Magistrate's Court, the city's central library, and the ZANU-PF building, along with numerous law offices. The neighbourhood also lends its name to the eponymous book by Petina Gappah published in 2016. The northern and north-eastern suburbs of Harare are generally home to its more affluent residents, including former president Robert Mugabe , who lived in Borrowdale Brooke. These northern suburbs are often referred to as "dales" because of
5670-508: The Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) in 1990, President Kaunda signed a constitutional amendment legalising political parties other than UNIP. The office of Prime Minister was abolished again and the powers returned to the President. In the 1991 Zambian general election , Kaunda was defeated by the MMD's Frederick Chiluba . Kaunda agreed to hand over the presidency peacefully, becoming
5796-496: The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) from 1970 to 1971 and again from 1987 to 1988. Matters quickly came to a head in 1990. In July, amid three days of rioting in the capital, Kaunda announced a referendum on whether to legalise other parties would be held that October. However, he argued for maintaining UNIP's monopoly, claiming that a multiparty system would lead to chaos. The announcement almost came too late; hours later,
5922-660: The United Party for National Development , won a majority. The President's role includes appointing the Cabinet , serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Zambian Defence Force , and ensuring the enforcement of laws. The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964 . Since 1991, when Kaunda left the presidency, the office has been held by seven others: Frederick Chiluba , Levy Mwanawasa , Rupiah Banda , Michael Sata , Edgar Lungu and
6048-918: The White House in Washington, D.C., and delivered a powerful speech calling for the United States to play a more active and constructive role in southern Africa. Until approximately 1984, Kaunda was arguably the key African leader involved in international diplomacy regarding the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia. He hosted Henry Kissinger 's 1976 trip to Zambia, got along very well with Jimmy Carter , and worked closely with President Ronald Reagan 's assistant secretary of state for African affairs, Chester Crocker . While there were disagreements between Kaunda and US leaders (such as when Zambia purchased Soviet MiG fighters or when he accused two American diplomats of being spies), Kaunda generally enjoyed
6174-491: The Zambian African National Congress , later becoming the head of the socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP). Kaunda was the first president of independent Zambia. In 1973, following tribal and inter-party violence, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an amendment of the constitution after the signing of the Choma Declaration. At the same time, Kaunda oversaw the acquisition of majority stakes in key foreign-owned companies. The 1973 oil crisis and
6300-569: The Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences , are located here. Rotten Row is a sub-district of downtown Harare that begins at the intersection of Prince Edward Street and Samora Machel Avenue and runs to the flyover where it borders Mbare on Cripps Road. Rotten Row was named after a road in London of the same name. The name "Rotten Row" is an altered form of the French phrase "Route du Roi,"
6426-510: The 1980s hastened Zambia's decline. A number of negotiations with the IMF followed, and by 1990 Kaunda was forced into partial privatisation of the state-owned corporations. The country's economic woes ultimately contributed to his fall from power. In 1964, shortly before independence, violence broke out between supporters of the Lumpa Church , led by Alice Lenshina . Kaunda temporarily banned
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#17327879192166552-483: The 2000s, but since the Great Recession it has stabilised and experienced significant population growth and uneven economic growth. There has nonetheless been substantial international investment and speculation in the city's financial and property markets. Development on the urban fringes of the city has occurred in areas such as Borrowdale , Glen Lorne, The Grange , Mount Pleasant Heights , as well as in
6678-656: The Africa National Congress (ANC), under the presidency of Harry Nkumbula . The combined efforts of Kaunda and Nkumbula failed to mobilise native African peoples against the European-dominated Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . In 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months with hard labour for distributing subversive literature. The two leaders drifted apart as Nkumbula became increasingly influenced by white liberals and failing to defend indigenous Africans, Kaunda led
6804-608: The BSAC. His ineptness at economic management blighted his country's development after independence. Despite having some of the finest farming land in Africa, Kaunda adopted the same socialist agricultural policies as Tanzania, with disastrous results. Deciding on a planned economy, Zambia instituted a programme of national development, under the direction of the National Commission for Development Planning, which instituted
6930-530: The Chona Commission, which was set up under the chairmanship of Mainza Chona in February 1972. Chona's task was to make recommendations for a new Zambian constitution which would effectively reduce the nation to a one-party state . The commission's terms of reference did not permit it to discuss the possible faults of Kaunda's decision, but instead to concentrate on the practical details of the move to
7056-498: The Electoral Commission of Zambia. In 2020, Lungu attempted to change the constitution to allow the President to change electoral laws and take control of Zambia's monetary policy. However the controversial Bill 10 failed after the Parliament of Zambia did not vote in favour with the required 2/3 majority. Symbols Elected unopposed Died in office Salisbury (Rhodesia) Harare ( / h ə ˈ r ɑːr eɪ / hə- RAR -ay ), formerly Salisbury ,
7182-405: The Federation collapsed, which hindered the city's prosperity. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved in 1963. Ian Smith 's Rhodesian Front government declared Rhodesia independent from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, with Salisbury retained as the capital. Smith's Rhodesia later became the short-lived state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia ; it was not until 18 April 1980 that
7308-496: The Kopje Africa Unity Square, the Harare Gardens, the National Gallery, the August House parliamentary buildings, and the National Archives . Causeway , a road and sub-neighbourhood of central Harare, is a busy workaday area that acts as the city's "embassy row" (along with Belgravia to the north-east) in which numerous embassies, diplomatic missions, research institutes, and other international organizations are concentrated. Additionally, many government ministries and museums, such as
7434-414: The President and Vice President directly elected on the same ticket as opposed to before where the President who once elected appoints and dismisses the vice president executively. Lastly, the fourth change was in Article 100 Section 1 j) which requires an aspiring presidential candidates to prove to have at least 100 registered voters in each of the ten provinces to successfully file for nominations with
7560-506: The Rhodesian ZANU and the African National Congress , to use Zambia as a base for their operations. Former ANC president Oliver Tambo even spent a significant proportion of his 30-year exile living and working in Zambia. Joshua Nkomo , leader of ZAPU , also erected military encampments there, as did SWAPO and its military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia . In the first twenty years of Kaunda's presidency, he and his advisors sought numerous times to acquire modern weapons from
7686-402: The United Kingdom ), Chinese and South African buyers. Despite gentrification and speculation, the country's and city's unemployment rates remain high. In 2020, Harare was classified as a Gamma city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2012, Harare has a population of 2,123,132. Over 90% of people in Harare are Shona-speaking people of African descent . Harare
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#17327879192167812-422: The United States. In a letter written to US president Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967, Kaunda inquired if the United States would provide him with long-range missile systems. This request for modern weapons even included missiles with nuclear warheads. All of his requests for modern weapons were refused by the United States. In 1980, Kaunda purchased sixteen MiG-21 jets from the Soviet Union , which ultimately provoked
7938-449: The black nationalist movements in Ian Smith 's Rhodesia , South West Africa , Angola , and Mozambique . Kaunda's administration later attempted to serve the role of a mediator between the entrenched white minority and colonial governments and the various guerrilla movements which were aimed at overthrowing these respective administrations. Beginning in the early 1970s, he began permitting the most prominent guerrilla organisations, such as
8064-465: The capital. Bougainvillea is prevalent in Harare as well. Some trees from Northern Hemisphere middle latitudes are also cultivated, including American sweetgum , English oak , Japanese oak and Spanish oak . Harare is Zimbabwe's leading financial, commercial, and communications centre, as well as an international trade centre for tobacco , maize , cotton , and citrus fruits. Manufacturing of products including textiles , steel , and chemicals
8190-429: The central business district, at a cost of $ 15,000,000. In November 2017, the biggest demonstration in the history of the Republic of Zimbabwe was held in Harare, which led to the forced resignation of the long-serving 93-year-old President of Zimbabwe , Robert Mugabe , an event which was part of the first successful coup in Zimbabwe. Since 2000, Harare has experienced periods of spectacular decline, particularly in
8316-460: The challengers' nominations: Kapwepwe was told he could not stand because only people who had been members for five years could be nominated to the presidency (he had only rejoined UNIP three years before); Nkumbula and a third contender, businessman Robert Chiluwe, were outmanoeuvred by introducing a new rule that said each candidate needed the signatures of 200 delegates from each province to back their candidacy. During his early presidency Kaunda
8442-479: The church and ordered Lumpa's arrest. From 1964 onwards, Kaunda's government developed authoritarian characteristics. Becoming increasingly intolerant of opposition, Kaunda banned all parties except UNIP following violence during the 1968 elections. However, in early 1972, he faced a new threat in the form of Simon Kapwepwe 's decision to leave UNIP and found a rival party, the United Progressive Party , which Kaunda immediately attempted to suppress. Next, he appointed
8568-417: The city. In May 2006, Zimbabwean newspaper Financial Gazette described the city in an editorial as a "sunshine city-turned-sewage farm". In 2009, Harare was voted the world's toughest city to live in according to the Economist Intelligence Unit's livability poll, which factors in stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure. The situation was unchanged in 2011, according to
8694-406: The club with the most titles in Zimbabwean football . The Pioneer Column , a military volunteer force of settlers organised by Cecil Rhodes , founded the city on 12 September 1890 as a fort. They originally named the city Fort Salisbury after The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury , then- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , and it subsequently became known simply as Salisbury. The Salisbury Polo Club
8820-537: The collapse of several institutions, particularly in the textile industry. In the early 21st century, Harare was adversely affected by the political and economic crises that plagued Zimbabwe, particularly following the contested 2002 presidential election and 2005 parliamentary elections. The elected council was replaced by a government-appointed commission due to alleged inefficiency. Still, essential services such as rubbish collection and street repairs rapidly worsened, and are now virtually non-existent in poorer parts of
8946-452: The common suffix "-dale" found in some suburbs such as Avondale, Greendale, and Borrowdale. The dwellings are mostly low-density homes of 3 bedrooms or more, and these are usually occupied by families. Borrowdale in particular is home to some of the most extensive real estate developments in the city. The north-western suburb of Emerald Hill is named so either due to the green colour of the tree-covered hill or its Irish connections — many of
9072-461: The constitution [1] . Firstly, Article 100 Section 1 a) effectively removal the parental clause requiring presidential and vice presidential candidates to have at least one parent born in Zambia and the harmonisation of Presidential and Vice-presidential eligibility in Article 110 Section 2. Secondly, Article 101 Sections 1, 2 3 (a & b) and 8 signalled the shift from a First-Past the Post system to
9198-554: The constitution he was only able to act as president for 90 days and could not stand for election. At the 2015 Zambian presidential election , the PF's Edgar Lungu won the presidency and retained it a year later in the 2016 general election under the amended constitution. There are four most notable changes affecting the presidency in this amendment assented to by Edgar Lungu in January 2016, most of which are found in Part VII(7) of
9324-480: The constitution stating that only people who had one parent born in Zambia or Northern Rhodesia could run for president. This amendment was ostensibly targeted at blocking Kaunda from standing for president again as his parents had been born in Nyasaland (modern day Malawi ). Due to a two-term limit in the constitution, Levy Mwanawasa was selected by Chiluba as the MMD's candidate to succeed him. Mwanawasa won
9450-522: The country was internationally recognised as independent as the Republic of Zimbabwe . The city initially boomed under a wave of optimism and investment that followed the country's independence in 1980. The name of the city was changed to Harare on 18 April 1982, the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence, taking its name from the village near Harare Kopje of the Shona chief Neharawa, whose nickname
9576-646: The country's banks, such as Barclays and Standard Chartered , remained foreign-owned. The Zambian economy suffered a setback from 1973, when rising oil prices and falling copper prices combined to reduce the state's income from the nationalised mines. The country fell into debt with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Third National Development Plan had to be abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning. His weak attempts at economic reforms in
9702-404: The country's one-party state system, Kaunda was the only candidate for president of the republic in the general elections of 1978 , 1983 , and 1988 , each time with official results showing over 80 per cent of voters approving his candidacy. Parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda. In the 1978 UNIP elections, Kaunda amended the party's constitution to bring in rules that invalidated
9828-444: The country. The President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is responsible for the administration of the government, overseeing the implementation of national policies, and representing Zambia in international affairs. The office was established at Zambia's independence in 1964. The current President is Hakainde Hichilema , who assumed office on August 24, 2021, following the 2021 presidential election where his party,
9954-946: The current government can entice its diverse and well-educated Zimbabwean diaspora , numbering some 4 to 7 million people, to invest in the economy, let alone consider returning. Locally produced art, handicrafts and souvenirs can be purchased at locations including Doon Estate, Uwminsdale, Avondale Market and Mbare Musika. Msasa Park and Umwinsdale in particular host a number of galleries that produce high-quality Shona soapstone sculptures and textiles, such as Patrick Mavros Studios, which has another gallery in Knightsbridge , London . International brands are generally less common in Harare than in European cities. However, conventional and luxury shopping can be found on Fife Avenue, Sam Nujoma (Union) Avenue, Arundel Village, Avondale, Borrowdale, Eastgate and Westgate. Virtually all luxury shopping
10080-407: The current president Hakainde Hichilema . In addition, acting president Guy Scott served in an interim capacity after the death of President Michael Sata . Since 31 August 1991 the president is also the head of government, as the position of Prime Minister was abolished in the last months of Kaunda's presidential term following negotiations with opposition parties. The president is elected for
10206-958: The de facto day-to-day form of transport relied upon by the majority of Harare's population. As of May 2023, Harare is not served by any passenger rail service. The National Railways of Zimbabwe previously operated daily overnight passenger train services to Mutare and Bulawayo using the Beira–Bulawayo railway . Long-distance rail service was suspended in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has not been restarted. Between 2001 and 2006, three commuter rail routes operated in Harare, serving Tynwald, Mufakose and Ruwa . These commuter rail routes, nicknamed 'Freedom Trains', were reintroduced in 2021, but were suspended again in November 2022 due to payment disputes with ZUPCO . Long-distance bus services link Harare to most parts of Zimbabwe. The city
10332-471: The expense of other Zimbabwean cities such as Gweru and particularly Bulawayo , which is increasingly characterized by stagnation and high unemployment due to the collapse of many of its heavy industries. Today, Harare's property market remains highly priced, more so than regional cities such as Johannesburg and Cape Town . The top end of the market is completely dominated by wealthy or dual-citizen Zimbabweans (see Zimbabwean diaspora and Zimbabweans in
10458-527: The first president of an independent Zambia , appointing Reuben Kamanga as his vice-president. At the time of its independence, Zambia's modernisation process was far from complete. The nation's educational system was one of the most poorly developed in all of Britain's former colonies, and it had just a hundred university graduates and no more than 6,000 indigenous inhabitants with two years or more of secondary education. Because of this, Zambia had to invest heavily in education at all levels. Kaunda instituted
10584-679: The first president of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the successor to ZANC. However, Chona did not see himself as the party's main founder. When Kaunda was released from prison in January 1960 he was elected president of UNIP. In 1960 he visited Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta and afterwards, in July 1961, Kaunda organised a civil disobedience campaign in Northern Province,
10710-406: The government began to replace them with licensed buses and minibuses, referred to officially as 'commuter omnibuses'. Harare has two kinds of taxis, metered taxis and the much more ubiquitous share taxis or 'kombis'. Unlike many other cities, metered taxis generally do not drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The minibus "taxis" are
10836-559: The highest population increase and urban development of any major Zimbabwean city since 2000, with other cities such as Bulawayo , Gweru , and Mutare largely stagnating during the same period. Beginning in 2006, the city's growth extended into its northern and western fringes, beyond the city's urban growth boundary . Predictions that by 2025 the metropolitan area population will reach 4 to 5 million have sparked concerns over unchecked sprawl and unregulated development. The concentration of real estate development in Harare has also come at
10962-526: The host city of the 8th Assembly of the World Council of Churches . However, by 1992, Harare began to experience an economic downturn and the government responded by enacting neoliberal reforms. These policies provoked a boom in banking , finance and agriculture, but also led to significant job losses in manufacturing , thereby greatly increasing unemployment and income inequality . Domestic firms struggled to compete with foreign imports, leading to
11088-572: The immediate aftermath of the Second World War , Salisbury expanded rapidly, boosted by its designation as the capital of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . This growth ushered in a wave of liberalism , investment and developmentalism from 1953 to 1963, transforming the city's skyline in the process. This was accompanied by significant post-war immigration by White people, primarily from Great Britain , Southern Africa and, to
11214-414: The independence he hoped to achieve, although only one song has been known to many Zambians ("Tiyende pamodzi ndi mtima umo" literally meaning "Let's walk together with one heart"). On 14 June 2021, Kaunda was admitted to Maina Soko Military Hospital in Lusaka to be treated for an undisclosed medical condition. The Zambian government said medics were doing everything they could to make him recover, though it
11340-428: The issues in the campaign was a plan by Kaunda to turn over one-quarter of the nation's land to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , an Indian guru who promised that he would use it for a network of utopian agricultural enclaves that proponents said would create "Heaven on Earth". Kaunda was forced in a television interview to deny practising Transcendental Meditation . When Kaunda handed power to Chiluba on 2 November 1991, he became
11466-407: The leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, barring citizens with foreign parentage from standing for the presidency, to prevent Kaunda from contesting the next elections in 1996, in which he planned to participate. After the 1997 coup attempt , on Boxing Day in 1997 he was arrested by paramilitary policemen. However, many officials in the region appealed against this; on New Year's Eve of
11592-518: The likelihood of mass action against the government by driving people out of the cities. The government claimed its actions were necessitated by a rise of criminality and disease. This was followed by Operation Garikayi/Hlalani Kuhle (Operation "Better Living") a year later, which consisted of building poor-quality concrete housing. In late March 2010, Harare's Joina City Tower was finally opened after fourteen years of delayed construction, marketed as 'Harare's New Pride'. Initially, uptake of space in
11718-582: The natural vegetation of open woodland. The most common tree of the local region is the msasa or Brachystegia spiciformis whose wine-red leaves are most visible in the city in late August. Two introduced species of trees, the jacaranda and the flamboyant from South America and Madagascar respectively, were introduced during the colonial era and contribute to the city's colour palette with their lilac and red blossoms. The two species flower in October/November and are planted on alternating streets in
11844-490: The new suburbs of Hogerty Hill, Shawasha Hills, Bloomingdale and Westlea. Urban sprawl has also expanded into the nearby areas of Mount Hampden , Ruwa and Norton. In addition, inner city areas such as Avondale , Eastlea, Belgravia, Newlands and Milton Park have seen increased gentrification driven by speculation from expat Zimbabweans. This speculation has also attracted other foreign buyers, resulting in high property prices and widespread rent increases. Harare sustained
11970-401: The office of Prime Minister as head of government. In the 1973 Zambian general election , voters were only able to vote for the UNIP sponsored Kaunda and their only options were to vote if they approved or rejected his candidacy. Kaunda was re-elected unanimously at each election until 1991. During the 1980s, pressures increased for the multi-party ban to be rescinded. After negotiations with
12096-482: The politicians and people of Zambia for Kaunda's death. National honours Kenneth Kaunda Day (28 April was declared to be a holiday by then President Edgar Chagwa Lungu, to honour Kenneth Kaunda's work and legacy) Foreign honours Awards President of Zambia The President of the Republic of Zambia is the head of state and head of government of Zambia and is the highest executive authority in
12222-415: The poor implementation of adequate monetary reforms alongside deficit reduction attempts had a similar effect. Although the government has repeatedly stressed its commitments to improving transparency, increasing the ease of doing business, and fighting corruption, progress remains limited under the Mnangagwa administration. Harare experienced a real estate boom in the 2000s and early 2010s, particularly in
12348-414: The range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation. The city is also home to more professional sports teams competing at the national and international levels than any other Zimbabwean city. Football is the most popular sport in Harare, particularly among working-class residents, with the city producing many footballers who have gone on to play in
12474-455: The roads in the suburb have Irish names, such as Dublin , Belfast , Wicklow, and Cork. To the east of Harare's city center, notable suburbs include Arcadia , Newlands , Arlington, and others. Newlands was named by Colin Duff, Zimbabwe's agricultural secretary in the 1920s. Arlington is a newer suburb adjacent to Harare International Airport and was previously owned by William Harvey Brown,
12600-541: The same poll. In May 2005, the Zimbabwean government demolished shanties, illegal vending sites, and backyard cottages in Harare, Epworth and other cities in Operation Murambatsvina ("Drive Out Trash"). It was widely alleged that the true purpose of the campaign was to make sure shantie towns would not develop in any urban areas that might favor the Movement for Democratic Change , and to reduce
12726-526: The same year, he was placed under house arrest until his court date. In 1999 Kaunda was declared stateless by the Ndola High Court in a judgment delivered by Justice Chalendo Sakala. Kaunda however successfully challenged this decision in the Supreme Court of Zambia, which declared him to be a Zambian citizen in the Lewanika and Others vs. Chiluba ruling. On 4 June 1998, Kaunda announced that he
12852-480: The second African leader to do so after Mathieu Kérékou of Benin . In 1996, President Chiluba allegedly discovered a plot by members of UNIP to carry out a coup d'état and declared a state of emergency to arrest UNIP members. However the Supreme Court of Zambia declared the emergency declaration was not valid and lifted the state of emergency and released those arrested. Later in the year, Chiluba amended
12978-410: The second mainland African head of state to allow free multiparty elections and to relinquish power peacefully after he had lost. The first, Mathieu Kérékou of Benin , had done so in March of that year. After leaving office, Kaunda clashed frequently with Chiluba's government and the MMD. Chiluba later attempted to deport Kaunda on the grounds that he was a Malawian. The MMD-dominated government under
13104-609: The second-highest number of embassies in Southern Africa and serves as the location of the African headquarters of the World Health Organization , which it shares with Brazzaville . Harare has hosted multiple international conferences and events, including the 1995 All-Africa Games and the 2003 Cricket World Cup . In 2018, Harare was ranked as a Gamma World City . It is also home to Dynamos FC ,
13230-450: The so-called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted largely of arson and obstructing significant roads. Kaunda subsequently ran as a UNIP candidate during the 1962 elections. This resulted in a UNIP–ANC Coalition government , with Kaunda as Minister of Local Government and Social Welfare . In January 1964, UNIP won the next major elections, defeating their ANC rivals and securing Kaunda's position as prime minister. On 24 October 1964 he became
13356-465: The southern parts have gray-brown sand over pale, loamy sand or sandy loam. The City of Harare is divided into suburbs, outside of which are independent municipalities such as Epworth , Mount Hampden , Norton , Ruwa, and Chitungwiza , which are still located within the greater metropolitan province. The central business district of Harare is characterized by wide streets and a mix of historic, post-war, and modern buildings. Downtown sights include
13482-502: The tower was low, with office occupancy at only 3% in October 2011. By May 2013, office occupancy had risen to around half, with all the retail space occupied. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Harare as the world's least livable city (out of 140 surveyed) in February 2011, rising to 137th out of 140 in August 2012. In March 2015, Harare City Council planned a two-year project to install 4,000 solar street lights , starting in
13608-486: The wealthy northern suburbs, with prices rising dramatically over the last decade despite challenges in other sectors of the economy. This boom was largely fueled by members of the Zimbabwean diaspora and by speculation, with investors hedging against the local currency. However, the once-growing market began to cool off due to a 2019 hike in interest rates and the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic , leaving
13734-741: The writings of Mahatma Gandhi that he said: "went straight to my heart." Kaunda was a teacher at the Upper Primary School and Boarding Master at Lubwa and then Headmaster at Lubwa from 1943 to 1945. For a time, he worked at the Salisbury and Bindura Mine. In early 1948, he became a teacher in Mufulira for the United Missions to the Copperbelt (UMCB). He was then assistant at an African Welfare Centre and Boarding Master of
13860-475: Was "he who does not sleep". Before independence, "Harare" was the name of the black residential area now known as Mbare . Significant investment in education and healthcare produced a confident and growing middle class , evidenced by the rise of firms such as Econet Global and innovative design and architecture , exemplified by the Eastgate Centre . A notable symbol of this era in Harare's history
13986-448: Was an outspoken supporter of the anti-apartheid movement and opposed white minority rule in Southern Rhodesia. Kaunda supported the succession of Biafra when he recognized it as an independent nation on May 20, 1968. Although his nationalisation of the copper mining industry in the late 1960s and the volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems, matters were aggravated by his logistical support for
14112-602: Was born on 28 April 1924 at Lubwa Mission in Chinsali , then part of Northern Rhodesia , now Zambia, and was the youngest of eight children. His father, the Reverend David Kaunda, was an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher, who had been born in Nyasaland (now Malawi) and had moved to Chinsali, to work at Lubwa Mission. His mother was also a teacher and was the first African woman to teach in colonial Northern Rhodesia. They were both teachers among
14238-460: Was created as a place for black workers to settle, providing labor for the industrial areas of Southerton and Workington. Under the Köppen climate classification , Harare has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb ), an oceanic climate variety. Because the city is situated on a plateau, its high altitude and cool south-easterly airflow cause it to have a climate that is cooler and drier than
14364-471: Was defeated by the Patriotic Front 's (PF) Michael Sata . Sata died in office in 2014. Accordingly, his Vice-President Guy Scott became president in an acting capacity. This made Scott the first white head of state of an African country since South Africa 's F. W. de Klerk who left office in 1994 following the end of apartheid . However, because his parents were not born in Zambia, due to
14490-536: Was due. He signed the necessary amendments into law in December. At these elections, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), helmed by trade union leader Frederick Chiluba , swept UNIP from power in a landslide. In the presidential election, Kaunda was roundly defeated, taking only 24 per cent of the vote to Chiluba's 75 per cent. UNIP was cut down to only 25 seats in the National Assembly . One of
14616-714: Was established at the Zambia Institute of Technology in Kitwe . In 1988 the Kitwe campus was upgraded and renamed the Copperbelt University , offering business studies, industrial studies and environmental studies. Other tertiary-level institutions established during Kaunda's era were vocationally focused and fell under the aegis of the Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training. They include
14742-471: Was formed in 1896. Salisbury was declared a municipality in 1897, and it became a city in 1935. At the time of the city's founding, its site and surroundings were poorly drained. The earliest development was on sloping ground along the left bank of a stream, in an area where the Julius Nyerere Way industrial road runs today. The first area to be fully drained was near the head of the stream and
14868-461: Was largely under the control of foreign and multinational interests. For example, the British South Africa Company (BSAC, founded by Cecil Rhodes ) still retained commercial assets and mineral rights that it had acquired from a concession signed with the Litunga of Bulozi in 1890. Only by threatening to expropriate it on the eve of independence did Kaunda manage to get favourable concessions from
14994-663: Was named Causeway. Causeway is now the site of many important government buildings, including the Senate House and the Office of the Prime Minister. After the position was abolished in January 1988, the office was renamed for the use of the President . Salisbury was the seat of the British South Africa Company administrator and became capital of the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In
15120-507: Was named in Saddam's honour, although the name was later changed when both leaders had left power. In August 1989, Farzad Bazoft was detained in Iraq for alleged espionage. He was accompanied by a British nurse, Daphne Parish, who was also arrested. Bazoft was later tried, convicted, and executed, but Kaunda managed to negotiate for his female companion's release. Kaunda served as chairman of
15246-418: Was not clear what his health condition was. On 15 June 2021, it was revealed that he was being treated for pneumonia , which according to his doctor, had been a recurring problem in his health. On 17 June 2021 it was confirmed that he died at the age of 97 after a short illness at Maina Soko Military Hospital. He was survived by 30 grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren. Kaunda attributed his longevity to
15372-552: Was opened in Lusaka in 1966, after Zambians all over the country had been encouraged to donate whatever they could afford towards its construction. Kaunda was appointed Chancellor and officiated at the first graduation ceremony in 1969. The main campus was situated on the Great East Road, while the medical campus was located at Ridgeway near the University Teaching Hospital . In 1979 another campus
15498-461: Was regrettable that the late president Robert Mugabe was maligned and subjected to mudslinging by some sections of the world, who were against his crusade of bringing social justice and equity to Zimbabwe. Kaunda married Betty Banda in 1946, with whom he had eight children. She died on 19 September 2013 aged 87, while visiting one of their daughters in Harare , Zimbabwe. He also wrote music about
15624-588: Was resigning as United National Independence Party leader and retiring from politics. After retiring in 2000, he was involved in various charitable organisations. His most notable contribution was his zeal in the fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS . One of Kaunda's children was claimed by the pandemic in the 1980s. From 2002 to 2004, he was an African President-in-Residence at the African Presidential Archives and Research Center at Boston University . In September 2019, Kaunda said that it
15750-588: Was the only route for bulk trade which did not have to transit white-dominated territories. This precarious situation lasted more than 20 years, until the abolition of apartheid in South Africa. For much of the Cold War , Kaunda was a strong supporter of the Non-Aligned Movement . He hosted a NAM summit in Lusaka in 1970 and served as the movement's chairman from 1970 to 1973. He maintained
15876-1158: Was thereafter the seat of the Southern Rhodesian (later Rhodesian ) government and, between 1953 and 1963, the capital of the Central African Federation . It retained the name Salisbury until 1982 when it was renamed Harare on the second anniversary of Zimbabwe's independence from the United Kingdom . The national parliament moved out of Harare upon completion of the New Parliament of Zimbabwe in Mount Hampden in April 2022. The commercial capital of Zimbabwe, Harare has experienced recent economic turbulence. However, it remains an important centre of commerce and government , as well as finance , real estate , manufacturing , healthcare , education , art , culture , tourism , agriculture , mining and regional affairs. Harare has
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